A valorização de produtos que sejam ecológica e socialmente responsáveis vem fazendo que as certificações no âmbito socioambiental venham crescendo no decorrer dos anos. Isso se reflete na agricultura onde a pressão se dá no sentido de que as produções sejam ambientalmente mais equilibradas e socialmente mais justas. A certificação Fair trade surge como uma das alternativas a essas pressões originárias dos consumidores. Esse modelo de Comércio surgiu como uma alternativa às associações de pequenos produtores rurais em condições econômicas desfavoráveis obterem melhores condições de comércio para seus produtos e assim melhorar o padrão de vida de suas comunidades. Tais desvantagens econômicas podem ser caracterizadas pela maior vulnerabilidade de pequenos produtores a flutuações dos mercados internacionais de commodities, sem acesso a crédito e reservas de capital. Essa falta de oportunidades econômicas por dificuldades de acesso a capital, mercados compradores e informação criam barreiras aos pequenos produtores, o que garante o acesso facilitado a produtores maiores no mercado de exportações. É nesse contexto que se torna uma excelente opção o novo modelo de comércio justo, o Fair trade. No entanto, verificou-se uma dificuldade desses produtores conseguirem tal certificação. Foi realizado então um estudo multicasos em quatro organizações de pequenos produtores já certificadas, a fim de detectar essas dificuldades de se conseguir essa certificação e propor um check list de ações para ajudar outras organizações a se inserirem nesse mercado. / The valorization of environmental and social responsible products has resulted in an increase of socio-environmental certification schemes over the years. In agriculture, this reflects on a growing pressure towards an environmentally more balanced and socially fairer production. In this context, fair trade certification comes as an alternative to these pressures that come from consumers. This model of trade has emerged to associations of small farmers in unfavorable economic conditions as an alternative for obtaining better trading conditions for its products and thereby improving the living standards of their communities. Such economic disadvantages include the vulnerability of small producers, with no access to credit and no capital reserves, to fluctuations in the international commodity markets. This lack of economic opportunities due to difficulties in accessing capital, markets and information create barriers to small producers, thus ensuring large producers easier access to the export markets. In this context, fair trade becomes an excellent option. However, it is evident the difficulties of these producers to get such certification. Therefore, a multicase study was carried out in four organizations of small producers which already have the certification in order to detect these difficulties in getting the certification and to propose a checklist of actions that can help other organizations to fit into that market.

A valorização de produtos que sejam ecológica e socialmente responsáveis vem fazendo que as certificações no âmbito socioambiental venham crescendo no decorrer dos anos. Isso se reflete na agricultura onde a pressão se dá no sentido de que as produções sejam ambientalmente mais equilibradas e socialmente mais justas. A certificação Fair trade surge como uma das alternativas a essas pressões originárias dos consumidores. Esse modelo de Comércio surgiu como uma alternativa às associações de pequenos produtores rurais em condições econômicas desfavoráveis obterem melhores condições de comércio para seus produtos e assim melhorar o padrão de vida de suas comunidades. Tais desvantagens econômicas podem ser caracterizadas pela maior vulnerabilidade de pequenos produtores a flutuações dos mercados internacionais de commodities, sem acesso a crédito e reservas de capital. Essa falta de oportunidades econômicas por dificuldades de acesso a capital, mercados compradores e informação criam barreiras aos pequenos produtores, o que garante o acesso facilitado a produtores maiores no mercado de exportações. É nesse contexto que se torna uma excelente opção o novo modelo de comércio justo, o Fair trade. No entanto, verificou-se uma dificuldade desses produtores conseguirem tal certificação. Foi realizado então um estudo multicasos em quatro organizações de pequenos produtores já certificadas, a fim de detectar essas dificuldades de se conseguir essa certificação e propor um check list de ações para ajudar outras organizações a se inserirem nesse mercado. / The valorization of environmental and social responsible products has resulted in an increase of socio-environmental certification schemes over the years. In agriculture, this reflects on a growing pressure towards an environmentally more balanced and socially fairer production. In this context, fair trade certification comes as an alternative to these pressures that come from consumers. This model of trade has emerged to associations of small farmers in unfavorable economic conditions as an alternative for obtaining better trading conditions for its products and thereby improving the living standards of their communities. Such economic disadvantages include the vulnerability of small producers, with no access to credit and no capital reserves, to fluctuations in the international commodity markets. This lack of economic opportunities due to difficulties in accessing capital, markets and information create barriers to small producers, thus ensuring large producers easier access to the export markets. In this context, fair trade becomes an excellent option. However, it is evident the difficulties of these producers to get such certification. Therefore, a multicase study was carried out in four organizations of small producers which already have the certification in order to detect these difficulties in getting the certification and to propose a checklist of actions that can help other organizations to fit into that market.

This study addresses the question of the constitution of markets in advanced societies.Specifically, the article studies the role of the traveling trade show in creatingthe real time computing market, which is part of the US electronics sector, duringthe mid-1990’s. Real time computing products assist the transfer, storage and processingof digital signals in real time and support many of the internet applicationswe use today.By applying ethnographic methods,we explore the general question ofhow economic actors cope with uncertainty in the phase of market-making and atthe cutting edge of technology. The paper makes two contributions to the existingliterature. First, it shows that the attempt to organize a trade show in real timecomputing was triggered by the uncertainty experienced by sellers regarding theidentity of prospective buyers and about the exact use to which they would put theemergent technology which is offered for sale. Secondly, we trace the history of anemergent market.We claim that trade shows for innovative products are importantvenues at which markets coalesce.The identification and ordering of market actors,the institutionalization of a distinct business culture and the social networks developedamong market actors and across the subsidiary markets provided the basicsocial infrastructure for what later became known as the real time computingindustry. / M2007-0244:1-PK / European Research Council ERC-2010- StG 263699-CEV / VR 2009–1958

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Background: The rise in ethical consumerism has become evident through an increase in sales of fair trade products in recent years. Consumers are prepared to pay a premium for fair trade chocolate, and with a steady future growth in the fair trade movement, this is an attractive market for new entrants. Of particular focus are the Swedish and German markets for fair trade chocolate as they show promising growth rates and interest in this field. Problem:       The chocolate industry is very competitive, and the observation that consumers reward companies that act socially responsible presents an opportunity for ethical companies to compete. This is attractive for entrepreneurial firms, but there exist numerous motivations why firms choose to engage in fair trade. Purpose:        The purpose of this thesis is to understand the role of fair trade in corporate strategy (either in partial or entire assortment), its relation to entrepreneurial opportunity-seeking behaviour, and examining how the strategic resource of Fairtrade certification is used to gain competitive advantage. Method:         A qualitative interview study was applied, and ten chocolate companies active in the Swedish and German markets were included in the sample. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews (four telephone interviews and six email responses), and complemented with secondary data from company websites and press releases. The interviewees were mainly representatives of the marketing department and CEOs. Empirical findings were analysed using relevant models and theories, and organized under the two categories of ‘firm use of fair trade’ and ‘visibility of fair trade.’ Conclusion:   The findings in this thesis show that there are multiple reasons why chocolate companies engage in fair trade including reputation, spreading awareness, proactive opportunity-seeking behaviour, strategic differentiation, as a means of communicating to producers and consumers, and for quality insurance of raw ingredients. Fair trade engagement is visible through its role as a social resource. This image is created by ethical and social commitment and wholeness in values, non-exploitative respectful business network relationships, consistency in firm behaviour, and through wealth creation in terms of benefiting the firm, society, and the environment. The Fairtrade label is not imperative to achieving a state of competitive advantage, but can inevitably lead to that result through the firm wholeness created by mission- and vision-driven values.

The AmazonCoop--a cooperative that mediates trade between Brazilian Amazonian indigenous groups and the transnational cosmetics firm The Body Shop--seeks to use the market opportunities provided by neoliberal economic globalization to achieve sustainable development in indigenous villages, with mixed results. While the cooperative provides significant material benefits, it fails to achieve the social goals of democracy, participation, and self-development embodied in the cooperative principles. In this paper, I examine AmazonCoop in the context of historical globalizations on Brazil's "extractive frontier," demonstrating substantial continuity between contemporary and historical political economies. I use this historical anthropological analysis to discuss the potential contributions of cooperatives to development, the relationships between historical and contemporary globalizations, and the political-economic landscapes on which indigenous people can pursue their interests.

Much of the literature on ethical consumption focuses on the potential of individual actions, such as buying fair trade products, to produce large-scale change. This thesis instead examines collective actions by exploring the discourses and interactions of alternative food movements in Wolfville, Nova Scotia. Drawing on interviews with members of these networks, it argues that ethical consumption initiatives encourage the circulation of particular social and ethical values through the community. Community identity and place are made and marketed through networks of value that foster responsibility in and for the food system. Collective identity alters daily routines of consumption in order to channel benefits back into the local economy. A sense of place that includes responsibility for the food system sometimes leads to collective political action, but it also creates tension among and between different organizations and individuals who make claims to “the local” as a moral, social and geographical space.

The diploma thesis on the topic of "Analysis of options to expand the products of "fair trade" and evaluation of their impact on growers in the Czech Republic" in the theoretical part generally deals with the program "fair trade", especially with its principles and certification process. It also focuses on the growing system and price of the fairtrade bananas. In the practical part through a questionnaire survey were discovered consumer preferences in purchasing of the fairtrade products and tropical fruit, and possibilities of the expansion of these products, and in addition it was determined their effect on the products of domestic production. 300 people replied to the questionnaire. Furthermore, the analysis of the prices of bananas was carried out, which was a supplementary tool for the evaluation of the survey. Also the SWOT analysis of the fairtrade small farmer was made, which aimed to identify the positive and negative factors of its membership in a fairtrade association.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A exclusÃo de pequenos produtores do mercado global caracteriza-se como um dos principais obstÃculos para o desenvolvimento da parte da sociedade menos favorecidas. Com isso, pequenos produtores, associados em cooperativas, estÃo buscando novos mercados e promovendo a inserÃÃo dos produtos provenientes da agricultura familiar no mercado internacional atravÃs do fair trade (comÃrcio justo). Para tanto, o desenvolvimento de inovaÃÃes organizacionais e sociais tornam-se uma alternativa para suplantar parte deste desafio. Desta forma, o objetivo geral deste estudo à o de analisar as dimensÃes de inovaÃÃes organizacionais e sociais no processo de certificaÃÃo fair trade em uma central de cooperativas apÃcolas do nordeste brasileiro. A pesquisa de natureza qualitativa foi realizada por meio de um estudo de caso junto a uma Central de Cooperativas ApÃcolas do SemiÃrido Brasileiro - Casa Apis - constituÃda por oito cooperativas associadas. O referencial teÃrico discorre sobre inovaÃÃes organizacionais, inovaÃÃes sociais e certificaÃÃo fair trade. Os dados primÃrios foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e de anotaÃÃes no diÃrio de campo. Jà os dados secundÃrios foram coletados via documentos, artigos, dissertaÃÃes e web sites. A anÃlise dos dados foi feita de acordo com o referencial teÃrico do presente estudo e com a utilizaÃÃo da tÃcnica de anÃlise de conteÃdo (BARDIN, 1995) e a triangulaÃÃo de diferentes fontes de evidÃncias (YIN, 2005). Os resultados tiveram como base as exigÃncias da FLO (Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International) no processo de certificaÃÃo fair trade e evidenciaram as dimensÃes de inovaÃÃo organizacional descritas nas vertentes de Lam (2004) e as dimensÃes de inovaÃÃo social descritas no modelo desenvolvido pelo CRISES (Centre de Recherche sur les innovations Sociales) do CanadÃ. As dimensÃes para anÃlise da inovaÃÃo organizacional foram a "estrutura organizacional", "o processo de aprendizagem e de criaÃÃo de conhecimento" e "mudanÃas organizacionais e adaptaÃÃo". Em relaÃÃo a inovaÃÃo social, as dimensÃes analisadas foram as inovaÃÃes sociais "territoriais", as inovaÃÃes sociais nas "relaÃÃes de trabalho e na geraÃÃo de emprego" e as inovaÃÃes sociais nas "condiÃÃes de vida". A baixa formalizaÃÃo documental das cooperativas, produtores com pouco conhecimento sobre fair trade, descumprimento de normas estatutÃrias e pouco recurso financeiro foram alguns dos obstÃculos e barreiras identificados no processo de certificaÃÃo fair trade. Dentre alguns dos aspectos identificados na anÃlise das dimensÃes da inovaÃÃo organizacional sÃo destaques: a organizaÃÃo da base produtiva, a parceria de diversas instituiÃÃes de apoio e o desenvolvimento do processo para exportaÃÃo do mel fair trade. O mel fair trade com um preÃo mÃnimo com garantia de um preÃo justo aos apicultores, o prÃmio fair trade e as redes de apoio foram os aspectos mais relatados nas dimensÃes da inovaÃÃo social. / The exclusion of small producers in the global market is characterized as a major obstacle to the development of the underprivileged section of society. As a result, small producers, associated in cooperatives are seeking new markets and promoting the inclusion of products from family agricultural in the international market through fair trade (fair trade). Therefore, the development of social and organizational innovations become part of an alternative to overcome this challenge. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the dimensions of social and organizational innovations in the certification process in a fair trade cooperative central bee in northeastern Brazil. The qualitative research was conducted through a case study along with a Central Cooperative Apicultural the Brazilian Semiarid - Home Apis - consisting of eight member cooperatives. The theoretical discourses on organizational innovations, social innovations and fair trade certification. Primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews and diaries entries field. Since the secondary data were collected via documents, articles, dissertations and web sites. Data analysis was performed according to the theoretical framework of this study and the use of the technique of content analysis (BARDIN, 1995) and triangulation of different sources of evidence (YIN, 2005). The results were based on the requirements of FLO (Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International) on fair trade certification process and showed the dimensions of organizational innovation in the areas described by Lam (2004) and the dimensions of social innovation described in the model developed by CRISES (Centre de Recherche sur les innovations sociales) of Canada. The dimensions for the analysis of organizational innovation were the "organizational structure", "the process of learning and knowledge creation" and "organizational change and adaptation." Regarding social innovation, the dimensions analyzed were the social innovations "territorial", the social innovations in "labor relations and employment generation" and social innovations in "conditions of life". The low formalization documentary cooperatives, producers with little knowledge about fair trade, non-compliance with statutory and little financial resources were some of the obstacles and barriers identified in the fair trade certification process. Among some of the issues identified in the analysis of the dimensions of organizational innovation are featured: the organization of the production base, the partnership of various institutions to support and process development for export of honey fair trade. The fair trade honey with a minimum price guaranteed a fair price to beekeepers, the award fair trade and support networks were the most reported in the dimensions of social innovation.