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Evaluation of a Feedback Approach to Nitrogen and Pix ApplicationSilvertooth, J. C., Norton, E. R., Unruh, B. L. 03 1900 (has links)
A single field experiment was conducted in 1994 at Maricopa, AZ to compare a scheduled approach (based on stage of growth) versus a feedback approach (based on vegetative status) to both nitrogen (N) and mepiquat chloride (PIX™) applications on Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). PIX feedback treatments were based upon fruit retention (FR) levels and height: node ratios (HNRs) according to established baselines. Scheduled PIX applications were made for a total of 1.0 pt./acre over two applications, with feedback PIX treatments receiving a single 0.5 pt./acre application near peak bloom (approx. 2200 heat units after planting (HUAP), 86/55 °F threshold) Scheduled applications of fertilizer N totaled 225 lbs. N/acre from four applications and feedback N treatments received a total of 135 lbs. N/acre from three 45 lb. N/acre applications. Treatments consisted of all combinations of scheduled or feedback applications of both N and PIX. The highest lint yields were from a treatment receiving feedback N and PIX and a treatment receiving scheduled N and PIX, which were not significantly differencent (P ≤ 0.05) from one another. From a practical standpoint, however, these treatments were very different in terms of the magnitude in differences of fertilizer N and PIX required to produce comparable yields.
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Nitrogen Management BMPs Parker Valley DemonstrationWatson, J., Winans, S., Sheedy, M. 03 1900 (has links)
A nitrogen management demonstration was conducted in the Parker Valley in 1994. Grower nitrogen application practices were compared with nitrogen application recommendations based upon pre plant soil samples plus petiole nitrates and plant mapping data. The only significant difference in amounts applied occurred in May, with grower applied rates exceeding recommended rates. Grower rationale for the application was logical, however, it being dependent upon the uncertainty of irrigation timing in June.
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Nitrogen Management Experiments for Upland and Pima Cotton, 1994Silvertooth, J. C., Norton, E. R., Unruh, B. L., Navarro, J. A., Clark, L. J., Carpenter, E. W. 03 1900 (has links)
Three field experiments were conducted in Arizona in 1994 at three locations ( Maricopa, Marana, and Safford). The Maricopa and Safford experiments have been conducted for six consecutive seasons, with consistent plot locations; the Marana site was initiated in 1994. The purposes of the experiments were to validate and refine nitrogen (N) fertilization recommendations for both Upland and Pima cotton. The experiments each utilized N management tools such as pre-season soil tests for NO₃⁻-N, in-season plant tissue testing (petioles) for N fertility status, and crop monitoring to ascertain crop fruiting patterns and crop N needs. Results at each location revealed a strong relationship between the crop fruit retention levels and N needs for the crop. This pattern was further reflected in final yield analysis as a response to the N fertilization regimes used. The effects of N fertility levels have been consistently evident in crop maturity and its relationship to lint yields.
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Effect of Soil and Foliar Applied Potassium on Pima and Upland Cotton at Two Arizona LocationsGaladima, A., Silvertooth, J. C., Unruh, B. L., Norton, E. R. 03 1900 (has links)
Due to increasing emphasis and interest being placed on cotton (Gossypium spp.) fiber quality as well as yield benefits associated with potassium (K) fertilization, two studies were conducted in 1994. These studies with those before them were aimed at assessing the agronomic necessity of K fertilization in Arizona cotton production. The locations of the trials included Maricopa Agricultural Center (Casa Grande sandy loam) and Safford Agricultural Center (Pima clay loam). At the Safford location, both Upland (G. hirsutum L., var. DPL 90) and Pima (G. barbadense L., var. S-7) cotton were planted with treatments that included both soil and foliar K applications. The trials at Maricopa Agricultural Center included four foliar K applications over the growing season on Pima (G barbadense L., var. S-7) cotton. The results of the experiments at both locations indicated no lint yield responses to K fertilization by either Upland or Pima cotton.
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Evaluation of Soil Conditioners and Water Treatments for Cotton Production SystemsUnruh, B. L., Silvertooth, J. C., Sanchez, C. A., Norton, E. R. 03 1900 (has links)
Advanced technologies to produce synthetic polymers such as polyacrylamide (PAS, and polymaleic anhydride (PMA) have produced products which may be economically feasible alternatives to traditional treatments such as gypsum in the desert Southwest. In 1994 three field studies were initiated, two identical studies were located in the Yuma Valley and one at Paloma Ranch. At Yuma Valley the experiments included 0, 1, and 2 tons gypsum/acre, over which, various soil-applied treatments were made; including, a check, soluble PMA (Sper Sal™), and PAM (Hydro-Growth™). Upland cotton 'DPL 5461' was grown in both Yuma Valley studies. At Paloma Ranch, Upland 'DPL 5415' planted. Prior to planting, two gypsum applications were made at 0 and 2 tons/acre. Also included as treatments were various methods and rates of Sper Salt™. No differences among treatments were detected in either of these locations relative to crop yield. At Paloma Ranch there were some early-season differences in soil crusting among the various soil amendment treatments, however, these differences dissipated as the season progressed and did not result in lint yield differences.
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Nitrogen Management Experiments for Upland and Pima Cotton, 1997Silvertooth, J. C., Norton, E. R. 04 1900 (has links)
Two field experiments were conducted in Arizona in 1997 at two locations (Maricopa and Marana). The Maricopa experiment has been conducted for eight consecutive seasons, the Marana site was initiated in 1994. The purposes of the experiments were to validate and refine nitrogen (N) fertilization recommendations for both Upland and Pima cotton. The experiments each utilized N management tools such as pre- season soil tests for NO₃⁻-N in- season plant tissue testing (petioles) for N fertility status, and crop monitoring to ascertain crop fruiting patterns and crop N needs. At each location, treatments varied from a conservative to a more aggressive approach of N management. Results at each location revealed a strong relationship between the crop fruit retention levels and N needs for the crop. This pattern was further reflected in final yield analysis as a response to the N fertilization regimes used. The higher, more aggressive, N application regimes did not benefit yields at any location.
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Comparison of the Two Methods for the Analysis of Petiole Nitrate Nitrogen Concentration in Irrigated CottonSmith, J. H., Silvertooth, J. C., Norton, E. R. 04 1900 (has links)
A study was conducted in Arizona in 1997 with the objective of analyzing the accuracy of a recently developed portable nitrate meter (Cardy meter) to effectively measure petiole nitrate - nitrogen (NO₃-N) in irrigated cotton (Gossvpium sue.). This task was accomplished by performing correlation and linear regression analyses on NO₃-N concentrations of cotton petiole sap, as measured by the Cardy meter, against the standard procedure NO₃-N analysis, as measured by an ion selective electrode (ISE). Results revealed that the NO₃-N concentrations of petiole sap were highly correlated with dried petiole NO₃-N (pearson correlation coefficient = 0.96, P < 0.0001). A regression equation with an r² = 0.92 was derived: Y = 9.96X - 1170.86, where X and Y are NO₃-N in petiole sap (ppm) and dried petioles (ppm), respectively. These results suggest that the sap analysis using the Cardy meter is a potentially valuable tool to monitor the in-season N status of irrigated cotton.
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Mathematical Models of Potassium Release Kinetics for Sonoran Desert Soils of ArizonaGaladima, A., Silvertooth, J. C. 04 1900 (has links)
The objective of this study was to determine the potassium (K) release kinetics of clay samples from 10 agricultural representative soils of Arizona by successive extraction using Ca-saturated cation resin. A 1993 physical and chemical characterization of the soils revealed that all soils contain smectite-mica K bearing minerals. Four mathematical models (power function, Elovich, parabolic diffusion and first-order) were used to describe the nonexchangeable K release reaction involving 700-hr cumulative reaction time. Comparison of the models using the coefficient of determination (r²) and the standard error of the estimate (SE) indicated that the Elovich and the power function equations overall displayed the best fit. The first-order rate and for the most part, the parabolic diffusion equation did not describe the K release very well. The constants a and b for the Elovich and the power function equations, which represent the intercept and the release rate of the nonexchangeable K respectively, are at least in the order of magnitude as those found by others in several previous studies.
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Evaluation of Calcium Soil Conditioners in an Irrigated Cotton Production System, 1997Griffin, J. R., Silvertooth, J. C., Norton, E. R. 04 1900 (has links)
A single field experiment was conducted at Paloma Ranch, west of Gila Bend in Maricopa County Arizona in 1996 and 1997. NuCotn™ 33B was dry planted and watered -up on 15 April and 1 April in 1996 and 1997. Various rates and times of application of nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca) from two sources [N-Cal™ (CO(NH₂)₂•CaC1₂) and CAN-17 (CaNO₃)] as well as a standard N source, UAN-32 [NH₄NO₃•CO(NH₂)₂] were used to evaluate the check In 1996 treatments 1, 2,and 3 each received a total of 280 lbs. N/acre, treatment 4 received a total of 210 lbs. N/acre, while treatment 5 received a total of 301 lbs. N/acre. Treatment 1 received only farm standard applications of UAN-32. Treatments 2 and 4 each received a total of 72 lbs. of Ca/acre. Treatment 5 received a total of 79 lbs. Ca/acre from N-Cal™ while treatment 3 received a total of 301 lbs. Ca/acre from CAN -17. Treatment 4 used a conservative N approach (UA guidelines). 1997 was similar to 1996 in the general nature of the experimental design, but different in its actual treatments. Treatments 2, 3, 4, and 5 each used N-Cal™ for the first two irrigation applications then UAN -32 for continued crop N needs. Treatment 4 used a conservative N approach (U A guidelines). Treatments 3 and 5 each received two foliar applications of N-Cal™ Foliar applications consisted of N-Cal™ mixed with urea for a 15-0-0-8 formula and applied on 22 July and 29 July via a high cycle applicator at a 5 gal/acre rate of N-Cal™ (carrier rate = 40 gal /acre). No significant differences were found among the various treatments in terms of plant growth, soil water content, ECₑ values, and sodium absorption ratios in 1996 or 1997. Lint yields were not significantly different in 1996 (P < 0.05) or 1997 (P < 0.05).
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Foliar Fertilizer Evaluation on Upland Cotton, 1997Silvertooth, J. C., Norton, E. R., Ozuna, S. E. 04 1900 (has links)
A single field experiment was conducted in 1997 at the University of Arizona Yuma Valley Agricultural Center. The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate foliar applications of Macro Sorb (L form amino acids) and KeyPlex (chelated micronutrients and alpha keto amino acids) foliar fertilization materials on Upland cotton. Treatments consisted of various rates and times of application of the foliar materials based upon manufacturer recommendations. Results from this single experiment revealed no differences among treatments with respect to in-season plant measurements, tissue N concentrations, or lint yield.
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