The shale gas industry in northeast British Columbia is rapidly expanding and is promoted by the provincial government as a promising economic venture for the entire province. However, the industry is having impacts on the traditional territory of the Fort Nelson First Nation, although they have constitutionally recognized treaty rights to continue to use the land to meet their subsistence needs. I conducted this research in partnership with the Fort Nelson First Nation Department of Lands and Resources, with a focus on critically assessing the challenges they face. This research focuses on determining how the Fort Nelson First Nation can protect their treaty rights by taking control of, or inserting themselves into the data collection and monitoring activities of the shale gas industry. Utilizing a theory of knowledge politics, this research analyzes two strategies that challenge what knowledge should count, and on what terms: (1) the Fort Nelson First Nation’s participation and appropriation of the professionalized science regime and (2) the development of the Fort Nelson First Nation’s community-based monitoring program and its ability to impact decision-making. Drawing on primary research, participant observation, literature reviews and document analyses, I argue that these strategies are crucial and can create – but do not guarantee – links to affecting natural resource management decisions. / Graduate

Οι καταναλωτές τα τελευταία χρόνια ενδιαφέρονται ολοένα και περισσότερο για την προέλευση και την ποιότητα των τροφίμων, συμπεριλαμβανομένης και της προέλευσης των Ά υλών. Η ασφάλεια, η θρεπτική αξία και πιο πρόσφατα οι περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις των συστημάτων παραγωγής και διανομής των τροφίμων επίσης αντιμετωπίζονται με ανάλογο ενδιαφέρον. Το αλεύρι είναι το κύριο συστατικό του ψωμιού που θεωρείται ως η βάση της υγιούς διατροφής παγκοσμίως, των προϊόντων ζαχαροπλαστικής και άλλων αρτοσκευασμάτων. Επιπλέον στις μεσογειακές χώρες τα προϊόντα αυτά βρίσκουν μεγάλη αποδοχή από τους καταναλωτές. Στην Ελλάδα το αλεύρι καλλιεργείται σε σημαντικές ποσότητες και οι αλευροβιομηχανίες εφοδιάζουν τις βιομηχανίες τροφίμων και τους φούρνους αρτοποιίας με πολλούς τύπους αλεύρου. Οι ανάγκες της χώρας για τα διάφορα προϊόντα αλεύρου παρουσιάζουν ένα μέσο ετήσιο ρυθμό αύξησης περίπου 1,5% για τη διετία 1999-2000, ενώ οι ανάγκες για το έτος 2000 ήταν 753.000 τόνοι. Για το ίδιο έτος η εθνική παραγωγή ανέρχεται σε 825.000 τόνους. Η Ανάλυση Κύκλου Ζωής (ΑΚΖ) είναι ένα σχετικά νέο περιβαλλοντικό εργαλείο λήψης αποφάσεων που πρόσφατα τυποποιήθηκε από το Διεθνή Οργανισμό Προτύπων (International Standardisation Organisation (ISO)). Η ΑΚΖ είναι ένα εξαιρετικό εργαλείο για την περιβαλλοντική διαχείριση, καθώς παρέχει σημαντικές πληροφορίες για τους περιβαλλοντικούς κινδύνους που σχετίζονται με ένα προϊόν, μια διαδικασία ή οποιαδήποτε ανθρώπινη δραστηριότητα γενικότερα. Σε αυτή τη μελέτη μια απλουστευμένη ΑΚΖ εφαρμόζεται με μια προσέγγιση «από τη γέννηση ως την πύλη» (“cradle-to-gate”) για να αναγνωρισθούν τα κρίσιμα σημεία της διαδικασίας παραγωγής του αλεύρου στην Ελλάδα. Το λογισμικό SimaPro χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την ανάλυση των δεδομένων της απογραφής και της εκτίμησης των επιπτώσεων του συστήματος συνολικά (από τους σπόρους σιταριού ως την παραγωγή του αλεύρου). Το σύστημα που αναλύθηκε περιλαμβάνει την καλλιέργεια μαλακού σιταριού, τη μεταφορά, τη βιομηχανική άλεση και τη συσκευασία του αλεύρου. Η χρήση ενέργειας και υλικών, καθώς και οι εκπομπές στο περιβάλλον υπολογίσθηκαν και εκτιμήθηκαν τα κύρια δυναμικά των περιβαλλοντικών επιπτώσεων. Η εφαρμογή των λιπασμάτων, η μεταφορά και η χρήση ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας βρέθηκαν να είναι τα πιο σημαντικά σημεία για τις περισσότερες, όχι όμως για όλες, τις κατηγορίες επιπτώσεων και συγκεκριμένες ενέργειες προτάθηκαν με στόχο τη βελτίωση του περιβαλλοντικού προφίλ του τελικού προϊόντος. / Consumers have become increasingly interested in the origin and the quality of their food, including the source of food’s raw materials, its safety and nutritional value and most recently the environmental impacts of the production systems adopted in producing and delivering the food. Flour is the main ingredient of bread, cakes, pastries and other bakery products which are considered as the base of modern healthy diet worldwide. Moreover, in Mediterranean countries these products have an outstanding acceptance by consumers. In Greece, wheat is cultivated in significant quantities and a number of milling industries supply the food industries and small bakeries with many different types of flour. The national demand for various products of flour-producing industries presented a mean annual increase rate of about 1.5% for the years 1999-2000, while the demand for the year 2000 was 753.000 tons. For the same year the national production ranged up to 825.000 tons. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a relatively new, cutting edge environmental decision support tool recently standardised by the International Standardisation Organisation (ISO). LCA is an excellent tool for environmental management, as it provides important information about the environmental burdens associated to a product, a process or any human activity. In this study, a simplified LCA following the “cradle-to-gate” approach has been applied to identify the critical points of the flour production in Greece. The SimaPro software was used for analyzing the main inventory data and estimating the environmental impacts of the overall system (from wheat grain to flour production). The system investigated includes agricultural production of soft wheat, transportation, industrial milling and packaging of the flour. Energy use, material use and emissions were quantified and the main potential environmental effects were assessed. The application of fertilizers, transportation and electrical energy consumption were found to be the ‘hot spots’ for many, but not all, of the impact categories investigated and specific actions were proposed in the aim to improve the environmental profile of the final product.

Salmon aquaculture can be a potential solution to bridge the gap between declining capture fisheries and increasing seafood demand. However, the environmental impacts it creates have generated criticism. The overall objectives of this dissertation are to examine the economic consequences of environmental issues associated with salmon aquaculture, and to explore policy implications and recommendations for reducing environmental impacts. These objectives are addressed in five main analyses. The growth of salmon aquaculture is analyzed based on farmed salmon production in the four leading producing countries and the sector as a whole. Analyses indicate that salmon aquaculture is unlikely to continue to grow at its current pace. A joint production function approach is used to estimate pollution abatement costs for the salmon aquaculture industry. Results reveal that pollution abatement costs vary among observations and models. On average, pollution abatement cost is estimated at 3.5% in terms of total farmed salmon production, and 6.5% in terms of total revenue of farmed salmon. The ecological and economic impacts of sea lice from salmon farms on wild salmon population and fisheries are also studied. Analyses suggest that these effects are minor when the sea lice induced mortality rate is below 20%, while they can be severe if the mortality is greater than 30%. Sea lice have greater ecological and economic impacts on pink salmon than on chum salmon. These effects are greater under a fixed exploitation rate than under a target escapement policy. The economic performance of open netcage and sea-bag production systems for salmon aquaculture is compared. Netcage systems appear to be more economically profitable than sea-bag systems when environmental costs are either not or only partially included. Sea-bag systems can be financially profitable only when the salmon they produce can achieve a price premium. Finally, policy implications are explored and recommendations are made for sustaining salmon aquaculture in a holistic manner based on the results from previous chapters. Technologies, economic-based instruments and more stringent environmental policies can be employed to reduce environmental impacts. However, there is no single solution to solve these environmental impacts, and a combination of policy options is needed.

Agricultural production and post-harvest supply systems are major causes of resource and energy consumption throughout the world, with associated emissions contributing to global scale environmental burdens. Focusing on apple systems in Nova Scotia, Canada, this project used life cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental performance of conventional and organic orchards, as well as post-production systems of storage and transportation. Results indicate that on-orchard hotspots include fuel use, fertilizers, and inputs to pest and disease management on both conventional and organic orchards. Extending system boundaries to cradle-to-retail locations revealed that electricity required for storage caused substantial burdens, highlighting the problem of coal-based electricity generation in Nova Scotia. Findings also illustrate that the relative impact of transportation changes according to distance travelled and mode of delivery. Consuming locally produced apples when in season was found to be environmentally preferable than those requiring year round storage, while transport by freight ship is more favourable than long distance transport truck delivery.

Norra Djurgårdsstaden is the largest ongoing construction project in Sweden and is planned to be completed in 2030. The city district is situated in north-eastern Stockholm, in a former industrial area where approximately 12 000 new homes and 35 000 workplaces are planned. The city district focuses strongly on reducing energy consumption and the negative impacts on the environment. One idea for realizing this goal is to implement coordinated freight logistics. This can be accomplished by building a consolidation centre where goods from different logistics companies and freight carriers can be loaded together on the same delivery vehicles and then be delivered in the same area in Norra Djurgårdsstaden.   The purpose of this master thesis is to evaluate five earlier evaluation reports on consolidation centres. Based on these evaluation reports and other relevant literature, it is recommended how a coordinated freight logistic project should be organized in Norra Djurgårdsstaden and how the impact on the environment and energy consumption should be calculated. The evaluation reports are from the logistic centre in the Old Town of Stockholm, the pilot project Samlic in Linköping, the urban consolidation centre in Norwich, the micro-consolidation centre in London and several urban logistic practices in Utrecht. A thorough comparative analysis of the five different evaluation reports has looked at the initiators and the stakeholders, the delivery situation before and after the implementation of the consolidation centre as well as done a deeper evaluation analysis of all the evaluation reports. The comparative analysis showed that the consolidation centres have had a positive effect on decreasing the number of delivery vehicles in the city district and thereby reducing the emissions and the energy consumption from the delivery vehicles.   Based on the comparative analysis and other literature it is suggested that the initiative to build a consolidation centre in Norra Djurgårdsstaden has to come from the City of Stockholm. The stakeholders should be the City of Stockholm, logistics companies, freight companies, the different businesses in the area and the Ports of Stockholm. To encourage even more businesses to have deliveries from the consolidation centre and get more environmentally friendly delivery vehicles in the city district it might be necessary to use several management control instruments. Examples of control instruments are environmental zones, time windows and implement different restrictions on the delivery vehicles. It is essential to gather information about the delivery vehicles in the city district to estimate emissions and the energy consumption. The collection of data from the delivery vehicles can be gathered from consignment notes, driver notes, invoice data or statistics of the number of vehicles that have delivered goods in the city centre from freight and logistics companies. Then the delivery vehicles impact on energy consumption and the environment can be estimated with the computer tool Network of transports and environment (NTM-method). / Norra Djurgårdsstaden är det största pågående byggprojektet i Sverige och är planerat att slutföras under 2030. Stadsdelen ligger i nordöstra Stockholm, i ett före detta industriområde där cirka 12 000 nya bostäder och 35 000 arbetsplatser är planerade att byggas. Stadsdelen har ett starkt fokus på att minska miljöeffekterna och påverkan av energianvändningen. En av idéerna för att uppfylla detta är att införa samordnad varulogistik. Detta kan göras genom att bygga ett logistikcenter där gods från olika logistikföretag och godstransportörer kan lastas på samma leveransfordon och sedan levereras inom samma område i Norra Djurgårdsstaden.   Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utvärdera fem tidigare utvärderingsrapporter om logistikcenter. Med hjälp av dessa utvärderingsrapporter och annan litteratur ges det förslag på hur ett projekt inom samordnad varulogistik kan organiseras i Norra Djurgårdsstaden och hur miljöpåverkan och energiförbrukning från leveransfordonen kan beräknas. Utvärderingsrapporterna kommer från logistikcentret i Gamla Stan i Stockholm, pilotprojektet Samlic i Linköping, logistikcentret i Norwich, mikro-logistikcentret i London och olika logistikmetoder i Utrecht. En noggrann jämförande analys av de fem olika utvärderingsrapporterna har undersökt initiativtagare och intressenter, leveranssituationerna före och efter uppförandet av logistikcentren samt gjort en fördjupad utvärderingsanalys av samtliga utvärderingsrapporter. Den jämförande analysen visar att införandet av logistikcenter har haft en positiv effekt för att minska antalet leveransfordon i stadsdelen och därmed inneburit minskade utsläpp och lägre energianvändning för leveransfordonen.   Baserad på den komparativa analysen och annan litteratur föreslås det att initiativet i Norra Djurgårdsstaden måste komma från Stockholms stad. Intressenterna bör vara Stockholms Stad, logistikföretag, godstransportörer, de olika företagen i området och Stockholms Hamnar. För att få fler företag att använda logistikcentret samt att få miljövänligare leveransfordon i stadsdelen kan det vara nödvändigt att använda flera styrmedel. Exempel på styrmedel är miljözoner, tidsfönster och att införa olika begränsningar på leveransfordon. Det är väsentligt att samla information om leveransfordonen i stadsdelen för att beräkna utsläpp och energianvändning. Insamlingen av data från leveransfordon kan hämtas från fraktsedlar, fakturaunderlag eller statistik över antalet fordon som har levererat varor i stadsdelen från frakt-och logistikföretag. Då kan miljö- och energieffekterna från leveransfordonen beräknas med dataverktyget Nätverket för transporter och miljö (NTM-metoden).

Despite the contribution of mining to the South African economy, this industry has impacted negatively on the environment and society for many decades. These negative impacts are evidence of poor corporate actions. Instead of contributing to society, it seems that mining companies, more often than not, neglect their corporate social responsibilities mostly in the pursuit of financial profit. It has been well documented that it is mostly local populations, living close to mining operations, which pay the price of social and environmental damages and degradation, while the industry's benefits are measured in economic and political terms. Such an imbalance between the economic, environmental and social factors will make Sustainable Development impossible to achieve. Welverdiend is a community paying a dear price in terms of social problems caused by mining operations. The aim of this study, therefore, is to assess the impact of these problems on the social well–being of Welverdiend and the surrounding community's residents. In the light of these findings on different social issues, the research aims to confirm the importance of a people–centred approach to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The following is a brief outline of the course of the study. Chapter One serves as the introduction to the research project. Chapter Two, aligned with Objective One, provides a theoretical overview on Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development. Chapter Three, which is aligned with Objectives Two and Three, reports on the findings obtained through a survey and Chapter Four, aligned with Objective Four, presents the conclusion and recommendations. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Despite the contribution of mining to the South African economy, this industry has impacted negatively on the environment and society for many decades. These negative impacts are evidence of poor corporate actions. Instead of contributing to society, it seems that mining companies, more often than not, neglect their corporate social responsibilities mostly in the pursuit of financial profit. It has been well documented that it is mostly local populations, living close to mining operations, which pay the price of social and environmental damages and degradation, while the industry's benefits are measured in economic and political terms. Such an imbalance between the economic, environmental and social factors will make Sustainable Development impossible to achieve. Welverdiend is a community paying a dear price in terms of social problems caused by mining operations. The aim of this study, therefore, is to assess the impact of these problems on the social well–being of Welverdiend and the surrounding community's residents. In the light of these findings on different social issues, the research aims to confirm the importance of a people–centred approach to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The following is a brief outline of the course of the study. Chapter One serves as the introduction to the research project. Chapter Two, aligned with Objective One, provides a theoretical overview on Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development. Chapter Three, which is aligned with Objectives Two and Three, reports on the findings obtained through a survey and Chapter Four, aligned with Objective Four, presents the conclusion and recommendations. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The slaughterhouses of bovines utilized great amounts of water. It can reach 2,500 liters by animal slaughtered, generating residuary waters carried with high organic loads and solid concentration in suspension. The solid residue production is also elevated. They are from animal excremental deposition in the transport trucks during the confinement which precedes the slaughter. And also from non-edible by-products originated from the industry process. The applications of environmental and quality management techniques have reduced the residue release in a significant way in the food industries, though this reduction limits itself to the necessary hygienization of their processes. Despite the advances, both the generation and the dumping of the waste without adequate fate utilizing mainly the water as vehicle. Finally, effluents are voluminous and represent a serious environmental problem. The current research had as focus to know the reality of the chief bovine slaughterhouses of São Luiz Gonzaga municipality in order to identify and analyze the methods adopted by slaughterhouses as the management of effluents produced in each of them. Firstly a bibliographical survey was carried out. Samples of effluents were collected and sent for laboratory analysis of the physical-chemical features in order to verify if they have the characteristics demanded in the the emission patterns. The slaughterhouse images were recorded and the managers and the officials interviewed for identifying the degree of perception of the responsibility in each category. This study characterizes itself as a field exploratory and descriptive research approached in a qualitative form. The result shows that the components of the analyzed enterprises understand the importance of an environmental management program, but don t adopt any model or methodology which fulfills to the requirement of Environmental Legislation and that shows clearly their participation and commitment with this issue. / Os abatedouros de bovinos utilizam grande quantidade de água podendo chegar a 2500 litros por animal abatido, gerando águas residuárias carreadas com altas cargas orgânicas e concentrações de sólidos em suspensão. É elevada também a produção de resíduos sólidos oriundos da deposição fecal dos animais nos caminhões de transporte, durante o confinamento que antecede ao abate e dos subprodutos não comestíveis provenientes do processo industrial. As aplicações de técnicas de gestão ambiental e gestão da qualidade têm reduzido de forma significativa a emissão de resíduos nas indústrias de alimentos, embora essa redução limite-se às necessidades de higienização de seus processos. Apesar dos avanços, ainda são elevados, tanto a geração, como o despejo de resíduos sem destino adequado, utilizando, principalmente, a água como veículo. Enfim, os efluentes são volumosos e representam um sério problema ambiental. A presente pesquisa teve por foco conhecer a realidade dos principais abatedouros de bovinos de São Luiz Gonzaga, para identificar e analisar os métodos adotados pelos abatedouros quanto à gestão dos efluentes produzidos em cada um deles. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, amostras dos efluentes foram coletadas e enviadas para análise laboratorial das características físico-químicas para verificar se atendem as exigências dos padrões de emissões. Registraram-se, também, imagens dos abatedouros, e os gestores e funcionários foram entrevistados para identificar o grau de percepção da responsabilidade ambiental em cada categoria. O estudo se caracteriza como uma pesquisa de campo exploratória e descritiva abordada de forma qualitativa. O resultado demonstra que os integrantes das empresas analisadas compreendem a importância de um programa de gestão ambiental, mas não adotam nenhum modelo ou metodologia que atenda aos requisitos da Legislação Ambiental e que evidencie a participação e comprometimento deles com esta questão.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:44:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07151.pdf: 11938144 bytes, checksum: de903224eb01dd0d5107eead6b34468a (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP