[pt] Os materiais compósitos foram desenvolvidos para substituir o uso de ligas metálicas em aplicações de alto desempenho, se tornando materiais muito utilizados devido a uma ampla combinação de propriedades mecânicas. O setor de oleodutos, com o passar dos anos, tem enfrentado problemas nas tubulações devido ao envelhecimento e deterioração causados, principalmente, pela corrosão. Para solucionar esses problemas, normalmente, são utilizados reparos convencionais feitos com materiais metálicos tendo a finalidade de substituir a parte danificada. Porém, esse processo é muito trabalhoso e o setor de oleodutos tem visto como alternativa o uso de materiais compósitos poliméricos reforçados com fibra como reparo. As principais vantagens em relação aos reparos convencionais são a alta relação resistência-peso, a baixa concentração de tensão e a fácil aplicação. Entretanto, muitos estudos já mostraram que quando expostos a ambientes agressivos como temperatura, umidade e radiação ultravioleta, os materiais compósitos podem se deteriorar, ou seja, perdem suas propriedades mecânicas. Com isso, é importante analisar o efeito desses ambientes com o intuito de prever o comportamento mecânico, a vida útil e as possíveis falhas do reparo de juntas coladas. Com a finalidade de entender o comportamento mecânico, a adesão e a vida útil da junta adesiva, o objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar o envelhecimento de reparos em uma atmosfera salina. Foram utilizadas juntas Double-Lap Shear – DLS de compósito polimérico reforçado com fibra de vidro sobre um substrato de aço. As juntas foram fabricadas com quatro tipos tratamentos superficiais diferentes: I) Sem Silano / lixamento manual; II) Sem Silano / máquina Monti; III) Com Silano / lixamento manual; IV) Com Silano / máquina Monti. Os reparos de juntas coladas foram analisados em relação aos efeitos de temperatura (35 graus C, 55 graus C e 70 graus C) e da exposição a ambientes de névoa salina por um tempo de envelhecimento de até 6830h. O efeito do envelhecimento e a variação das propriedades mecânicas foram avaliados pelo ensaio destrutivo DLS e foi utilizado o ensaio não destrutivo de ultrassom para detectar o tamanho e localização dos defeitos. Como resultado, observou-se que quanto maior a temperatura de envelhecimento mais rápida foi a degradação das propriedades mecânicas e que as amostras que possuem silano, mantiveram maior resistência ao longo do tempo de envelhecimento. Também foi observado que o modo de falha de junta mudou com o passar do tempo e da temperatura tornando a falha adesiva a mais comum. Em relação ao ensaio de ultrassom, foi observado que a técnica de ultrassom foi eficiente para localizar e dimensionar o tamanho dos defeitos. Porém, não foi possível fazer uma comparação do aumento da área de defeitos com a variação das propriedades mecânicas. / [en] Composite materials have been developed to replace the use of metal alloys in high-performance applications, becoming widely used materials due to their broad combination of mechanical properties. Over the years, the pipeline sector has faced problems in pipelines due to aging and deterioration caused mainly by corrosion. To solve these problems, conventional repairs made with metallic materials are usually used to replace the damaged part. However, this process is very laborious, and the pipeline sector has seen the use of fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials as an alternative for repair. The main advantages compared to conventional repairs are high strength-to-weight ratio, low stress concentration, and easy application. However, many studies have shown that when exposed to aggressive environments such as temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet radiation, composite materials may deteriorate, meaning they lose their mechanical properties. Therefore, it is important to analyze the effect of these environments to predict the mechanical behavior, service life, and possible failures of adhesive joint repairs. In order to understand the mechanical behavior, adhesion, and service life of the adhesive joint, the aim of this work was to analyze the aging of repairs in a saline atmosphere. Double-Lap Shear (DLS) joints made of fiberglass-reinforced polymer composite on a steel substrate were used. The joints were made with four different surface treatments: I) Without Silane / manual sanding; II) Without Silane / Monti machine; III) With Silane / manual sanding; IV) With Silane / Monti machine. The bonded joint repairs were analyzed for the effects of temperature (35 degrees C, 55 degrees C, and 70 degrees C) and exposure to salt spray environments for an aging time of up to 6830h. The effect of aging and variation of mechanical properties were evaluated by destructive DLS testing, and non-destructive ultrasonic testing was used to detect the size and location of defects. As a result, it was observed that the higher the aging temperature, the faster the degradation of mechanical properties, and that samples with silane maintained greater resistance over the aging time. It was also observed that the joint failure mode changed over time and temperature, making adhesive failure more common. Regarding ultrasonic testing, it was observed that the technique was effective in locating and sizing defects. However, it was not possible to compare the increase in defect area with the change of the mechanical properties.

In this thesis, a new modeling methodology applicable to adhesively bonded joints for crash simulations is presented. Using this approach, adhesive joints can be modeled without using minute solid elements thus reducing the size of the model. Moreover, coarse mesh can be used for substrates in the overlap region of a joint. Both of these improvements together yield significant reduction in simulation run times in crash analysis when compared to solid element representation of adhesive. The modeling can also capture effects of strain rate for a given ambient temperature. In order to develop the efficient modeling procedure mentioned above, experimental, analytical and numerical studies have been carried out. Mechanical behaviors of adhesively bonded joints are studied with the help of double lap shear (DLS) coupon tests conducted at different extension rates and temperatures. The joint specimens are made from dual-phase (DP) steel coupons bonded with epoxy resin. Tests are also carried out to ascertain the behaviors of these component materials at different extension rates and temperatures. A new semi-analytical solution procedure is developed considering material nonlinearity to predict mechanical behaviors of adhesively bonded DLS joints. The joint behaviors using the semi-analytical approach are predicted separately using the Von Mises and exponent Drucker-Prager yield criteria. The predicted force versus extension curves using semi-analytical solution are compared with test results. It is also hypothesized here that, the semi-analytical solution procedure can be used as a base to develop efficient modeling procedures of adhesively bonded joints in FEA. In finite element analysis, both adhesive and substrates are modeled as elastic-plastic materials. It is shown that the shell-solid model of the DLS joint, in which substrates are modeled using shell elements and adhesive is modeled using solid elements, can accurately predict the mechanical behavior of the joint. Both exponent Drucker-Prager and Von Mises material models in ABAQUS are used to calculate force versus extension curves. Numerical and experimental forces versus extension curves are compared. A new methodology for efficient modeling of adhesively bonded joints in LS-DYNA using equivalent material properties in the joint overlap region is proposed. Various models using this methodology are assessed by comparing their results with shell-solid model and test results. Finally, it is also shown that strain rate effects can be included in the efficient modeling approach.

FRP laminates and fabrics, used as an externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) to strengthen or repair concrete members, have proven to be an economical retrofitting method. However, when used to strengthen long-span members or members with limited access, the labor and equipment demands may negate the benefits of using continuous EBR FRP. Recently, CFRP rod panels (CRPs) have been developed and deployed to overcome the aforementioned limitations. Each CRP is made of several small diameter CFRP rods placed at discrete spacing. To fulfill the strengthening length, CRP’s are spliced together and made continuous by means of overlaps (or finger joints). In this doctoral dissertation, the effectiveness of spliced CRPs as flexural strengthening reinforcement for RC members was investigated by experimental, analytical and numerical methods. The experimental research includes laboratory tests on (1) RC beams under four-point bending and (2) double-lap shear concrete specimens. The first set of tests examines the behavior of concrete members strengthened with spliced CRPs. Several beams were fabricated and tested, including: (a) unstrengthened, (b) strengthened with spliced CRPs, (c) strengthened with full-length CRPs, and (d) strengthened with full-length and spliced CFRP laminates. The double-lap shear tests serve to characterize the development length and bond strength of two commonly used CRPs. Several small-scale CRPs, with variable bond lengths, were tested to arrive to an accurate estimation of development length and bond strength. Several other specimens were additionally tested to preliminarily examine the effects of bond width and rod spacing. A 3D nonlinear finite element simulation was utilized to further study the response of CRP strengthened RC beams, by extracting essential data, that couldn’t be measured in the experimental tests. Additionally, analytical tools were added to investigate the behavior of tested bond and beam specimens. The first tool complements the double-lap shear tests, and provides mathematical terms for important characteristics of the CRP/concrete bond interface. The second tool investigates concrete cover separation failure, which was observed in the beam testing, for RC beams strengthened with full-length and spliced CRPs.