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Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Tam, Man Cheong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 254-262). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.x / Table of Contents --- p.xii / List of Tables --- p.xvii / List of Figures --- p.xviii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Coral reef fishes and their interactions with coral reef ecosystem --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Diversity and world distribution of coral reef fishes --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Fishery exploitation on reef fish communities --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Marine reserves and their effects on reef fish assemblages --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- The Marine environment of Hong Kong --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6 --- Reef fishes and inshore fishery in Hong Kong --- p.20 / Chapter 1.7 --- Marine parks and marine reserves in Hong Kong --- p.23 / Chapter 1.8 --- Objectives --- p.25 / Chapter 1.9 --- Nature and structure of this thesis --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Spatial comparison of reef fish assemblages between fished and protected areas of Hong Kong --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2 --- Study Areas --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Tung Ping Chau Marine Park --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Kat O Chau and Ngo Mei Chau --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3 --- Methodology --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Sampling of reef fish assemblages --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Sampling of habitat complexity --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4 --- Data Analysis --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5 --- Results --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- "Seasonal trend in mean density, mean biomass and mean species richness" --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- Seasonal trend in mean density --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Seasonal trend in mean biomass --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5.1.3 --- Seasonal trend in mean species richness --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Seasonal trend in fish assemblage structures --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.2.1 --- A Ye Wan --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.2.2 --- A Ma Wan --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5.2.3 --- Chau Mei --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5.2.4 --- Chau Tau --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5.2.5 --- Wu Pai --- p.48 / Chapter 2.5.2.6 --- Cheung Shek Tsui --- p.50 / Chapter 2.5.2.7 --- Coral Beach --- p.51 / Chapter 2.5.2.8 --- Moon Island --- p.52 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Spatial comparison between protected and fished areas in each sampling season --- p.53 / Chapter 2.5.3.1 --- Comparison of mean fish density --- p.54 / Chapter 2.5.3.2 --- Comparison of mean fish species richness --- p.55 / Chapter 2.5.3.3 --- Comparison of mean fish biomass --- p.55 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- "Relationship of mean density, mean species richness and mean biomass with habitat complexity" --- p.55 / Chapter 2.5.4.1 --- Mean fish density versus habitat complexity --- p.56 / Chapter 2.5.4.2 --- Mean species richness of fish versus habitat complexity --- p.56 / Chapter 2.5.4.3 --- Mean fish biomass versus habitat complexity --- p.57 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Spatial comparison of reef fish assemblage structures --- p.57 / Chapter 2.5.5.1 --- Summer 2002 --- p.57 / Chapter 2.5.5.2 --- Fall 2002 --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.5.3 --- Winter 2003 --- p.59 / Chapter 2.5.5.4 --- Spring 2003 --- p.61 / Chapter 2.5.5.5 --- Summer 2003 --- p.62 / Chapter 2.5.5.6 --- Fall 2003 --- p.63 / Chapter 2.5.5.7 --- Winter 2004 --- p.65 / Chapter 2.5.5.8 --- Spring 2004 --- p.66 / Chapter 2.6 --- Discussion --- p.67 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Seasonal changes in reef fish assemblages --- p.67 / Chapter 2.6.2. --- "Effects of protection and habitat complexity on density, biomass and species richness of fish assemblages" --- p.74 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Effects of protection on fish assemblage structures --- p.78 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Determination of best sampling seasons for monitoring of protection effects in protected areas --- p.83 / Chapter 2.7 --- Conclusion --- p.85 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Temporal comparison of1 reef fish assemblages before and after protection in Tung Ping Chau Marine Park --- p.191 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.191 / Chapter 3.2 --- Study areas --- p.192 / Chapter 3.3 --- Methodology --- p.192 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data analysis --- p.193 / Chapter 3.5 --- Results --- p.195 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Temporal comparison of mean density and species richness among years --- p.195 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- Temporal comparison of mean density among years --- p.195 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- Temporal comparison of mean species richness among years --- p.197 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Temporal comparison of fish assemblages structures among years in A Ye Wan --- p.198 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Summer --- p.198 / Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Fall --- p.199 / Chapter 3.5.2.3 --- Winter --- p.200 / Chapter 3.5.2.4 --- Spring --- p.201 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Temporal comparison of fish assemblages structures among years in A Ma Wan --- p.202 / Chapter 3.5.3.1 --- Summer --- p.202 / Chapter 3.5.3.2 --- Fall --- p.203 / Chapter 3.5.3.3 --- Winter --- p.204 / Chapter 3.5.3.4 --- Spring --- p.205 / Chapter 3.6 --- Discussion --- p.206 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Effects of protection on mean density and species richness of fish assemblages --- p.206 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Effects of protection on fish assemblage structures --- p.208 / Chapter 3.7 --- Conclusion --- p.210 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Summary and Perspectives --- p.247 / Chapter 4.1. --- Major findings of the present study --- p.247 / Chapter 4.2. --- Significance and implications of the present study --- p.249 / Chapter 4.3 --- Perspectives for further study --- p.252 / References --- p.254 / Appendix --- p.263 / Appendix 1 --- p.263

Master of Science / Department of Biology / Michael Tobler / Natural selection drives the evolution of traits to optimize organismal performance, but optimization of one aspect of performance can often influence other aspects of performance. Here, we asked how phenotypic variation between locally adapted fish populations affect locomotion and ventilation, testing for functional trade-offs as well as trait-performance correlations. Specifically, we investigated two populations of livebearing fish (Poecilia mexicana) that inhabit distinct habitat types (hydrogen-sulfide-rich springs and adjacent nonsulfidic streams). For each individual fish, we quantified different metrics of burst-start swimming during simulated predator attacks, steady swimming, as well as gill ventilation. Coinciding with theoretical predictions, we documented significant population differences in all aspects of performance, with fish from sulfidic habitats exhibiting higher steady swimming performance and higher ventilation capacity but slower burst-starts. There was a significant functional trade-off between steady and burst-speed swimming, but not between different aspects of locomotion and ventilation, indicating modularity of traits associated with either aspect of function. While our findings about population differences in locomotion performance largely parallel the results from previous studies, we provide novel insights about how morphological variation might impact ventilation and ultimately oxygen acquisition. Overall, our analyses provided insights into the functional consequences of previously documented phenotypic variation, which will help to disentangle the effects of different sources of selection that may coincide along complex environmental gradients.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-58). Also available on the World Wide Web.

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Syftet med den här studien var att utveckla och optimera FISH (Fluorescense In Situ Hybridisation) tekniken som en snabb och ganska billig metod för detektion av laktobaciller. Det vill säga att kunna på objektsglas använda FISH tekniken för att identifiera laktobaciller på artnivå med fluorescensmärkta prober mot 16S och 23S RNA. FISH är en allmän och användbar metod för att detektera och lokalisera mikroorganismer eller en specifik grupp av mikroorganismer i provet (1). Metoden detekterar DNA- eller RNA- sekvenser med hjälp av fluorescensmärkta prober som hybridiseras specifikt med komplementära målsekvenser i intakta celler (2). Detta innebär att man behåller cellmorfologin och tillför en lättdetekterad fluorescerande färg. I början av studien utvaldes två grupper av bakterier, gramnegativa bakterier som har tunnare cellvägg, vilket underlättar hybridiseringen och grampositiva laktobacillus med en tjockare cellvägg. Enligt tidigare undersökningar gav FISH tekniken bra resultat om rätt probe användes för rätt organism. Som anvisning till den här studien användes en tidigare studie på E.coli K12.(6). I början av den här studien användes samma prober som i studien med E.coli K12. Bakterierna i grupp 1 valdes utifrån homologi mellan probernas sekvens och målsekvensen hos bakterierna. De hade 100 % homologi med probe 1 och hög homologi, 83-100 %, med probe 2 ,vilket väl överensstämmer med resultatet för E. coli. Bakterierna odlades i lämpliga medier och prov togs från log-fas. Bakterierna behandlades med hybridiseringsbuffert och studerades under fluorescensmikroskop. Stark fluorescens iakttogs i flertalet av bakterierna i de fall som homologi mellan probe och målsekvens var hög. Effekten av tiden för förvaring i kyl efter skörd på fluorescensförmågan studerades också. Fluorescensen efter en dag jämfördes med fluorescensen efter 15 dagar och 30 dagar hos samma bakterie. Bakterierna fotograferades i fluorescensmikroskop samt ljusmikroskop och resultaten presenteras i respektive tabeller och/eller bilder. Resultaten visade en sänkning i fluorescensstyrka och i antal bakterier som lyste redan efter 15 dagar. Efter 30 dagar hade nästan alla bakterier upphört att reagera med proben, oavsett vilken art som studerades. Slutligen studerades kvaliteten på tvättningar. Fluorescensbilder togs av bakterierna efter en tvätt och jämfördes med bilder efter 2 och tre tvättar. Ingen stor skillnad observerades efter flera tvättningar jämförd med en tvätt. Studien visade att den teknik som utvecklades är användbar för att detektera specifika sekvenser både i grampositiva och gramnegativa bakterier.</p>