Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1979.

Thesis--University of Florida. / Description based on print version record. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-156).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1980. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 197-201).

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, November, 2003. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-93)

Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Sociology, 2005. / "December, 2005." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 10/16/2006) Advisor, Kathryn M. Feltey; Committee members, Nancy B. Miller, Cheryl Elman, Gay C. Kitson, Jan Yoder, Sarah Wilcox; Department Chair, John Zipp; Dean of the College, Charles B. Monroe; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Psychology, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Denna uppsats bygger på de tre klassiska problemen för en dold Markovmodell. Alla tre problemen kommer att matematiskt beskrivas på ett fullständigt sätt. Bland annat kommer problemet med hur man tränar en modell alltså lösas analytiskt med Lagrange multiplikator samt motivera varför Expectation-Maximization fungerar. En väsentlig del kommer också vara att introducera beräkningseffektiva algoritmer för att göra det möjligt att lösa dessa problem.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos de Moraes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T19:33:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Triana_RicardoOkada_M.pdf: 1323779 bytes, checksum: 40e599fa73ccd7402ce8c7311c5ae957 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O propósito do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito de diferentes informações sobre o tempo de teste a se realizar sobre variáveis fisiológicas específicas. Participaram da amostra 10 ciclistas homens (1,76 ± 0,04 metros, 78,48 ± 10,40 kg e 32,5 ± 6,02 anos), submetidos a teste incremental (início de 100W e acréscimo de 20W.min-1) para determinação da potencia pico (PP) (369,84 ± 37,77 W) e consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx) (51,90 ± 10,37 ml/kg/min). Além disso, realizaram outros quatro protocolos intermitentes (4 min a 50% da PP intervalados por 1 min a 100% da PP), em dias distintos, separados por no mínimo 48 horas. O primeiro protocolo (P1) teve duração 40 minutos, durante o qual os voluntários foram informados sobre o tempo e distância percorridos apenas ao final do mesmo, ou seja, realizaram a tarefa sem nenhum conhecimento sobre ela. O segundo protocolo (P2) teve as mesmas características que P1, porém os voluntários já o conheciam e puderam acompanhar todas as informações coletadas durante o protocolo. No terceiro protocolo (P3) os voluntários foram informados que deveriam fazer o mesmo que em P1 e P2, todavia o protocolo foi encerrado ao vigésimo minuto sem nenhum aviso prévio. No quarto protocolo (P4) repetiram os 20 minutos de esforços intervalados, recebendo as informações corretas sobre a duração do teste e foram fortemente avisados que a duração do protocolo não seria alterada. Todos os testes foram realizados em ciclossimulador. A atividade eletromiográfica (EMG) dos músculos Reto Femoral (RF) e Vasto Lateral (VL) e o consumo de oxigênio (VO2) foram coletados durante todos os protocolos intermitentes. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p=0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que a EMG (root mean square - RMS) do RF foi menor em P1 quando comparado: a P3 nos minutos 9, 10, 14, 15, 19 e 20; a P4 nos minutos 9, 14, 19 e 20; e em relação ao tempo. A freqüência mediana (FM) desse músculo não apresentou nenhuma diferença entre protocolos nem em relação ao tempo. O VL apresentou RMS maior em P1 comparado a P2 apenas no minuto 40. Em contrapartida a FM do VL em P2 foi maior que os outros protocolos (P1, P3 e P4) no minuto 5, no minuto 10 (P1 e P3), no minuto 15 (P3), e ainda mostrou aumento em relação ao tempo em P1 e P4. O VO2 foi significantemente maior em P4 quando comparado: a P2 nos minutos 5, 10 e 20; a P1 nos minutos 10 e 20. Adicionalmente P3 foi maior que P2 no minuto 20, e em todos os protocolos houve aumento significante em relação ao tempo. A partir dos resultados é possível concluir que as informações recebidas pelos voluntários interferem na EMG e no VO2 de forma diferente com a variação da carga. / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different information about the time of the test to be helded on specific physiological variables. Ten men cyclists (1.76 ± 0.04 m, 78.48 ± 10.40 kg and 32.5 ± 6.02 years old)was submitted to a incremental test (beginning of 100W and increased 20W.min - 1) to determine the peak power (PP) (369.84 ± 37.77 W) and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) (51.90 ± 10.37 ml / kg / min). Moreover, there were four other protocols intermittent (4 min at 50% of the PP intervals for 1 min to 100% of PP), on different days, separated by at least 48 hours. The first protocol (P1) lasted 40 minutes, during which the volunteers were informed about the time and distance traveled only at the end of it, ie, performed the task without any knowledge about it. The second protocol (P2) had the same characteristics as P1, but the volunteers had the knowledge and could check all the information collected during the protocol. In the third protocol (P3) the volunteers were informed that should do the same in P1 and P2, but the protocol was closed for twenty minutes without any notice. In the fourth protocol (P4) the repeated efforts of 20 minutes intervals, getting the correct information on the duration of the test and were strongly advised that the duration of the protocol would not be changed. All tests were performed in cyclosimulator. The electromyographic activity (EMG) of the muscle Rectus Femoral (RF) and Vastus Lateralis (VL) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were collected during all protocols intermittent. The significance level was 5% (p = 0.05). The results showed that the EMG (root mean square - RMS) of RF was lower in Q1 compared: the P3 in the minutes 9, 10, 14, 15, 19 and 20, and P4 in 9 minutes, 14, 19 and 20; and increase over the time. The median frequency (MF) of the muscle showed no differences between any protocols even in relation with the time. The VL had higher RMS in P1 compared to P2 in just 40 minutes. In contrast to the VL in FM P2 was higher than the other protocols (P1, P3 and P4) at the minute 5, minute 10 (P1 and P3), at the minute 15 (P3), and showed an increase in the time in P1 and P4. The VO2 was significantly higher when compared to P4: P2 in the minutes 5, 10 and 20, the P1 in minutes 10 and 20. Additionally P2 to P3 was higher at the minute 20, and in all protocols there was a significant increased in relation to time. From the results we conclude that the information received by volunteers has an influence at the EMG and VO2 in different ways with the change in the load. / Mestrado / Ciencia do Desporto / Mestre em Educação Física

Perception is strongly influenced by our expectations, especially under situations of uncertainty. A growing body of work suggests that perception is akin to Bayesian Inference in which expectations can be viewed as ‘prior’ beliefs that are combined via Bayes’ rule with sensory evidence to form the ‘posterior’ beliefs. In this thesis, I aim to answer open questions regarding the nature of expectations in perception, and, in particular, what the limits of complexity and specificity in developing expectations are, and how expectations of different temporal properties develop and interact. First, I conducted a psychophysical experiment to investigate whether human observers are able to implicitly develop distinct expectations using colour as a distinguishing factor. I interleaved moving dot displays of two different colours, either red or green, with different motion direction distributions. Results showed that statistical information can transfer from one group of stimuli to another but observers are also able to learn two distinct priors under specific conditions. In a collaborative work, I implemented an online learning computational model, which showed that subjects’ behaviour was not in disagreement with a near-optimal Bayesian observer, and suggested that observers might prefer simple models which are consistent with the data over complex models. Next, I investigated experimentally whether selective manipulation of rewards can affect an observer’s perceptual performance in a similar manner to manipulating the statistical properties of stimuli. Results showed that manipulation of the reward scheme had similar effects on perception as statistical manipulations in trials where a stimulus was presented but not in the absence of stimulus. Finally, I used a novel visual search task to investigate how expectations of different timescales (from the last few trials to hours to long-term statistics of natural scenes) interact to alter perception. Results suggested that recent exposure to a stimulus resulted in significantly improved detection performance and significantly more visual ‘hallucinations’ but only at positions at which it was more probable that a stimulus would be presented. These studies provide new insights into the approximations that neural systems must make to implement Bayesian inference. Complexity does not seem to necessarily be a prohibitive factor in learning but the system also factors the provided evidence and potential gain in regards to learning complex priors and applying them in distinct contexts. Further, what aspects of the statistics of the stimuli are learned and used, and how selective attention modulates learning can crucially depend on specific task properties such as the timeframe of exposure, complexity, or the observer’s current goals and beliefs about the task.

M.A. (Sociology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract