Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Economia, Brasília, 2017. / Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2017-11-14T15:45:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 2017_GiovanniSilvaBeviláqua_RESUMO.pdf: 8301 bytes, checksum: 0bf531e1a6c13889d425b54cf2f0cddf (MD5) 2017_GiovanniSilvaBeviláqua.pdf: 2235006 bytes, checksum: 1890e194a76ed8f80ca7377c454d6a5c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-11-20T22:06:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 2017_GiovanniSilvaBeviláqua_RESUMO.pdf: 8301 bytes, checksum: 0bf531e1a6c13889d425b54cf2f0cddf (MD5) 2017_GiovanniSilvaBeviláqua.pdf: 2235006 bytes, checksum: 1890e194a76ed8f80ca7377c454d6a5c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-20T22:06:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 2017_GiovanniSilvaBeviláqua_RESUMO.pdf: 8301 bytes, checksum: 0bf531e1a6c13889d425b54cf2f0cddf (MD5) 2017_GiovanniSilvaBeviláqua.pdf: 2235006 bytes, checksum: 1890e194a76ed8f80ca7377c454d6a5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-20 / Esta tese de doutorado apresentada à Universidade de Brasília consiste na construção de um modelo Dinâmico de Equilíbrio Geral e Estocástico (DSGE) para analisar os efeitos da desigualdade de renda na economia brasileira. O modelo corresponde em uma aplicação para o Brasil do modelo desenvolvido por Kumhof and Ranciere (2010) e modificado por Troch (2014). O modelo irá caracterizar dois agentes heterogêneos que diferem entre si por suas preferências intertemporais e pela propriedade de capital na economia. Desta forma, empregamos a já consagrada modelagem DSGE par a análise de um dos problemas socioeconômicos mais relevantes de nosso tempo e pretendemos estudar como a desigualdade subjacente se manifesta em desigualdade de renda e consumo na economia e quais são os possíveis impactos sobre outras variáveis macroeconômicas e como a desigualdade de renda pode ser significativamente afetada pelas condições macroeconômicas. Adicionalmente, estaremos interessados no papel da política fiscal, empreendida pelo governo, em conter os possíveis efeitos negativos da desigualdade. / This doctoral thesis presented to the University of Brasília consists of the construction of a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model to analyze the effects of income inequality in the Brazilian economy. The model corresponds in an application to Brazil of the model developed by Kumhof and Ranciere (2010) and modified by Troch (2014). The model will characterize two heterogeneous agents that differ by their intertemporal preferences and the ownership of capital in the economy. In this way, we use the already established DSGE modeling to analyze one of the most relevant socioeconomic problems of our time and intend to study how the underlying inequality is manifested in income inequality and consumption in the economy and what are the possible impacts on other macroeconomic variables and As income inequality can be significantly affected by macroeconomic conditions. In addition, we will be interested in the role of fiscal policy, undertaken by the government, in containing the possible negative effects of inequality.

Compared to the previous twenty years, residential investments in the US appear more stable after the mid-1980s. Chapter 2 explores key hypotheses regarding the underlying causes. In particular, it uses estimated DSGE models to examine whether a more responsive interest rate policy stabilizes the housing market by keeping inflation in check. These estimations indeed found a policy that has become more responsive over time. Counter-factual analysis confirms that the change stabilizes inflation as well as nominal interest rate. It does not, however, find the change in policy to have stabilizing effect on real economic activity including housing investment. It finds that smaller TFP shocks make modest contributions, while the biggest contributing factor to the fall in the housing volatility is a reduction in the sensitivity of the investment to demand variations. Chapter 3 constructs a richly specified model for the housing market to examine the empirical relevance of various costs and frictions, including the investment adjustment cost, sticky construction costs, search frictions, and sluggish adjustment of house prices. Using the US national-level quarterly data from 1985 and 2007, we find that the gradual adjustment of house prices is the most important and irreplaceable feature of the model. The key to developing an optimization-based empirical housing model, therefore, is to provide a structural interpretation for the slow adjustment in house prices. Chapter 4 uses US national-level time series of residential investment, price index of new houses, consumption and interest rate to explore whether the US, as a nation, experienced a drop in the price elasticity of supply of new housing. Maximum likelihood estimations with a simple stock-and-flow model found a statistically significant drop of the elasticity from 10 to 2.2, when the quarterly data between 1971 and 2007 are split at 1985. A richer model with mechanisms of gradual adjustment also indicates such a reduction, when existing knowledge about the adjustment parameters is incorporated in the analysis. For the Federal Reserve, an inelastic supply can be a source of concern, because policy-driven demand in housing market is more likely to trigger undesirable swings in prices. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

iv Abstract This thesis investigates the effects of government spend- ing on aggregate economic variables in the Czech Republic. The standard RBC and New Keynesian models assume only forward-looking households despite the evidence of a sig- nificant fraction of non-optimizing households. These mod- els do not provide reasonable predictions for the response of consumption: both models predict its fall following a gov- ernment spending shock. Therefore, a variant of the New Keynesian model, where rule-of-thumb households coexist with optimizing households, is used for the analysis. We have found that fiscal policy has a positive impact on output, although government spending multiplier does not exceed one. Also, the impact on consumption is positive for several periods following a fiscal spending shock, which is consistent with the evidence. JEL Classification: C32, E32, E62 Keywords: fiscal policy, fiscal multipliers, fiscal VAR, rule- of-thumb consumers

El objetivo de este trabajo es plantear la discusión acerca de la tasa de descuento y su relación con los modelos de Equilibrio General Dinámico Estocásticos (DSGE) y los experimentos económicos. Es así como, el principal aporte de este trabajo es pretender conciliar las discusiones de la economía experimental con los modelos DSGE, en lo concerniente a las tasas de descuento, la generalización de sus resultados a través de elementos cuasi experimentales y proponer quienes deben ser sujeto de los experimentos económicos con el fin de ser incorporados en futuras simulaciones. El trabajo se encuentra compuesto por tres papers: 1. >Es la paciencia de los empresarios una explicación del empleo? 2. Una contribución de la economía experimental a los modelos DSGE. 3. Una contribución del enfoque Bayesiano a la Economía Experimental. Se encontró que la paciencia de los empresarios se encuentra vinculada con la cantidad de empleos a generar, además que al realizar un experimento económico; los empresarios presentan una tasa de descuento cuasihiperb ólica, elemento que puede generar problemas de inconsistencia dinámica. Además, la tasa de descuento cuasi-hiperbólica al ser combinada con los modelos DSGE muestra trayectorias que difieren con respecto a las simulaciones realizadas que tienen como base una tasa de descuento exponencial. Es así como las trayectorias de las diferentes variables económicas pueden llegar a ser sub estimadas o sobre estimadas generando distorsiones en la toma de decisiones para los hacedores de política económica. Con el fin de generalizar los resultados del experimento aplicado, se realizó un trabajo propositivo cuasi experimental soportado sobre un enfoque bayesiano, de donde se encontró que los experimentos con empresarios son más coherentes con los datos de la cuentas nacionales de la economía objeto del experimento. / The main purpose of this work is to propose a discussion about the discounting rate, its relation to the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Models ( DSGE) and the economic experiments. Thus, the main contribution of this work is to conciliate the discussions on the experimental economics with the DSGE models regarding the discounting rate, the generalization of the results through quasi-experimental elements and to propose who are the ones to be subjected of economic experiments in order to be incorporated into future simulations. In this way, the work is divided into three papers. First, the question, is the entrepreneurs' patience an explanation to the employment. Second, it will be showed a contribution of the experimental economics to the DSGE models. Finally, it will be given a contribution of the Bayesian Approach to the experimental economics. Consequently, it was found that the entrepreneurs' patience was linked to the amount of jobs to be generated, since when doing the economic experiments, the entrepreneurs presented a quasi-hyperbolic discounting rate, which might generate problems of dynamic inconsistency. Besides, when the quasi-hyperbolic discounting rate was combined with the DSGE models, it was portrayed the trajectories differed in regards with the simulations done, which had as a base an exponential discounting rate. In this way, the trajectories of the different economic variables might be under or overestimated generating then distortions on the decision-making processes of the economic policy makers. So, in order to genera-lize the results of the experiment, a propositive quasi-experimental work done under a Bayesian approach was done, in which the findings showed that the experiments with the entrepreneurs were more coherent with the data of the National Accounts of the economy subjected to the experiment.

O objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar o comportamento dos principais parâmetros da economia brasileira através da estimação de um modelo DSGE (Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium) de economia aberta usando métodos bayesianos e permitindo mudanças de regime markovianas de determinados parâmetros. Utilizando o modelo DSGE desenvolvido por Justiniano e Preston (2010) e o método de solução do modelo Markov Switching DSGE (MS-DSGE) proposto por Farmer et al. (2008), este trabalho encontrou superioridade nos ajustes dos dados dos modelos que incorporaram mudanças markovianas, rejeitando a hipótese de parâmetros constantes em modelos DSGE para a economia brasileira. / The goal of this dissertation is to evaluate the behaviour of the main parameters of the Brazilian economy through the estimation of a DSGE (Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium) model of open economy using Bayesian methods and allowing Markov switching of certain parameters. Using the DSGE model developed by Justiniano and Preston (2010) and the method of solution of the Markov Switching DSGE (MS-DSGE) model proposed by Farmer et al. (2008), this work found superiority in the settings of the data of the models that incorporated Markov switching, rejecting the hypothesis of constant parameters in DSGE models for the Brazilian economy.

O objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar o comportamento dos principais parâmetros da economia brasileira através da estimação de um modelo DSGE (Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium) de economia aberta usando métodos bayesianos e permitindo mudanças de regime markovianas de determinados parâmetros. Utilizando o modelo DSGE desenvolvido por Justiniano e Preston (2010) e o método de solução do modelo Markov Switching DSGE (MS-DSGE) proposto por Farmer et al. (2008), este trabalho encontrou superioridade nos ajustes dos dados dos modelos que incorporaram mudanças markovianas, rejeitando a hipótese de parâmetros constantes em modelos DSGE para a economia brasileira. / The goal of this dissertation is to evaluate the behaviour of the main parameters of the Brazilian economy through the estimation of a DSGE (Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium) model of open economy using Bayesian methods and allowing Markov switching of certain parameters. Using the DSGE model developed by Justiniano and Preston (2010) and the method of solution of the Markov Switching DSGE (MS-DSGE) model proposed by Farmer et al. (2008), this work found superiority in the settings of the data of the models that incorporated Markov switching, rejecting the hypothesis of constant parameters in DSGE models for the Brazilian economy.

O objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar o comportamento dos principais parâmetros da economia brasileira através da estimação de um modelo DSGE (Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium) de economia aberta usando métodos bayesianos e permitindo mudanças de regime markovianas de determinados parâmetros. Utilizando o modelo DSGE desenvolvido por Justiniano e Preston (2010) e o método de solução do modelo Markov Switching DSGE (MS-DSGE) proposto por Farmer et al. (2008), este trabalho encontrou superioridade nos ajustes dos dados dos modelos que incorporaram mudanças markovianas, rejeitando a hipótese de parâmetros constantes em modelos DSGE para a economia brasileira. / The goal of this dissertation is to evaluate the behaviour of the main parameters of the Brazilian economy through the estimation of a DSGE (Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium) model of open economy using Bayesian methods and allowing Markov switching of certain parameters. Using the DSGE model developed by Justiniano and Preston (2010) and the method of solution of the Markov Switching DSGE (MS-DSGE) model proposed by Farmer et al. (2008), this work found superiority in the settings of the data of the models that incorporated Markov switching, rejecting the hypothesis of constant parameters in DSGE models for the Brazilian economy.

This thesis presents three dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models to answer three macroeconomic questions. In each model, I impose one or more frictions or constraints and analyse how these frictions affect macroeconomic dynamics. Chapter 2 studies the coordination of fiscal and monetary policies under optimal commitment and discretion policies under a New Keynesian framework. The chapter shows that when there is indexation in price setting which depends on the lagged output gap as in Steinsson (2003), under the optimal commitment policy, both fiscal and monetary policies have active roles in inflation stabilisation, even although debt follows a unit-root process. Under the optimal discretion policy, both fiscal and monetary policies have active roles in inflation stabilisation to drive debt back to the pre-shock level, consistent with Leith and Wren-Lewis (2008). Extending the model to include capital accumulation does not alter these results. Chapter 3 presents a microfounded two-country model of global imbalances and debt deleveraging. During global imbalances a sustained rise in saving in one country can lead to a worldwide fall in the interest rates and an accumulation of debt in the other country. When an ensuing deleveraging shock occurs as a result of the global financial crisis, the interest rates are forced further down. I show that in the presence of a liquidity trap the deleveraging country may face a combination of a large fall in output, deflation and real exchange rate appreciation, as a result of debt deflation. Chapter 4 adds a highly-leveraged financial sector to the Ramsey model and shows that this augments the macroeconomic effects of aggregate productivity shocks. My model is built on the financial-accelerator approach of Bernanke, Gertler and Gilchrist (BGG), in which leveraged goods-producers borrow from a competitive financial sector. In this chapter, by contrast, financial institutions are leveraged and subject to idiosyncratic productivity shocks. They obtain funds by paying an interest rate above the risk free rate, and this risk premium is anti-cyclical, and so amplifies the shocks. My parameterisation, based on US data, is one in which the leverage of the financial sector is two and a half times that of the goods-producers in the BGG model. This causes a much more significant augmentation of aggregate productivity shocks than that found in the BGG model.

Real Business Cycle (RBC) theory together with its applications is one of the most important studies in macroeconomics. Recently, Finn Kydland and Edward Prescott received Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. RBC is deeply affected by New Keynesian School (NKS). For example, Solow model emphasizes using CES of production function in RBC. Recently, New Keynesian Economics gives microeconomic foundations of incomplete competition, and explains macroeconomic fluctuations by prices and wages sticky. RBC and NKE were generalized into a new brake through model called DSGE. DSGE combines RBC and NKE to be a microeconomics foundation model. They consider household and firm optimal choice and integrate real and nominal shocks to let theory in macroeconomic to be close to the real world situation. This paper adopts DSGE model in Schmidt and Zimmermann (2005) into Taiwan. From 1981 to 2006, we discuss fluctuaction of macroeconomic variables in a small open economy by national oil price shocks between effect of oil price fluctutaion relationship. There are two main contributions: First, to review and put related Taiwan¡¦s literatures together which supply important calibration values. These sources provide prior information to finish foundations of this thesis. Second, this is the first thesis based on importance of price of imported oil in Taiwan. We split time-series data from 1981 to 1997 and 1998 to 2006. In the period from 1981 to 1997 the oil price shocks can explain 47% of the Taiwan business cycle fluctuations. In the second period, from 1998 to 2006, the oil price shocks can explain 69% of the Taiwan business cycle fluctuations. The main result is that the oil price shocks have more significant influence on the business cycle in Taiwan.

Utilizing game theory, learning automata and reinforcement learning concepts, thesis presents a computational model (simulation) based on general equilibrium theory and classical monetary model. Model is based on interacting Constructively Rational agents. Constructive Ratio- nality has been introduced in current literature as machine learning based concept that allows relaxing assumptions on modeled economic agents information and ex- pectations. Model experiences periodical endogenous crises (Fall in both production and con- sumption accompanied with rise in unemployment rate). Crises are caused by firms and households adopting to a change in price and wage levels. Price and wage level adjustments are necessary for the goods and labor market to clear in the presence of technological growth. Finally, model has good theoretical background and large potential for further de- velopment. Also, general properties of games of learning entities are examined, with special focus on sudden changes (shocks) in the game and behavior of game's play- ers, during recovery from which rigidities can emerge. JEL Classification D80, D83, C63, E32, C73, Keywords Learning, Information and Knowledge, Agent-based, Reinforcement learning, Business cycle, Stochastic and Dynamic Games, Simulation, Modeling Author's e-mail...