O desenvolvimento orientado a modelos (Model Driven Development - MDD) é uma abordagem que tem ganhado cada vez mais espaço na indústria e na academia, trazendo grandes benefícios, como o aumento de produtividade. Uma forma de se trabalhar usando MDD em equipe é usando uma IDE (Integrated Development Environment) associada a um sistema de versionamento. Entretanto, trabalhar colaborativamente usando uma IDE associada a um sistema de versionamento pode trazer algumas complicações para o desenvolvimento como: conflitos de modelos, documentação descontinuada, dificuldades por parte dos interessados em usar sistemas de versionamento, etc. Nesse contexto, este trabalho propõe uma abordagem de uso de wiki para desenvolvimento de MDD, de modo que o desenvolvedor seja capaz de criar modelos, gerar código fonte, compartilhar e versionar os modelos e ainda documentar colaborativamente, de maneira mais simples e fácil do que abordagens tradicionais. Isso possibilita que mais usuários não desenvolvedores possam participar mais no processo de desenvolvimento e ainda permite o aumento de produtividade. Para tentar evidenciar de que é possível uma wiki ser usada para desenvolver software, foi criada uma Domain Specific Language - DSL em uma wiki e foram realizados três estudos de caso: um com estudantes do ensino médio e que representam os não desenvolvedores, um com quatro alunos de pós-graduação com experiência de desenvolvimento na indústria e o último estudo de caso foi realizado com 48 participantes entre desenvolvedores e alunos de pósgraduação em Ciências da Computação. Os estudos de caso mostraram que é viável usar uma wiki para desenvolvimento, que não desenvolvedores se adaptam bem à abordagem e que 86% dos desenvolvedores usariam a abordagem proposta se tivessem que trabalhar com MDD. Os estudos de caso também levantaram as principais barreiras para aumentar a aceitação da abordagem. Com isso, este trabalho apresenta além de uma abordagem relativamente inédita na literatura, resultados sobre uso de sistemas de versionamento, de IDEs e de desenvolvimento colaborativo / The Model Driven Development (MDD) is an approach that has gained more space in industry and academia, bringing great benefits such as increased productivity. One way of working in teams with MDD is using an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) with a versioning system. However, to collaboratively work with an IDE and a versioning system may have implications and problems for the development as: conflicts of models, documentation discontinued, difficulties for stakeholders to use versioning systems, etc. In this context, this work proposes an approach to use a wiki to develop MDD, so that the developer is able to create models, generate source code, sharing and versioning models and also to collaboratively document, in a more simple and easy way than the traditional approaches. This enables non developers can participate more in the development process and also allows increasing productivity. To try to show that a wiki can be used to develop software, we created a Domain Specific Language (DSL) in a wiki and were performed three case studies: one with high school students and represent the non developers, another one with four graduate students with experience in software development in the industry, and the last case study was conducted with 48 participants among developers and graduate students in Computer Science. The case studies showed the feasibility of using a wiki for development, that non developers adapted well to the approach and 86 % of the developers would use a wiki to develop MDD. The study also raised the main barriers to increase the acceptance of the approach. Therefore, this work presents also a relatively new approach in the literature and results on the use of versioning systems, IDEs and collaboratively development

A domain-specific embedded language (DSEL) is a domain-specific programming language with no concrete syntax of its own. Defined as a set of combinators encapsulated in a module, it borrows the syntax and tools (such as type-checkers and compilers) of its host language; hence it is economical to design, introduce, and maintain. Unfortunately, this economy is counterbalanced by a lack of room for growth. DSELs cannot match sophisticated domain-specific languages that offer tools for domainspecific error-checking and optimisation. These tools are usually based on syntactic analyses, so they do not work on DSELs. Abstract interpretation is a technique ideally suited to the analysis of DSELs, due to its semantic, rather than syntactic, approach. It is based upon the observation that analysing a program is equivalent to evaluating it over an abstract semantic domain. The mathematical properties of the abstract domain are such that evaluation reduces to solving a mutually recursive set of equations. This dissertation shows how abstract interpretation can be applied to a DSEL by replacing it with an abstract implementation of the same interface; evaluating a program with the abstract implementation yields an analysis result, rather than an executable. The abstract interpretation of DSELs provides a foundation upon which to build sophisticated error-checking and optimisation tools. This is illustrated with three examples: an alphabet analyser for CSP, an ambiguity test for parser combinators, and a definedness test for attribute grammars. Of these, the ambiguity test for parser combinators is probably the most important example, due to the prominence of parser combinators and their rather conspicuous lack of support for the well-known LL(k) test. In this dissertation, DSELs and their signatures are encoded using the polymorphic lambda calculus. This allows the correctness of the abstract interpretation of DSELs to be proved using the parametricity theorem: safety is derived for free from the polymorphic type of a program. Crucially, parametricity also solves a problem commonly encountered by other analysis methods: it ensures the correctness of the approach in the presence of higher-order functions.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / In ubiquitous systems, due to the complexity added by the use of contextual information, the application of context aware exception handling (CAEH) techniques has many challenges and in the literature several approaches have been found to define concepts and abstractions useful for modeling CAEH. However, only one of these approaches proposes a method for specification and verification of models in the field of ubiquitous systems, which provides a tool for specifying the CAEH model using a Java API, and also generates an error report to a text file. The disadvantage of this approach is that the designer should strive to understand programming details that are irrelevant to the analysis process of the exceptional behavior of the system. Then, this work aims to propose a domain specific language for modeling CAEH, which provides abstractions and constructors that allow to express relevant concepts and make the task of designing CAEH models simpler and more intuitive. In addition, the language is integrated with the tool mentioned before that allows automatic model verification. The errors generated by the verifier are now shown directly in the source code making their identification and correction easier for the designer. In order to evaluate the language, a case study is conducted to provide evidence of its viability as an alternative to modeling CAEH. / Em sistemas ubÃquos, devido à complexidade inserida pela utilizaÃÃo de informaÃÃes contextuais, a aplicaÃÃo de tÃcnicas de tratamento de exceÃÃo sensÃvel ao contexto (TESC) tem sido objeto de estudo para muitos pesquisadores. Na literatura sÃo encontradas diversas abordagens que definem conceitos e abstraÃÃes Ãteis para modelagem de TESC. Entretanto, apenas uma dessas abordagens propÃe um mÃtodo para especificaÃÃo e verificaÃÃo de modelos no domÃnio de sistemas ubÃquos o qual fornece uma ferramenta para especificaÃÃo do modelo de TESC atravÃs de uma API Java, e gera ainda um relatÃrio de erros em um arquivo texto. A desvantagem dessa abordagem à que o projetista deve se esforÃar para entender detalhes de programaÃÃo irrelevantes ao processo de anÃlise do comportamento excepcional do sistema. Esta dissertaÃÃo tem portanto como objetivo propor uma linguagem de domÃnio especÃfico para modelagem de TESC, com o intuito de oferecer abstraÃÃes e construtores que permitem expressar conceitos pertinentes e tornar a tarefa de projetar modelos de TESC mais simples e intuitiva. AlÃm disso, a linguagem à integrada com a ferramenta citada anteriormente, o que permite realizar a verificaÃÃo do modelo de forma automÃtica. Os erros gerados pelo verificador sÃo mostrados agora diretamente no cÃdigo do modelo facilitando a identificaÃÃo e correÃÃo dos mesmos pelo projetista. A fim de avaliar a linguagem, um estudo de caso à realizado para fornecer indÃcios de sua viabilidade como alternativa para modelagem de TESC.

Au vu des dernières avancées dans le domaine de l’ingénierie web, ainsi qu’avec la baisse de coût du cloud computing, les architectures orientées services sont rapidement devenues la solution prépondérante pour fournir des services à valeur ajoutée aux clients. Suite à cette tendance, la composition de services tiers est devenue un paradigme de référence pour le développement d’applications robustes et riches, ou encore pour l’automatisation de processus métiers. Avec la disponibilité de centaines de milliers de services et APIs web, la réalisation de telles intégrations devient lourde et fastidieuse quand effectuée manuellement. Par ailleurs, chaque client peut exiger des besoins et politiques d’intégration différentes, ce qui complexifie davantage la tâche. De plus, fournir une telle solution qui soit à la fois robuste et scalable est une tâche non-triviale. Il est donc primordial d’étudier comment coordonner de manière efficace les interactions entre les services web existants. Ainsi, cette thèse vise à étudier les problématiques liées à la composition de services web dans le contexte des pratiques de développement web modernes. Nous présentons un cadre architectural permettant la spécification de compositions de services web grâce à une approche orientée langage, et montrons comment supporter leur exécution de manière scalable grâce à MEDLEY, une plateforme légère et orientée événements. / In light of the recent advances in the field of web engineering, along with the decrease of cost of cloud computing, service-oriented architectures rapidly became the leading solution in providing valuable services to clients. Following this trend, the composition of third-party services has become a successful paradigm for the development of robust and rich distributed applications, as well as automating business processes. With the availability of hundreds of thousands of web services and APIs, such integrations become cumbersome and tedious when performed manually. Furthermore, different clients may require different integration requirements and policies, which further complexifies the task. Moreover, providing such a solution that is both robust and scalable is a non-trivial task. Therefore, it becomes crucial to investigate how to efficiently coordinate the interactions between existing web services. As such, this thesis aims at investigating the underlying challenges in web service composition in the context of modern web development practices. We present an architectural framework to support the specification of web service compositions using a language-based approach, and show how we support their execution in a scalable manner using MEDLEY, a lightweight, event-driven platform.

On assiste ces dernières années à une explosion des usages dans l’Internet des objets. La démocratisation de ce monde de capteurs est le fruit, d’une part de la baisse drastique des coûts dans l’informatique embarquée, d’autre part d’un support logiciel toujours plus mature. Que ce soit au niveau des protocoles et des réseaux (CoAP, IPv6, etc) ou de la standardisation des supports de développement, notamment sur microprocesseurs ATMEL, les outils à disposition permettent chaque jour une plus grande homogénéisation dans la communication entre des capteurs toujours plus variés. Cette diversification rassemble chaque jour des utilisateurs aux attentes et aux domaines de compétence différents, avec chacun leur propre compréhension des objets connectés. La complexification des réseaux de capteurs, confrontée à cette nécessité d’adresser des usages fondamentalement différents, pose problème. Sur la base d’un même réseau de capteurs hétéroclite, il est crucial de pouvoir répondre aux besoins de chacun des utilisateurs, sans réclamer d’eux une maîtrise du réseau de capteurs dépassant exagérément leur domaine de compétence. L’outil décrit dans ce document se propose d’adresser cette problématique au travers d’un moteur de requête dédié au traitement des données issus des capteurs. Pour ce faire, il repose sur une modélisation des capteurs au sein de différents contextes, chacun à même de répondre à un besoin utilisateur précis. Sur la base de ce modèle est mis à disposition un langage dédié pour le traitement des événements complexes issus des données mesurées par les capteurs. L’implémentation de cet outil permet en outre d’interagir avec d’éventuelles fonctionnalités d’actuation du réseau de capteurs. / Usages of the internet of things experience an exponential growth these last few years. As a matter of fact, this is the result of, on one hand the significantly lowercosts in embedded computing systems, on the other hand the maturing of the software layers. From protocols and networks (CoAP, IPv6, etc) to standardization of ATMEL microcontrollers, tools at hand allow a better communication between more and more various sensors. This diversification gather every day users with different needs, expectations and fields of expertise, each one of them having his own approch, his own understanding of the connected things. The main issue concerns the complexity of the sensor networks, with regard to this necessity to address deeply different usages. Based on a single heterogeneous sensor network, it is critical to be able to meet the needs of each user, without having them to master the network beyond their own field of expertise. The tool described in this document aims at addressing this issue via a query engine dedicated to the processing of data collected from the sensors. Towards this end, it relies on a modelling of the sensors within several contexts, each of them reflecting a specific usage. On this basis a domain-specific language is provided, allowing complex event processing over the data monitored by the sensors. Furthermore, the implementation of this tool allows to interact with optional actuation functionalities of the sensor network.

The topic of the thesis are domain-specific languages (DSL) and their use in software development. The target audience are developers interested in learning more about this progressive area of software development. It starts with a necessary theoretical introduction to programming languages. Then, a classification of DSLs is given and software development methodologies based on DSLs are described, notably Language Oriented Programming and Intentional Programming. Another important piece in construction of domain-specific langauges -- the language workbench is also described. In the next chapter, several important tools for DSL creation are presented, described and compared. Each of the tools represents a different possible approach to designing DSLs -- textual, projectional or graphical. The last chapter of the thesis contains a practical example of a DSL implementation in the Meta Programming System by Jet- Brains and Xtext from Eclipse. A domain-specific language for the description of questionnaires is designed from scratch and a code generator for that language is created. A comparison of the DSL based technique to traditional software development techniques is given and the tools used are compared.

O desenvolvimento orientado a modelos (Model Driven Development - MDD) é uma abordagem que tem ganhado cada vez mais espaço na indústria e na academia, trazendo grandes benefícios, como o aumento de produtividade. Uma forma de se trabalhar usando MDD em equipe é usando uma IDE (Integrated Development Environment) associada a um sistema de versionamento. Entretanto, trabalhar colaborativamente usando uma IDE associada a um sistema de versionamento pode trazer algumas complicações para o desenvolvimento como: conflitos de modelos, documentação descontinuada, dificuldades por parte dos interessados em usar sistemas de versionamento, etc. Nesse contexto, este trabalho propõe uma abordagem de uso de wiki para desenvolvimento de MDD, de modo que o desenvolvedor seja capaz de criar modelos, gerar código fonte, compartilhar e versionar os modelos e ainda documentar colaborativamente, de maneira mais simples e fácil do que abordagens tradicionais. Isso possibilita que mais usuários não desenvolvedores possam participar mais no processo de desenvolvimento e ainda permite o aumento de produtividade. Para tentar evidenciar de que é possível uma wiki ser usada para desenvolver software, foi criada uma Domain Specific Language - DSL em uma wiki e foram realizados três estudos de caso: um com estudantes do ensino médio e que representam os não desenvolvedores, um com quatro alunos de pós-graduação com experiência de desenvolvimento na indústria e o último estudo de caso foi realizado com 48 participantes entre desenvolvedores e alunos de pósgraduação em Ciências da Computação. Os estudos de caso mostraram que é viável usar uma wiki para desenvolvimento, que não desenvolvedores se adaptam bem à abordagem e que 86% dos desenvolvedores usariam a abordagem proposta se tivessem que trabalhar com MDD. Os estudos de caso também levantaram as principais barreiras para aumentar a aceitação da abordagem. Com isso, este trabalho apresenta além de uma abordagem relativamente inédita na literatura, resultados sobre uso de sistemas de versionamento, de IDEs e de desenvolvimento colaborativo / The Model Driven Development (MDD) is an approach that has gained more space in industry and academia, bringing great benefits such as increased productivity. One way of working in teams with MDD is using an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) with a versioning system. However, to collaboratively work with an IDE and a versioning system may have implications and problems for the development as: conflicts of models, documentation discontinued, difficulties for stakeholders to use versioning systems, etc. In this context, this work proposes an approach to use a wiki to develop MDD, so that the developer is able to create models, generate source code, sharing and versioning models and also to collaboratively document, in a more simple and easy way than the traditional approaches. This enables non developers can participate more in the development process and also allows increasing productivity. To try to show that a wiki can be used to develop software, we created a Domain Specific Language (DSL) in a wiki and were performed three case studies: one with high school students and represent the non developers, another one with four graduate students with experience in software development in the industry, and the last case study was conducted with 48 participants among developers and graduate students in Computer Science. The case studies showed the feasibility of using a wiki for development, that non developers adapted well to the approach and 86 % of the developers would use a wiki to develop MDD. The study also raised the main barriers to increase the acceptance of the approach. Therefore, this work presents also a relatively new approach in the literature and results on the use of versioning systems, IDEs and collaboratively development

[EN] Model-Driven Development (MDD) promotes models as the cornerstone in the software development process, thereby displacing source code as the development process's main feature. Although this model-centric schema claims advantages over traditional software development (e.g., the code could be automatically generated from the models), it does not have the level of adoption that has been expected. The literature review reveals a broad agreement in the fact that end-users may develop and adapt systems themselves but the complexity in modeling standards and the lack of modeling skills prevents their active involvement in modeling tasks of existing MDD processes. To overcome this, end-users should be provided with different modeling languages that use concepts, which fit their particular skills, context and needs. This challenge is the main goal of this thesis, which is addressed by combining the End-user Development and the Model-Driven Development fields. This work starts with the involvement of end-users into the modeling tasks using a tool-supported visual modeling language that allows end-users to select and customize system features of pervasive systems using closer concepts for them. Afterwards, this thesis shows the necessity of enriching existing MDD processes for supporting the development of a new generation of software systems (e.g., smart health) that require expertise in a variety of domains. Consequently, different types of users (e.g., scientists, engineers and end-users) must actively participate in the description of model fragments that depend on their expertise using a different modeling language. Thus, users are able to collaborate to obtain a unified system description. At this point, it becomes necessary to provide mechanisms that transforms models fragments from one modeling language to another, delimits which model fragments are described by a different user, and integrates those model fragments. To provide this, the presented approach encompasses variability management in a novel way to enable collaborative modeling by supporting both the selection of model fragments of the system that may be described using a different modeling language, and the integration of those model fragments once they are described. Furthermore, interoperability mechanisms bridge two different modeling languages in a non-intrusive way with the structure of models by transforming the description of gaps. Thus, our proposal could enrich models of existing MDD processes with model fragments that have been described using a different modeling language, which could make users feel confident to adopt models for describing domain-specific content and could help to adopt MDD processes. The proposal has been validated in three case studies from different levels of complexity and domains: smart home systems, web information systems, and biomechanical protocols. The results have proven the applicability and feasibility of our approach to actively involve different types of users (end- users with software professionals, domain experts with software development experts, and doctors with biomedical engineers, respectively) in model descriptions of existing MDD processes using a different modeling language. / [ES] En el Desarrollo de Software Dirigido por Modelos (DSDM) los modelos son la piedra angular del proceso de desarrollo de software, desplazando así al código fuente como artefacto principal. Aunque este enfoque centrado en modelos ofrece ventajas sobre el desarrollo de software tradicional (por ejemplo, la generación de código de forma automática a partir de los modelos) no tiene el nivel de adopción esperado. La literatura científica revela un amplio acuerdo en el hecho de que los usuarios finales puedan ellos mismos desarrollar y adaptar los sistemas pero la complejidad de los estándares de modelado y la carencia de habilidades de modelado impide su participación activa en procesos DSDM existentes. Para lograrlo, los usuarios finales deben disponer de lenguajes de modelado diferentes con conceptos adaptados a sus habilidades, contexto y necesidades. Este desafío es el objetivo principal de esta tesis que se aborda combinando las ideas del desarrollo orientado al usuario final y el DSDM. Este trabajo comienza involucrando usuarios finales en tareas de modelado con una herramienta que les proporciona un lenguaje de modelado visual para seleccionar y personalizar características de un sistema pervasivo utilizando conceptos familiares para ellos. Después, esta tesis motiva la necesidad de enriquecer procesos de DSDM existentes para soportar el desarrollo de una nueva generación de sistemas software (por ejemplo, salud inteligente) que requieren conocimientos especializados en una variedad de dominios. Consecuentemente, diferentes tipos de usuarios (por ejemplo, científicos, ingenieros y usuarios finales) deben participar activamente en la descripción de fragmentos de modelos que dependen de su experiencia utilizando un lenguaje de modelado diferente. De este modo, los usuarios pueden colaborar para obtener una descripción del sistema unificada. En este punto, es necesario proporcionar mecanismos que transformen e integren los fragmentos de un lenguaje de modelado a otro y delimiten qué fragmentos se describen por un usuario diferente. Para proporcionar esto, la propuesta presentada utiliza la gestión de variabilidad de forma novedosa para permitir modelado colaborativo seleccionando fragmentos de un modelo del sistema que pueden ser descritos utilizando un lenguaje de modelado diferente y, la integración de esos fragmentos una vez que hayan sido descritos. Además, la propuesta utiliza mecanismos de interoperabilidad para conectar dos lenguajes de modelado diferentes transformando la descripción de los fragmentos de una manera no invasiva con su estructura. Por tanto, nuestra propuesta puede enriquecer los modelos de procesos DSDM existentes con fragmentos de modelos que han sido descritos con un lenguaje diferente y esto, podría hacer que los usuarios se sientan seguros al adoptar modelos para describir contenido de dominio específico y podría ayudar a adoptar procesos DSDM. La propuesta ha sido validada en tres casos de estudio con diferentes niveles de complejidad y dominios: sistemas para el hogar inteligente, sistemas de información web y protocolos biomecánicos. Los resultados han demostrado la aplicabilidad y viabilidad de nuestra propuesta para involucrar diferentes tipos de usuarios (usuarios finales con profesionales de software, expertos en el dominio con expertos en desarrollo de software y, médicos con ingenieros biomédicos, respectivamente) en descripciones de modelos de procesos DSDM existentes utilizando un lenguaje de modelado diferente. / [CAT] En el Desenvolupament de Programari Dirigit per Models (DPDM) els models són la pedra angular del procés de desenvolupament de programari, desplaçant així al codi font com a artefacte principal. Encara que aquest enfocament centrat en models ofereix avantatges sobre el desenvolupament de programari tradicional (per exemple, la generació de codi de forma automàtica a partir dels models) no té el nivell d'adopció esperat. La literatura científica revela un ampli acord en el fet que els usuaris finals puguen ells mateixos desenvolupar i adaptar els sistemes però la complexitat dels estàndards de modelatge i la falta d'habilitats de modelatge impedeix la seua participació activa en processos DPDM existents. Per a aconseguir-ho, els usuaris finals han de disposar de llenguatges de modelatge diferents amb conceptes adaptats a les seues habilitats, context i necessitats. Aquest desafiament és l'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi que s'aborda combinant les idees del desenvolupament orientat a l'usuari final i el DPDM. Aquest treball comença involucrant usuaris finals en tasques de modelatge amb una eina que els proporciona un llenguatge de modelatge visual que permet als usuaris finals seleccionar i personalitzar característiques d'un sistema pervasiu utilitzant conceptes familiars per a ells. Després, aquesta tesi motiva la necessitat d'enriquir processos de DPDM existents per a suportar el desenvolupament d'una nova generació de sistemes programari (per exemple, salut intel¿ligent) que requereixen coneixements especialitzats en una varietat de dominis. Conseqüentment, diferents tipus d'usuaris (per exemple, científics, enginyers i usuaris finals) han de participar activament en la descripció de fragments de models que depenen de la seua experiència utilitzant un llenguatge de modelatge diferent. D'aquesta manera, els usuaris poden col¿laborar per a obtenir una descripció del sistema unificada. En aquest punt, és necessari proporcionar mecanismes que transformen i integren els fragments d'un llenguatge de modelatge a un altre i delimiten quins fragments es descriuen per un usuari diferent. Per a proporcionar açò, la proposta presentada utilitza la gestió de variabilitat de forma nova per a permetre modelatge col.laboratiu seleccionant fragments d'un model del sistema que poden ser descrits utilitzant un llenguatge de modelatge diferent i, la integració d'aqueixos fragments una vegada que hagen sigut descrits. A més, la proposta utilitza mecanismes d'interoperabilitat per a connectar dos llenguatges de modelatge diferents transformant la descripció dels fragments d'una manera no invasiva amb la seua estructura. Per tant, la nostra proposta pot enriquir els models de processos DPDM existents amb fragments de models que han sigut descrits amb un llenguatge diferent i açò, podria fer que els usuaris se senten segurs en adoptar models per a descriure contingut de domini específic i podria ajudar a adoptar processos DPDM. La proposta ha sigut validada en tres casos d'estudi amb diferents nivells de complexitat i dominis: sistemes per a la llar intel¿ligent, sistemes d'informació web i protocols biomecànics. Els resultats han demostrat l'aplicabilitat i viabilitat de la nostra proposta per a involucrar diferents tipus d'usuaris (usuaris finals amb professionals de programari, experts en el domini amb experts en desenvolupament de programari i, metges amb enginyers biomèdics, respectivament) en descripcions de models de processos DPDM existents utilitzant un llenguatge de modelatge diferent. / Pérez Pérez, MF. (2015). Achieving non-intrusive interoperability between models for involving users in modeling tasks [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/58429 / TESIS

La modélisation mathématique est largement utilisée pour effectuer des recherches sur la modélisation des maladies infectieuses. Combler le fossé entre les modèles conceptuels et leurs simulations est l'un des problèmes de la modélisation. Les langages métiers sont souvent utilisés pour addresser ces problèmes en séparant deux aspects de la modélisation : la spécification (modèles conceptuels) et la simulation (modèles informatiques). Dans cette perspective, nous développons un langage métier, appelé KENDRICK, dédié à la modélisation épidémiologique, couplé avec une plate-forme de simulation. Un autre problème de la modélisation en épidémiologie est le mélange des aspects de domaine qui doivent être séparés. Afin de faciliter l'écriture et l'évolution des modèles, il est crucial de pouvoir définir une préoccupation avec aussi peu de dépendances avec d'autres que possible et de pouvoir les combiner aussi librement que possible. Nous abordons ces défis en proposant un méta-modèle mathématique commun qui peut représenter les modèles ainsi que les préoccupations. Nous définissons ensuite les opérateurs qui permettent de combiner des préoccupations ainsi que de les appliquer dans un modèle. Le langage KENDRICK simplifie donc la programmation des simulations épidémiologiques en décomposant un modèle monolithique hautement-couplé en préoccupations modulaires. Cela rend alors plus facile la construction des modèles complexes de l'épidémiologie où plusieurs préoccupations sont considérées en même temps. / Mathematical and computational models have become widely used and demanded tools for examining mechanisms of transmission, exploring characteristics of epidemics, predicting future courses of an outbreak and evaluating strategies to find a best control-program. One of the problems of modelling is bridging the gap between conceptual models (i.e compartmental models of epidemiology) and their computer simulation (through deterministic, stochastic or agent-based implementation). Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) are often used to address such difficulties by separating two concerns of modelling, specification (conceptual model) and implementation (computational model). In this perspective, we develop a DSL called KENDRICK targeted to the epidemiological modelling and coupled with a simulation platform that allows the study of such models. The other important issue needs to be addressed in the context of epidemiological modelling is the heterogeneities introduced by separate concerns. In order to facilitate the specification of models and their evolution, it is crucial to be able to define concerns with as few dependencies with each other as possible and to combine them as freely as possible. We address such challenges by proposing a common mathematical meta-model that supports both concerns and models and enabling their compositions by some operators. We then implement our proposal language KENDRICK based on this meta-model. The language simplifies the construction of complex epidemiological models by decomposing them into modular concerns, by which common concerns can be reused across models and can be easily changed.

Programming languages traditionally describe computations going one way: a program might compute a hash value from a string, or an encrypted message from a plaintext. However, sometimes it is also of interest to go the other way around: for encryption, we not only want to encrypt messages but also to decrypt them, and to be sure that the decryption correctly reproduces the original message. In an invertible programming language, a single program specifies two directions of a transformation, and the language guarantees that the two correspond as inverses. Invertible languages often require programs to be composed from atomic invertible fragments, a property known as local invertibility. This requirement has connections to applications such as low-energy and quantum computing. However, many invertible algorithms are more naturally expressed as depending unidirectionally on some inputs, e.g., the encryption key—this property is known as partial invertibility. Existing work largely lacks a systematic treatment of partial invertibility, and the connection to the locally invertible paradigm is not yet well-understood. In this thesis, we show that with the right design tradeoff, partial invertibility can be expressed within a locally invertible setting. We present KALPIS, a new functional language supporting expressive partial invertibility, yet maintaining a straightforward locally invertible semantics. This is made formal by a novel arrow combinator language RRARR, with primitives embodying functions, parameterized bijections, and interactions between the two. The formulation is based on recent work on effects in invertible computation, namely the irreversibility effect and the reversible reader. We substantiate the work with a prototype implementation of KALPIS, and demonstrate its utility through a number of nontrivial examples. Further, we give a complete formalization of the two systems, including the operational semantics and type system of KALPIS and a locally invertible interpretation and equational characterization of RRARR. Finally, we give a compositional translation from KALPIS into RRARR, motivating us to call it an arrow metalanguage. Most of the formalization is mechanized using the proof assistant Agda. / Programmeringsspråk beskriver traditionellt beräkningar som går åt ett håll: ett program kan till exempel beräkna ett hash-värde från en sträng eller ett krypterat meddelande från en klartext. Ibland är det dock även av intresse att gå åt andra hållet: vid kryptering vill vi inte bara kryptera meddelanden utan också avkryptera dem, och vara säkra på att avkrypteringen korrekt återskapar det ursprungliga meddelandet. I ett inverterbart programmeringsspråk beskriver ett enskilt program två riktningar av en transformation, och språket garanterar att de två motsvarar varandra som inverser. Inverterbara språk kräver ofta att program konstrueras från enskilt inverterbara komponenter, en egenskap som kallas lokal inverterbarhet. Denna egenskap har kopplingar till tillämpningar som lågenergioch kvantdatorer. Å andra sidan är det ofta naturligt att inverterbara algoritmer beror enkelriktat på vissa indata, till exempel krypteringsnyckeln—något som kallas partiell inverbarhet. Tidigare forskning saknar i stor utsträckning en systematisk behandling av partiell inverterbarhet, och kopplingen till lokal inverterbarhet är ännu inte välförstådd. I denna avhandling visar vi att med rätt designavvägning kan partiell inverterbarhet uttryckas ovanpå en lokalt inverterbar grund. Vi presenterar KALPIS, ett nytt funktionellt språk som stöder uttrycksfull partiell inverterbarhet, samtidigt som det bibehåller en enkel lokalt inverterbar semantik. Detta formaliseras genom ett nytt Arrow-kombinatorspråk RRARR, vars primitiver representerar funktioner, parameteriserade bijektioner och interaktioner mellan de två. Formuleringen baseras på ny forskning om sidoeffekter i inverterbar beräkning, nämligen irreversibilitetseffekten och reversible reader. Vi substantierar arbetet med en prototypimplementation av KALPIS och visar dess användbarhet genom ett antal icketriviala exempel. Dessutom ger vi en komplett formalisering av de två systemen, inklusive operativ semantik och typsystem för KALPIS och en lokalt inverterbar tolkning och ekvationskaraktärisering av RRARR. Slutligen ger vi en kompositionell översättning från KALPIS till RRARR, vilket motiverar oss att kalla det ett Arrow-metaspråk. Det mesta av formaliseringen är mekaniserad med hjälp av bevisassistenten Agda.