Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2005. / Title from title screen (viewed 21 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Discipline of Government and International Relations, Faculty of Arts. Degree awarded 2005; thesis submitted 2004. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

Thesis--PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ed. D)--College of Saint Mary -- Omaha, 2009. / A dissertation submitted by Connie M. Wallace to College of Saint Mary in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctorate in Education with an emphasis on Health Professions Education. This dissertation has been accepted for the faculty of College of Saint Mary. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Rowan University, 2006. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Also available in print.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Dallas, 2007. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-83)

Violence against women is a major human rights and public health problem that is pervasive in virtually all societies in the world. A common form of such violence is Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), which occurs in intimate relationships and affects about one in every three women. In addition to being a widespread disorder, IPV also profoundly damages the physical, sexual, reproductive, emotional, mental and social well-being of individuals and families. In developing countries, especially in Africa where societies are already ravaged by a host of social and health issues, IPV is more likely to impose an additional burden, with research showing prevalence of IPV against women that is as high as 80%. Besides, there is indication of it confining victims, their families and the larger society within which they live to poverty, as it comes with immense financial burden. Despite this fact, developing countries in Africa (such as Nigeria) still lack effective means of protecting women against IPV. This is most likely due to the inadequate exploration of the issue in terms of the complex risk factors, socio-economic costs, attitudes towards gender roles among others. This study investigates the complex nature of IPV in Nigeria, using a cross-sectional population-based study design to generate new set of results pertaining to the likely risk factors and socio-economic costs among others. It also explores the design of a novel preventive framework to address the IPV issue. Data for the study were collected using a pretested questionnaire based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) Standards and administered by healthcare professionals (mostly nurses and midwives) to solicit relevant information from women across Kwara state, Nigeria. The critical inclusion criterion was: women aged 18 years and above who were previously or currently involved in a cohabiting or non-cohabiting relationship. A multistage sampling procedure which reflected the rural and urban locations of the respondents was adopted and used to gather 719 complete face-to-face interviews. The collected data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical procedures (e.g., cross-tabulations and simple bivariate- as well as sequential-logistic regression) carried out via IBM SPSS®20. The novel results generated show that IPV, as hypothesized, is a serious issue in the country, with results indicating that 1 out of every 4 women has experienced IPV at least once in her life-time. Results also show that the experience of IPV for most women is not a one-off occurrence, but rather a recurrent one. There is also an indication of widespread acceptance of IPV across Urban and Rural areas. Results from the logistic regression analysis conducted show that factors such as women’s and partner’s educational attainments, controlling behaviours, partnership discord and choice of spouse among others are likely predictors of IPV occurrence. The results also give an indication of a slightly complex association between the likely risk factors and IPV – one involving interactions and partial mediations amongst these factors in their prediction of IPV. Costs ii ii estimation results show that IPV is a major drain on households finances and also a potential hindrance on the Nigerian economy as a whole. Drawing greatly on these findings as guides, relevant preventive strategies around the world with proven effectiveness were adopted in the research to propose a three-tier validated preventive framework to tackle the issue of IPV in Nigeria and other similar developing countries. Important recommendations are also made to address this issue.

Thesis advisor: S Anukriti / This dissertation strives to understand the short and long-run consequences of armed conflict. In short-run, as conflict increases, parents are less likely to send their children to school or take them to health facilities and more likely to keep them home. Less time in school might translate to more time spent at work for these children. Coping with conflict can disrupt human capital accumulation of children and exposes them to adverse experiences, the effects of which can also last into adulthood. Some of the persistent effects of conflict on educational and health outcomes have been widely studied in the literature. Nevertheless, relatively less is known about how these childhood exposures affect adult behavior, beliefs, and attitudes. One of the goals of this dissertation is to study such long-lasting impacts of childhood exposure to conflict. In the first chapter, “Victims of Consequence: Evidence on Child Outcomes using Microdata from a Civil War”, joint with Giri Subramaniam, we study the short-run impacts of violent events on child time allocation, curative health-care, and education. Exploiting the spatial and temporal variation in exposure to local-level armed conflict, we find that an increase in violent events: (i) leads to an increase in contemporaneous hours worked by children, with the effect being substantial for agricultural work; (ii) decreases the likelihood of parents taking their children to visit a health-care facility to seek curative care; and (iii) results in a reduced likelihood of attending school, along with a decline in years of education. Overall, the results indicate that war affected schooling and time allocation of boys whereas girls were less likely to get curative health-care. The second chapter of this dissertation, “Do Adverse Childhood Experience Shape Violent and Abusive Adult Behavior?", is motivated by the fact that family violence is pervasive and has detrimental economic consequences. Nevertheless, very little is known about how childhood experiences influence this behavior. In this study, I explore long-run determinants of family violence by linking exposure to adverse circumstances in childhood to the perpetration of abuse and neglect in adulthood. In particular, I examine the effects of men’s exposure to the Nepalese Civil War (1996-2006) in childhood. Exploiting spatial and temporal variation in childhood exposure to the armed conflict from ages 0 to 16, I find that exposed men are less likely to perpetrate spousal violence and to display controlling behaviors. Additionally, children of exposed fathers are less likely to experience violent disciplining at home. They also work fewer hours per week and are less likely to be involved in dangerous working conditions. In the third chapter, “Exploring the Channels”, I study the potential mechanisms that underlie the empirical results established by Chapter 2. I find that exposed men are more likely to complete secondary schooling, be employed at skilled non-agricultural occupations, and marry women who are more likely to have completed primary school and currently working. The most pertinent channel is that these men are less likely to justify wife-beating in different scenarios. Next, I assess the implications of the empirical results on the theories of domestic violence. Existing theories highlight two broader motives for perpetrating domestic violence: “Expressive” and “Instrumental”. Violence is instrumental if it is used to extract resources from the victim whereas it is expressive if the perpetrator gains direct non- pecuniary (dis)utility from it. I find that my results resonate strongly with “Expressive” theories of domestic violence where men who were exposed to conflict in childhood find using violence at home distasteful. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

Data from a prospective, longitudinal study of a birth cohort of over 1000 New Zealanders was used to examine the relationships between the level of childhood physical abuse a young person is exposed to during childhood (birth to 16 years), and a range of later parenting outcomes in young adulthood. To address this issue, three questions were considered. First, the study examined risk factors that contribute to an early transition to parenthood. Second, this study investigated the current family circumstances of contemporary young parents and their families. And finally, the association between childhood physical abuse and later parenting outcomes was examined. All members of the Christchurch Health and Development Study (CHDS) who had become parents by age 25 (112 women and 55 men) were included in the study. To be eligible for inclusion cohort members had to be either biological parents or actively involved in the parenting of non-biological children on a regular basis. Exposure to childhood physical abuse (CPA) was measured at ages 18 and 21 based on cohort member's retrospective reports. At age 25, a parenting interview was conducted which included the following measures of parenting: the Conflict-Tactics Scale (CTS-PC; Straus, Hamby, Finkelhor, Moore, & Runyan, 1998), Dunn scales of positivity and negativity (Dunn, Deater-Deckard, Pickering, & Golding, 1999), the Parenting Practices Questionnaire (PPQ; Robinson, Mandleco, Olsen, & Hart, 1995), HOME ratings of responsivity and avoidance of punishment (Caldwell & Bradley, 1979), and interviewer ratings of parental warmth, sensitivity, and child management (Quinton, Rutter, & Liddle, 1984). Findings showed that parents who experienced higher levels of punishment whilst growing up were more negative and less positive towards their own children, were more accepting of the use of physical discipline, and scored lower on warmth, sensitivity and child management compared to those with lower levels of exposure to childhood physical abuse. These findings contribute to our understanding of the effects of childhood physical abuse on later parenting outcomes.