It is sometimes purported that one of the factors affecting a firm's value is its capital structure. The event of the 1997 Asian financial crisis was expected to affect the firms' gearing level as the firms' earnings deteriorated and the capital market collapsed. The main objective of this research is to examine empirically the determinants of the capital structure of Malaysian firms. The main additional aim is to study the capital structure pattern following the 1997 financial crisis. Empirical tests were conducted on two different data sets: the first data set is the published data extracted from Datastream and consists of: 572 companies listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) between 1994 and 2000. The second data set comprises finance managers' responses to a questionnaire survey. Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA, multiple regression, stepwise regression and logistic regression were utilised to analyse the data. The multiple regression analysis was employed to find the determinants of the capital structure using various account data items provided by Datastream. The gearing differences between the two boards and within the sectors were also analysed using ANOVA and Krukal-Wallis tests. The panel data were evaluated with regard to the gearing pattern following the 1997 currency crisis. Overwhelming evidence on profit was found, with past profitability being the major determinant of gearing. In particular was the support for pecking order theory, in that finance managers had given internal funds the highest priority, followed by debt and equity as a last option. The statistical analysis found a strong negative correlation between liquidity and the gearing ratio for both boards, implying firms considered highly the excess current assets for funding, a conservative approach towards debt management policy. On the other hand, taxation items were not highly significant in capital structure decisions. The results indicate the existence of gearing differences between the main board and the second board gearing with high debt levels employed by second board companies. However, the second board's high gearing is dominated largely by short to medium term bank credit. Differences were also significant between different sectors of companies listed on the main board. Firms' gearing ratios increased significantly following the 1997 financial crisis, and the gearing tended to increase where the company's share prices were highly sensitive towards currency volatility. Also inflation is found to influence the changes in actual and target gearing ratios following the crisis. Recent emphasis on the development of private debt securities may affect the findings of this research in the near future.

<p>The current financial crisis has spread around the world and no business sector has stayed untouched. While companies in some sectors have been forced to close down or lay off employees, companies in the food retail sector mainly have to adapt to their customers´ preferences, which according to Ang, Leong & Kotler (2000) change in times of financial crisis. The purpose of this dissertation was therefore to examine how Swedish food retailers adapt their marketing strategies to the changing consumer buying behavior during the financial crisis.</p><p>A qualitative method with an abductive approach was chosen for this research, and the empirical data was gathered from three companies in the Swedish food retail sector; ICA, Coop and Axfood. Primary data was collected through phone interviews and was supported by annual information from their websites, annual reports and different articles. </p><p>The findings show that all three companies have recognized a change in their consumers buying behavior and done several changes in their marketing strategies. </p><p>This research can be useful for every company in the same or similar situation, in order to see how important it is to have a flexible marketing strategy and be able to adapt to the changing environment in order to either survive or improve their position on the market.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study is to provide the view on the online advertising’s characteristics during the present financial crisis in Sweden. To achieve the purpose, multiple case study of four main Swedish banks is used with the predominance of descriptive method. The main finding of this study is close interaction between the advertising character and market trends impact. This main observation has a great impact on the character of the analysis and affects almost every functional aspect of the advertising. Besides that, also five other main observations were made. Following them, it is especially worth to mention that advertising can be a source of competitiveness, a way of differentiation or a way of conditioning customer. From all the study findings, clear image of ads typical features, functions and roles in the banks’ prosperity arises.</p>

The purpose of this study is to provide the view on the online advertising’s characteristics during the present financial crisis in Sweden. To achieve the purpose, multiple case study of four main Swedish banks is used with the predominance of descriptive method. The main finding of this study is close interaction between the advertising character and market trends impact. This main observation has a great impact on the character of the analysis and affects almost every functional aspect of the advertising. Besides that, also five other main observations were made. Following them, it is especially worth to mention that advertising can be a source of competitiveness, a way of differentiation or a way of conditioning customer. From all the study findings, clear image of ads typical features, functions and roles in the banks’ prosperity arises.

The current financial crisis has spread around the world and no business sector has stayed untouched. While companies in some sectors have been forced to close down or lay off employees, companies in the food retail sector mainly have to adapt to their customers´ preferences, which according to Ang, Leong & Kotler (2000) change in times of financial crisis. The purpose of this dissertation was therefore to examine how Swedish food retailers adapt their marketing strategies to the changing consumer buying behavior during the financial crisis. A qualitative method with an abductive approach was chosen for this research, and the empirical data was gathered from three companies in the Swedish food retail sector; ICA, Coop and Axfood. Primary data was collected through phone interviews and was supported by annual information from their websites, annual reports and different articles. The findings show that all three companies have recognized a change in their consumers buying behavior and done several changes in their marketing strategies. This research can be useful for every company in the same or similar situation, in order to see how important it is to have a flexible marketing strategy and be able to adapt to the changing environment in order to either survive or improve their position on the market.

Thesis (M.M. (Finance & Investment))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Business Administration, 2013. / No abstract provided

<p>Recently there have been a lot of talk a about the financial crisis and recession. This is understandable since the crisis, which initially was limited to the U.S. now has spread its concern globally in form of bankruptcies, less investment and lots of people have lost here jobs. </p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the financial crisis have affected the construction industry relating to market and personnel, but also examine what measures the construction companies have taken. </p><p>The examination was carried out by information received from the majority of construction-related websites which then was followed up with interviews in the various construction sectors. </p><p>I have come to conlusion that the housing market has been hardest affected by the financial crisis becuase it is controlled by the household economy and future hopes. At year-end housing with some form of private ownership or operation, in principle, completely disappeared. The local and construction market has done well thanks to government investment. The most affected construction companies are the larger contractors that largely focuses on new construction of housing. Within the construction sector over 10,000 people have lost their jobs where the majority are artisans and new recruits. Most of all needed right now is positive political signal so the banks dare to lend again, and households dare invest so that housing can be restored.</p>

The economic downturn of 2008-2010 has encouraged many economists andpoliticians to reconsider the role of fiscal policy. Whereas there is a broadly acceptedmodel which describes the influence of monetary policy on the economy, there is noconsensus concerning the fiscal policy.This paper aims to study the effectiveness of fiscal policy actions in Sweden over thepast 15 years, starting from the end of the banking crisis of 1992-93 to date. It has aspecific focus on the measures which were introduced in 2007-2010 and employs bothqualitative and quantitative analyses.The qualitative analysis investigates different expansionary fiscal measures, inter alia,the earned income tax credit, the new legislation for crisis management of banks, theguarantee program and the establishment of stability fund.The quantitative analysis is based on a 4-variable Vector Autoregression model whichhelps to identify the influence of general government expenditure, revenue and centralgovernment debt on GDP fluctuations over the past 15 years. The results demonstrate apositive response of GDP to an increase in government expenditure, with the maximumvalue of response achieved after 8 quarters. GDP also grows in response to a positiveshock in the central government debt, which is in line with the macroeconomic theory ofexpansionary fiscal policy. The positive response to an increase of revenue is somewhatcontradictory, and can become a topic for a further in-depth research.The economic downturn of 2008-2010 has encouraged many economists andpoliticians to reconsider the role of fiscal policy. Whereas there is a broadly acceptedmodel which describes the influence of monetary policy on the economy, there is noconsensus concerning the fiscal policy.This paper aims to study the effectiveness of fiscal policy actions in Sweden over thepast 15 years, starting from the end of the banking crisis of 1992-93 to date. It has aspecific focus on the measures which were introduced in 2007-2010 and employs bothqualitative and quantitative analyses.The qualitative analysis investigates different expansionary fiscal measures, inter alia,the earned income tax credit, the new legislation for crisis management of banks, theguarantee program and the establishment of stability fund.The quantitative analysis is based on a 4-variable Vector Autoregression model whichhelps to identify the influence of general government expenditure, revenue and centralgovernment debt on GDP fluctuations over the past 15 years. The results demonstrate apositive response of GDP to an increase in government expenditure, with the maximumvalue of response achieved after 8 quarters. GDP also grows in response to a positiveshock in the central government debt, which is in line with the macroeconomic theory ofexpansionary fiscal policy. The positive response to an increase of revenue is somewhatcontradictory, and can become a topic for a further in-depth research.

Recently there have been a lot of talk a about the financial crisis and recession. This is understandable since the crisis, which initially was limited to the U.S. now has spread its concern globally in form of bankruptcies, less investment and lots of people have lost here jobs. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the financial crisis have affected the construction industry relating to market and personnel, but also examine what measures the construction companies have taken. The examination was carried out by information received from the majority of construction-related websites which then was followed up with interviews in the various construction sectors. I have come to conlusion that the housing market has been hardest affected by the financial crisis becuase it is controlled by the household economy and future hopes. At year-end housing with some form of private ownership or operation, in principle, completely disappeared. The local and construction market has done well thanks to government investment. The most affected construction companies are the larger contractors that largely focuses on new construction of housing. Within the construction sector over 10,000 people have lost their jobs where the majority are artisans and new recruits. Most of all needed right now is positive political signal so the banks dare to lend again, and households dare invest so that housing can be restored.

<p>The economic downturn of 2008-2010 has encouraged many economists andpoliticians to reconsider the role of fiscal policy. Whereas there is a broadly acceptedmodel which describes the influence of monetary policy on the economy, there is noconsensus concerning the fiscal policy.This paper aims to study the effectiveness of fiscal policy actions in Sweden over thepast 15 years, starting from the end of the banking crisis of 1992-93 to date. It has aspecific focus on the measures which were introduced in 2007-2010 and employs bothqualitative and quantitative analyses.The qualitative analysis investigates different expansionary fiscal measures, inter alia,the earned income tax credit, the new legislation for crisis management of banks, theguarantee program and the establishment of stability fund.The quantitative analysis is based on a 4-variable Vector Autoregression model whichhelps to identify the influence of general government expenditure, revenue and centralgovernment debt on GDP fluctuations over the past 15 years. The results demonstrate apositive response of GDP to an increase in government expenditure, with the maximumvalue of response achieved after 8 quarters. GDP also grows in response to a positiveshock in the central government debt, which is in line with the macroeconomic theory ofexpansionary fiscal policy. The positive response to an increase of revenue is somewhatcontradictory, and can become a topic for a further in-depth research.The economic downturn of 2008-2010 has encouraged many economists andpoliticians to reconsider the role of fiscal policy. Whereas there is a broadly acceptedmodel which describes the influence of monetary policy on the economy, there is noconsensus concerning the fiscal policy.This paper aims to study the effectiveness of fiscal policy actions in Sweden over thepast 15 years, starting from the end of the banking crisis of 1992-93 to date. It has aspecific focus on the measures which were introduced in 2007-2010 and employs bothqualitative and quantitative analyses.The qualitative analysis investigates different expansionary fiscal measures, inter alia,the earned income tax credit, the new legislation for crisis management of banks, theguarantee program and the establishment of stability fund.The quantitative analysis is based on a 4-variable Vector Autoregression model whichhelps to identify the influence of general government expenditure, revenue and centralgovernment debt on GDP fluctuations over the past 15 years. The results demonstrate apositive response of GDP to an increase in government expenditure, with the maximumvalue of response achieved after 8 quarters. GDP also grows in response to a positiveshock in the central government debt, which is in line with the macroeconomic theory ofexpansionary fiscal policy. The positive response to an increase of revenue is somewhatcontradictory, and can become a topic for a further in-depth research.</p>