What is the effect of the above procedures upon the emotional development of the school child? Do they affect his adjustment and school learning? Does his failure in school affect his adjustment outside of school, in his home, and in his community? In the development of this paper the literature will be surveyed for the opinions of educators and investigators in this field as to the emotional effects which follow the present day procedures in dealing with failures, and for any objective investigations which throw light upon the effect of failure. / Typescript. / "July 21, 1944." / "Submitted to the Graduate Committee of Florida State College for Women in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts." / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-39).

<div>New approaches in topology optimization and manufacturing techniques are generating multi-scale, physically realized mechanical components from advanced materials. Current optimization formulations do not consider the dependence of strength on feature size. By failing to account for the mechanical models of this behavior, sub-optimal structures are generated.</div><div><br></div><div>A currently available academic density-based topology optimization code is extended to incorporate strength constraints. A continuum theory of failure novel to the optimization field is implemented to account for both general yielding and fracture dominated failure. The fracture limit is then formulated in terms of well-established models of brittle and quasi-brittle size dependence. Additional models of size dependence based on assumed flaw sizes are considered using the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics. To unify the optimized topology and the empirical geometric-scaling models used, a novel geometric measure of local size is proposed. This measure interprets the evolving density field using a consistent domain of support and maintains consistency with gradient-based methods of optimization. The geometric measure is evaluated using test-problems which consider a minimum compliance objective under geometric constraints.</div><div><br></div><div>The resulting optimized structures are presented for the geometric and size-dependent strength constrained formulations. The geometrically constrained results illustrate the flexibility and robustness of the proposed local size measure. The various models of size-dependent strength illustrate the impact and necessity of considering physical models of material within the topology optimization formulation. Results which exhibit clear "micro-structural" features and scale transitioning architectures are presented for limited multi-scale optimization studies.</div><div><br></div><div>An attempt at physical validation considering a single model of quasi-brittle material failure is made. Existing approaches for generating 3D volumetric meshes from image data are leveraged to yield CAD interpretations of optimized structures. Structures are then printed using a 3D printing PolyJet process with a previously established size-dependent material. Structures are destructively evaluated under displacement controlled load testing. The resulting tests indicate that the stress states in the structure fail to induce the expected size-dependent material characteristics. Furthermore, the testing results indicate the difficulty in properly accounting for boundary conditions in the topology optimization approach.</div>

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

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有關在台階形的公共物品兩難(step-level public good dilemma)中集體失敗的心理影響的研究一直很少。本研究探討在集體失敗後反事實思維 (counterfactual thinking) 對群體成員情緒和隨後合作行為的影響。研究1確定了兩種會顯著增加失敗後合作行為的反事實思維：關注(1)個人的成果 或 (2) 群體的成果，並以自我為中心的向上反事實思維 (self-focused upward counterfactual thinking)。此外，內疚 (guilt)中介了反事實思維對合作行為的影響。我們在研究2中發現以自我為中心的向上反事實思維是否會增加或減少，取決於反事實思維中的結果導向(outcome orientation) 及其結構是否為加法式 (additive)，還是減法式(subtractive)。另外，內疚，不行動引起的後悔 (regret of inaction)和行動引起的後悔 (regret of action) 中介了這些反事實思維對合作行為的影響。我們的研究結果指出反事實思維和個別情緒在研究社會困境的重要性。 / Research on the psychological consequences of collective failure in step-level public good dilemmas has remained scant. The present research addressed how counterfactual thinking influenced group members’ emotions and subsequent cooperation after collective failure. In study 1, we identified two types of counterfactuals which significantly increased post-failure cooperation: self-focused upward counterfactuals that concerned about (1) personal outcome and (2) group outcome. Furthermore, guilt mediated the effects of counterfactual thinking on cooperation. In study 2, we demonstrated that self-focused counterfactuals predicted increase or decrease in cooperation, depending on its outcome orientation and structure (additive vs. subtractive). Guilt, regret of inaction and regret of action mediated these effects. Our findings pointed to the need of studying counterfactual thinking and specific emotions in social dilemma. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Yam, Pak Chun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-49). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.4 / Chinese Abstract (摘要) --- p.5 / Introduction --- p.6 / Counterfactual thinking in social dilemma --- p.9 / Counterfactual thinking and emotion --- p.11 / “Feeling-is-for-doing“ approach of emotions in social dilemma --- p.13 / Counterfactual thinking, emotions and cooperation --- p.14 / Overview --- p.17 / Study 1 --- p.17 / Method --- p.18 / Results --- p.21 / Discussion --- p.25 / Study 2 --- p.26 / Method --- p.29 / Results --- p.30 / Discussion --- p.34 / Chapter General Discussion --- p.35 / Implications and Contributions --- p.37 / Limitations and future directions --- p.39 / Conclusion --- p.40 / References --- p.41 / Appendix1 --- p.50 / Measure of regret --- p.50 / Measure of guilt --- p.50 / Measure of anger --- p.50 / Appendix 2 --- p.51 / Counterfactual manipulations used in Study 2 --- p.51

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is serious and complicates up to 1 in 7 hospital admissions. It is usually diagnosed from rapidly deteriorating blood tests. Much of the focus of clinical research into AKI has been on strategies to improve recognition and timely intervention. However, emerging evidence suggests that even when people survive AKI, they remain at an elevated risk of poor long-term outcomes. The aim of this thesis was to determine which people with AKI have an ongoing increased risk of poor outcomes (mortality, kidney failure, recurrent illness episodes) after hospital discharge. The design was a population-based data-linkage cohort study involving the Grampian Laboratory Outcomes Morbidity and Mortality Study (GLOMMS-II). Data linkages included population biochemistry, hospital episode data, mortality records, intensive care records and renal registry data from 1999-2013. A cohort of 17,630 people hospitalised in 2003 were followed through to 2013. Outcomes were mortality, progression of kidney disease and unplanned hospital readmission episodes. There have been several novel research outputs. I evaluated and adapted international AKI criteria for use in large population biochemistry datasets. I developed a clinical risk prediction model for unplanned readmissions after hospital discharge, for which AKI was a strong independent predictor. I described long-term survival after AKI, showing that people with AKI (vs no AKI) have a substantially higher risk of death in the first year, but diminishing excess risk thereafter. Finally, I conducted a novel analysis of renal prognosis after AKI, showing that mortality and non-recovery are more common than subsequent renal progression after AKI, but that renal progression is nevertheless increased after AKI. Overall, AKI is a serious condition and marker of people who have a long lasting poorer prognosis. The first year after discharge is a period of particularly heightened risk that could potentially be targeted with initiatives to improve care.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and insulin resistant (IR) are highly prevalent among heart failure (HF) patients. There is now increasing evidence to suggest a bidirectional relationship between IR and HF. DM and IR not only lead to heart failure, but heart failure can also lead to the development of DM or IR. The degree of IR also correlates with the severity and mortality of CHF. The pathophysiology of IR in CHF has yet to be fully defined. Activation of sympathetic nervous system, abnormal regulation of adipocytokines systems, activation of inflammatory and coagulation cascade, accumulation of glycated products, endothelial dysfunction and hyperinsulinaemia are potential explanations of the development of IR in CHF. Additionally, it remains to be determined if IR is merely a marker reflecting the severity of CHF or whether it contributes to the disease in CHF. If IR is truly a culprit that worsens CHF, reversing IR may potentially be a new target for treatment in CHF, which may result in an improvement in symptoms and even mortality in patients with CHF. However, there are concerns over the use of certain insulin sensitizers, most notably, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which has been linked with increased risk of hospitalizations for CHF and concerns regarding its association with increased myocardial infarction. Despite previous concerns of lactic acidosis, there is now evidence that metformin may not only be safe but could potentially be useful in the setting of CHF. We have conducted a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial testing the hypothesis of reversing IR with metformin in insulin-resistant CHF will have beneficial effects. If IR is a possible target for the treatment of CHF, what are the new and potential treatment modalities? We have now had better understandings of the adipocytokines systems, which may prove to be a therapeutic option to improve IR in CHF. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway has become the focus of research as a novel therapeutic target in cardio-metabolic disease. It has been shown to mediate, at least in part, the effects of a number of physiological and pharmacological factors that improve IR. It also exerts beneficial effects on the vasculature and the heart. There have been some new AMPK activators that are currently being tested in vivo setting or phase 1-2 trials, and the early results are somewhat promising. Increased understandings and refreshed insights of IR and CHF have opened a new horizon and encouraged us to explore more therapeutics options in CHF.

Approximately 25% of those hospitalized with congestive heart failure are readmitted within 30 days after discharge. Because researchers and policy makers consider hospital readmission within 30 days for patients with heart failure to be a quality of care issue, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has imposed financial penalties of up to 3% of a hospital's Medicare revenue for 1 year for excessive readmissions, potentially impacting the financial sustainability of some organizations. The purpose of the study was to address the research gap regarding the outcome quality measure of hospital admissions from the emergency department (ED) and 2 each process and structure variables. The Donabedian conceptual framework was used to assess quality of care through the triad of structure, process, and outcome. The quantitative study comprised analysis of cross-sectional archival data from the 2015 National Hospital Ambulatory Care Survey using cross-tabulations with chi-square followed by multiple logistic regression analysis. Findings showed that process quality measures of being seen in the ED within 72 hours and total laboratory tests obtained in the ED were predictive of lower likelihood of admission. The structure quality measure of insurance was not predictive; however, being seen by provider type consulting physician was predictive of higher likelihood of admission, whereas being seen by a nurse practitioner was predictive of lower likelihood of hospital admission. The implications of this study for social change are helping hospitals maintain financial stability through avoidance of financial penalties for heart failure readmission, supporting access to care for patients by avoiding hospital closures.