abstract: 'Attributional' Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) quantitatively tracks the potential environmental impacts of international value chains, in retrospective, while ensuring that burden shifting is avoided. Despite the growing popularity of LCA as a decision-support tool, there are numerous concerns relating to uncertainty and variability in LCA that affects its reliability and credibility. It is pertinent that some part of future research in LCA be guided towards increasing reliability and credibility for decision-making, while utilizing the LCA framework established by ISO 14040. In this dissertation, I have synthesized the present state of knowledge and application of uncertainty and variability in ‘attributional’ LCA, and contribute to its quantitative assessment. Firstly, the present state of addressment of uncertainty and variability in LCA is consolidated and reviewed. It is evident that sources of uncertainty and variability exist in the following areas: ISO standards, supplementary guides, software tools, life cycle inventory (LCI) databases, all four methodological phases of LCA, and use of LCA information. One source of uncertainty and variability, each, is identified, selected, quantified, and its implications discussed. The use of surrogate LCI data in lieu of missing dataset(s) or data-gaps is a source of uncertainty. Despite the widespread use of surrogate data, there has been no effort to (1) establish any form of guidance for the appropriate selection of surrogate data and, (2) estimate the uncertainty associated with the choice and use of surrogate data. A formal expert elicitation-based methodology to select the most appropriate surrogates and to quantify the associated uncertainty was proposed and implemented. Product-evolution in a non-uniform manner is a source of temporal variability that is presently not considered in LCA modeling. The resulting use of outdated LCA information will lead to misguided decisions affecting the issue at concern and eventually the environment. In order to demonstrate product-evolution within the scope of ISO 14044, and given that variability cannot be reduced, the sources of product-evolution were identified, generalized, analyzed and their implications (individual and coupled) on LCA results are quantified. Finally, recommendations were provided for the advancement of robustness of 'attributional' LCA, with respect to uncertainty and variability. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2016

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Orientador: Antonio Roberto Saad / Banca: José Eduardo Zaine / Banca: José Luiz Albuquerque Filho / Resumo: Com o crescente desenvolvimento do mercado de gás o Brasil e, conseqüente, mudança da matriz energética do país, iniciou-se a procura por tecnologias as quais atenderiam as novas demandas. A área de Meio Ambiente, cada vez mais, está sendo direcionada como ponto-chave enquanto condicionante na realização ou não de qualquer evento. O trabalho aborda de maneira sucinta, as interações existentes entre empreendimento, tubulações de gás apresentando baixas e médias pressões; e, a área de atuação e apresentou uma proposição para um possível impacto ambiental. Apresenta linha de pesquisa desenvolvida pela agência reguladora competente (COMPANIA DE TECNOLOGIA DE SANEAMENTO AMBIENTAL, CETESB) que atua neste campo e tangencia os mais diversos aspectos correlacionados (danos diretos, indiretos e outros). Ao todo, o levantamento ocorreu em 40 locais situados no centro da Cidade de São Paulo e foram constatadas alterações nos três segmentos do ambiental: físico-químico, biótico e antrópico. Em suas conclusões, são propostas as possíveis causas dos danos e medidas mitigadoras a este impacto. / Abstract: With the increasing development of the market of gas in Brasil, and so, change of the energy matrix of the country, it was initiated looks it for technologies which would take care of the new demands. The area of Environment, each time more, is being directed as point key in the accomplishment or not of any event. The work approached in easy way, the existing interactions between enterprise and area of performance and presented a proposal for a possible Environment impact. It presents line of research developed for the competent regulating agency (CETESB) that it acts in this field and tangent the most diverse correlated aspects (damages right-handers, indirect and others). At all, the research displayed at 40 places on São Paulo's city down town and it was observe alterations at tree environmental spheres: physic-chimistral , biotic and antropic. It considers in its possible conclusions damages and mitigating measures and this impact. / Mestre

A gravidade dos problemas ambientais exige o engajamento de vários setores da sociedade, principalmente, o da educação. As instituições de ensino superior devem atuar como protagonistas no combate aos impactos ambientais gerados pela sociedade. Desta forma, o presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a presença da gestão ambiental nas estruturas curriculares dos cursos de graduação, nas ações de extensão desenvolvidas, nos projetos de pesquisa e nas atividades operacionais realizadas no campus Rio Branco da Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), uma instituição de ensino superior localizada na região Norte do Brasil. Para atingir este objetivo, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com dirigentes da IES, análise de documentos oficiais da instituição e observação assistemática nas dependências do campus. Esta análise também permitiu identificar os aspectos e impactos ambientais decorrentes das atividades desenvolvidas nos seguintes setores do campus: restaurante universitário, salas de aula e de atendimento administrativo, banheiros e laboratórios. Analisadas as condições vigentes, foram propostas ações visando a redução dos impactos ambientais identificados. Os dados coletados, analisados por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo, identificaram que, dos 33 cursos de graduação oferecidos pela UFAC, 75,76% deles apresentam alguma disciplina na sua estrutura curricular que aborda a temática ambiental Por outro lado, foram identificadas poucas ações de extensão e poucos projetos de pesquisa relacionados as questões ambientais do campus. Em 2017, entre as atividades operacionais, havia apenas uma ação institucionalizada de gestão ambiental, que se relacionava a distribuição de garrafas para substituir o uso dos copos descartáveis, ação que desde seu início não teve descontinuidade. A UFAC possui um Plano de Gestão de Logística Sustentável, porém ainda não foi aprovado e não foi iniciada a sua execução. Observou-se que, por falta de conhecimento dos dirigentes e de sensibilização de toda a comunidade universitária, a gestão ambiental na UFAC encontra-se em um estágio inicial, o que demonstra a importância da implantação de uma ferramenta que sistematize as ações de gestão ambiental envolvendo todo o campus, buscando reduzir os impactos ambientais gerados, evitar o desperdício de recursos e tornar esta IES um exemplo para a região Norte. / The seriousness of environmental problems requires the engagement of various sectors of society, especially education. Higher education institutions should act as protagonists in combating the environmental impacts generated by society. Thereby, the present study aims to analyze the presence of environmental management in the curricular structures of undergraduate courses, in the extension actions developed, in the research projects and in the operational activities carried out at the Rio Branco campus of the Federal University of Acre (UFAC), a higher education institution located in the northern region of Brazil. To achieve this objective, semi-structured interviews were conducted with HEI leaders, analysis of official institution documents and non-systematic observation on campus premises. This analysis also allowed to identify environmental aspects and impacts resulting from the activities carried out in the following sectors of the campus: university restaurant, classrooms and administrative service, restrooms and laboratories. Analyzed the current conditions, actions were proposed to reduce the identified environmental impacts. The data collected, analyzed through the content analysis technique, identified that of the 33 undergraduate courses offered by UFAC, 75.76% of them present some discipline in their curricular structure that addresses the environmental theme On the other hand, few extension actions and few research projects related to campus environmental issues were identified. In 2017, among the operational activities, there was only one institutionalized action of environmental management, which is related to the distribution of bottles to replace the use of disposable cups, an action that from the beginning did not have discontinuity. UFAC has a Sustainable Logistics Management Plan, but it has not been approved yet and its execution has not been initiated. It was observed that, due to the lack of knowledge of the leaders and the awareness of the entire university community, environmental management at UFAC is at an early stage, which demonstrates the importance of the implementation of a tool that systematizes environmental management actions involving the entire campus, seeking to reduce the environmental impacts generated, avoid wasting resources and make this HEI an example for the Northern region.

Impactos no Meio Físico decorrentes da construção de barragens e enchimento de reservatórios e as possíveis soluções aplicáveis com vistas a eliminá-los ou mitigá-los. Apresentados também os programas de monitoramento dos aspectos físicos afetados, com freqüência e duração das observações. / This Dissertation aims the presentation of a general analysis of the environmental physical impacts arised from the construction of dams and the creation of reservoirs. Presents also the suggestion of a series of measures to be implemented in order to avoid or to mitigate those impacts and the subjects that would be monitored.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The deployment of wind farms subsidized by the Incentive for Alternative Sources of Energy - PROINFA in the years 2008 to 2013, situated in the field of Cumbe dunes / Canavieiras - city of Aracati / Ce, led to the legalization of conflicts in view of the social and environmental impacts negative deployments on site. Such conflicts, in turn, require the state - judge a plain positioning and transforming reality, with containment impacts through guided decisions on the constitutional principles of protection and defense of the environment, given the constitutionalization of this protection and the new State directions of the democratic rule of law. In this sense, after data collection at the federal court in CearÃ, we proceeded to the court decision of content analysis given in Environmental Public Civil Action No. 0000396-30.2006.4.05.8101. Analysis of the decision, it was possible finds that it is application for environmental licensing cancellation of wind farm situated in the countryside of Cumbe / Canavieiras dunes - the city of Aracati / Ce on the grounds that the impact assessment instrument, which is , Simplified Environmental Report - RAS would be insufficient to assess the cumulative impacts of the implementation with a view that this is an environmental protection area that calls for more complex studies as EIA / RIMA. The state judge, in turn, judged by the copyright of order requested in a weighting judgments about energy crisis that hit the country in 2008 which, in turn, requires mitigation measures using the RAS. This position, moreover, denounces the low effectiveness of constitutional norms of protection and defense of the environment, by not having the power to curb the damage indicated by the determination of more complex studies such as EIA that just passed the required in 2012, through Resolution 04/2012 of the state environmental agency - COEMA, in recognition of the fragility of dune ecosystems. / A implantaÃÃo de parques eÃlicos subsidiados pelo Programa de Incentivo Ãs Fontes Alternativas de Energia â PROINFA nos anos 2008 a 2013, situados no campo de dunas do Cumbe/Canavieiras â municÃpio de Aracati/Ce, ocasionou a judicializaÃÃo de conflitos tendo em vista os impactos socioambientais negativos das implantaÃÃes no local. Tais conflitos, por seu turno, requerem do Estado Juiz um posicionamento elucidativo e transformador da realidade, com a contenÃÃo de impactos, por meio de decisÃes pautadas nos princÃpios constitucionais de proteÃÃo e defesa do meio ambiente, dado a constitucionalizaÃÃo dessa proteÃÃo e os novos direcionamentos estatais do Estado DemocrÃtico de Direito. Nesse sentido, apÃs levantamento de dados junto a justiÃa federal no CearÃ, procedeu-se a anÃlise de conteÃdo de sentenÃa judicial proferida na AÃÃo Civil PÃblica Ambiental n 0000396-30.2006.4.05.8101. Da anÃlise da decisÃo, foi possÃvel constata que se trata de pedido de anulaÃÃo de licenciamento ambiental de parque eÃlico situado no campo de dunas do Cumbe/Canavieiras â municÃpio de Aracati/Ce sob a alegaÃÃo que o instrumento de avaliaÃÃo de impacto utilizado, qual seja, RelatÃrio Ambiental Simplificado â RAS seria insuficiente para avaliaÃÃo dos impactos cumulativos da implantaÃÃo tendo em vista tratar-se de Ãrea de proteÃÃo ambiental que reclama estudos mais complexos como EIA/RIMA. O Estado Juiz, por sua vez, julgou pela total improcedÃncia dos pedidos autorais sob um juÃzo de ponderaÃÃo acerca de crise energÃtica que assolou o paÃs em 2008 que, por seu turno, requer medidas mitigadoras com a utilizaÃÃo do RAS. Tal posicionamento, por outro lado, denuncia a baixa efetividade das normas constitucionais de proteÃÃo e defesa do meio ambiente, por nÃo ter o condÃo de coibir os danos apontados por meio da determinaÃÃo de estudos mais complexos, tais como EIA que apenas passou a ser exigido em 2012, por meio da ResoluÃÃo 04/2012 do ÃrgÃo ambiental estadual â COEMA, em reconhecimento à fragilidade dos ecossistemas de dunas.