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Dual-View Inverted Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy (diSPIM) Imaging for Accurate 3D Digital PathologyJanuary 2020 (has links)
archives@tulane.edu / For decades, histopathology and cytology have provided the reference standard for cancer diagnosis, prognosis prediction and treatment decisions. However, they are limited to 2D slices, which are created via cutting and/or smearing, thus not faithfully representing the true 3D structures of the cellular or tissue material. Multiple imaging methods have been utilized for non-destructive histologic imaging of tissues, but are usually limited by varying combinations of low resolution, low penetration depth, or a relatively slow imaging speed, and all suffer from anisotropic resolution, which could distort 3D tissue architectural renderings and thus hinder new work to analyze and quantify 3D tissue microarchitecture. Therefore, there is a clear need for a non-destructive imaging tool that can accurately represent the 3D structures of the tissue or cellular architecture, with comparable qualities and features as traditional histopathology.
In this work, dual-view inverted selective plane illumination microscopy (diSPIM) has been customized and optimized for fast, 3D imaging of large biospecimens. Imaging contrast of highly scattering samples has been further improved by adding confocal detection and/or structured illumination (SI) as additional optional imaging modes. A pipeline of dual-view imaging and processing has also been developed to achieve more isotropic 3D resolution, specifically on DRAQ5 and eosin (D&E) stained large (millimeter to centimeter size) biopsies.
To determine the impact of 3D, high-resolution imaging on clinical diagnostic endpoints, multiple prostate cancer (PCa) biopsies have been collected, imaged with diSPIM, and evaluated by pathologists. It has been found that the pathologist is “equally” confident on the PCa diagnosis from viewing 3D volumes and 2D slices, and the diagnostic agreement between 3D volumes is significantly higher than 2D slices.
The high-resolution and large-volume coverage of diSPIM may also help verify results from other lower-resolution modalities by serving as a 3D histology surrogate. Tissue correlations have been found between images acquired by diSPIM and photo-acoustic imaging, or by diSPIM and biodynamic imaging, proving diSPIM as a useful tool to aid in validation of lower-resolution imaging tools. The potential of diSPIM imaging has also been demonstrated in other applications, such as in the study of in-vitro neural models. / 1 / Bihe Hu
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Novel biophysical appliations [sic] of STICSVaillancourt, Benoit. January 2008 (has links)
No description available.
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Direct observation of correlated motions in colloidal gels and glassesGao, Yongxiang. January 2008 (has links)
No description available.
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Dynamic and compressed memory coding in the hippocampusPriestley, James Benjamin January 2022 (has links)
A longstanding goal in neuroscience is to provide a biological understanding of episodic memory, our conscious recollection of prior experience. While the hippocampus is thought to be a critical locus for episodic learning in the mammalian brain, the nature of its involvement is unsettled. This thesis details several investigations that attempt to probe the neural mechanisms that support the encoding and organization of new experiences into memory.
Throughout the included works, we utilize in vivo two-photon fluorescence microscopy and calcium imaging to study the functional dynamics of hippocampal networks in mice during memory-guided behavior. To begin, Chapter 2 examines how neural coding in hippocampal area CA1 is modified during trace fear conditioning, a common model of episodic learning in rodents that requires linking events separated in time. We longitudinally tracked network activity throughout the entire learning process, analyzing how changes in hippocampal representations paralleled behavioral expression of conditioned fear. Our data indicated that, contrary to contemporary theories, the hippocampus does not generate sequences of persistent activity to learn the temporal association. Instead, neural firing rates were reorganized by learning to encode the relevant stimuli in a temporally variable manner, which could reflect a fundamentally different mode of information transmission and learning across longer time intervals.
The remaining chapters concern place cells---neurons identified in the hippocampus that are active only in specific locations of an animals' environment. In Chapter 3, we use mouse virtual reality to explore how the hippocampus constructs representations of novel environments. Through multiple lines of analysis, we identify signatures of place cells that acquire spatial tuning through a particularly rapid form of synaptic plasticity. These motifs were enriched specifically during novel exploration, suggesting that the hippocampus can dynamical tune its learning rate to rapidly encode memories of new experiences. Finally, Chapter 4 expands a model of hippocampal computation that explains the emergence of place cells through a more general mechanism of efficient memory coding. In theory and experiment, we identified properties of place cells that systematically varied with the compressibility of sensory information in the environment. Our preliminary data suggests that hippocampal coding adapts to the statistics of experience to compress correlated patterns, a computation generically useful for memory and which naturally extends to representation of variables beyond physical space.
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Synthesis, Characterizations, And Evaluation Of New Reactive Two-photon Absorbing Dyes For Two-photon Excited Fluorescence Imaging ApplicationsHales, Katherine J. 01 January 2005 (has links)
Recent, cooperative advances in chemistry, biology, computing, photophysics, optics, and microelectronics have resulted in extraordinary developments in the biological sciences, resulting in the emergence of a novel area termed 'biophotonics'. The integrative and interdisciplinary nature of biophotonics cuts across virtually all disciplines, extending the frontiers of basic cellular, molecular, and biology research through the clinical and pharmaceutical industries. This holds true for the development and application of the novel imaging modality utilizing multiphoton absorption and its extraordinary contribution to recent advances in bioimaging. Intimately involved in the revolution of nonlinear bioimaging has been the development of optical probes for probing biological function and activity. The focus of this dissertation is in the area of probe development, particularly conjugated organic probes, optimized for efficient two-photon absorption followed by upconverted fluorescence for nonlinear, multiphoton bioimaging applications. Specifically, [pi]-conjugated fluorene molecules, with enhanced two-photon absorbing (2PA) properties and high photostability, were prepared and characterized. Contemporary synthetic methods were utilized to prepare target fluorene derivatives expected to be highly fluorescent for fluorescence imaging, and, in particular, exhibit high two-photon absorptivity suitable for two-photon excitation (2PE) fluorescence microscopy. The flexibility afforded through synthetic manipulation to integrate hydrophilic moieties into the fluorophore architecture to enhance compatibility with aqueous systems, more native to biological samples, was attempted. Incorporation of functional groups for direct covalent attachment onto target biomolecules was also pursued to prepare fluorene derivatives as efficient 2PA reactive probes. Linear and two-photon spectroscopic characterizations on these novel compounds reveal they exhibit high 2PA cross-sections on the order of ~100 GM units, nearly an order of magnitude greater than typical, commonly used fluorophores utilized in nonlinear, multiphoton microscopy imaging of biological samples. Photostability studies of representative fluorene derivatives investigated and quantified indicate these derivatives are photostable under one- and two-photon excitation conditions, with photodecomposition quantum yields on the order of 10[super-5]. Preliminary cytotoxicity studies indicate these fluorene derivatives exhibit minimal cytotoxic effects on proliferating cells. Finally, their ultimate utility as high-performance, 2PA fluorescent probes in 2PE fluorescence microscopy imaging of biological samples was demonstrated in both fixed and live cells. Due to the low cytotoxicity, high photostability, efficient 2PA, and high fluorescence quantum yield, the probes were found suitable for relatively long-term, two-photon fluorescence imaging of live cells, representing a significant advance in biophotonics.
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Identifying Novel Contributors to RNA Interference in Aedes aegyptiSaadat, Angela P. 02 September 2015 (has links)
Aedes aegypti is an important vector of human pathogens including the viruses yellow fever, dengue and chikungunya. The small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway is a critical immune response for controlling viral replication in Aedes aegypti. The goal of this research is to identify components of the Aedes aegypti genome that influence this pathway.
A transgenic mosquito strain that reports the status of the siRNA pathway via enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) intensity was employed to differentiate silencing abilities among individuals. Extreme EGFP expression phenotypes, representing efficient and poor silencing abilities, were enriched over five generations.
Transcriptome sequencing and analyses were performed from pools of individuals from each enriched phenotype, revealing potential RNAi contributors. 1,120 transcripts were significantly different (FDR<0.0001) among the extreme phenotypes.
Four genes were chosen, amplified, sequenced for SNP analysis. These analyses were performed on samples obtained by crossing enriched, extreme phenotype F0 individuals, intercrossing their progeny, then selecting individuals representing the extreme phenotypes from the F2 population. Though further verification is needed, findings from these analyses imply the regions of Aedes aegypti, Liverpool strain (AAEL) gene identifiers AAEL005026, AAEL013438 and AAEL011704 amplified do not contribute to the two extreme, opposite RNAi silencing in the sensor strain used here. SNP analyses of AAEL000817 indicate this gene either influences extreme RNAi phenotypes or is closely linked to a gene(s) that contributes to RNAi in Aedes aegypti.
The 1,120 genes identified can be validated or eliminated as potential targets in the quest to mitigate the impact of Aedes aegypti. / Master of Science in Life Sciences
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Single molecule studies of acidity in heterogeneous catalystsSun, Xiaojiao January 1900 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemical Engineering / Keith L. Hohn / Amorphous silica-alumina is widely used as a solid acid catalyst for various reactions in oil refining and the petrochemical industry. The strength and the number of the acid sites in the material are most often believed to arise from the alumina atoms inserted into the silica lattice. The existence of the acidity distribution across the framework is a result of the local composition or the short-range interactions on the silica-alumina surface. Conventional techniques used to characterize silica-alumina provide effective information on the average acidity, but may not reflect the heterogeneity of surface acidity within the material.
Recently, it is possible to study individual catalytic sites on solid catalysts by single molecule fluorescence microscopy with high time and space resolution. Fluorophores can be chosen that emit at different wavelengths depending on the properties of the local environment. By doping these fluorophores into a solid matrix at nanomolar concentrations, individual probe molecules can be imaged. Valuable information can be extracted by analyzing changes in the fluorescence spectrum of the guest molecules within a host matrix. In this research, silica-alumina thin films were studied with single molecule fluorescence microscopy. The samples were prepared by a sol-gel method and a wide-field fluorescence microscope was used to locate and characterize the fluorescent behaviors of pH sensitive probes. In mesoporous thin films, the ratio of the dye emission at two wavelengths provides an effective means to sense the effective pH of the microenvironment in which each molecule resides. The goal of this work was to develop methods to quantify the acidity of individual micro-environments in heterogeneous networks. Pure silica films treated with external phosphate solutions of different pH values were used to provide references of the fluorescence signals from individual dye molecules. SM emission data were obtained from mesoporous Al-Si films as a function of Al content in films ranging from 0% to 20% alumina. Histograms of the emission ratio revealed that films became more acidic with increasing Al content.
The acidity on interior surfaces in zeolite pores was also of interest in this work. A microfluidic device was built to isolate the interior surface from the exterior surface. Some preliminary results showed the potential of using SM fluorescence method to study the acidic properties inside the pores of zeolite crystals.
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Molekulare Orientierung als Kontrastmechanismus in der Fluoreszenzmikroskopie und konfokale Multidetektor-Scanning-Mikroskopie / Molecular Orientation as Contrast Mechanism for Fluorescence Microcopy and Confocal Multidetector-Scanning-MicroscopyGrunwald, Matthias 24 September 2015 (has links)
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit zwei neuen methodischen Ansätzen auf dem Gebiet der Fluoreszenzmikroskopie.
Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wir eine Methode vorgestellt, mit der die Winkelselektivität der Fluoreszenzanregung verbessert werden kann. Die ExPAN (excitation polarization angle narrowing) genannte Technik nutzt stimulierte Emission, um den Effekt der Photoselektion zu vergrößern. ExPAN lässt sich potentiell für verschiedene Methoden einsetzen, in denen fluoreszenzmarkierte Proben untersucht werden und ist insbesondere im Kontext von Fluoreszenzanisotropie-Messungen oder der Bestimmung von molekularen Orientierungen von Interesse. Solche Methoden finden in den Biowissenschaften breite Anwendung und werden z.B. zum Studium von Rezeptor-Liganden-Interaktionen oder der Proteindynamik eingesetzt.
Im Rahmen der Arbeit wird ExPAN in Kombination mit einem neuen Ansatz in der Weitfeldmikroskopie untersucht, bei der die Orientierung von Farbstoffmolekülen als Kontrastmechanismus genutzt wird. Dabei wird die Polarisationsrichtung des Anregungslichts rotiert, um Informationen über die molekulare Orientierung zu gewinnen. Aufgrund der Photoselektion weist das Fluoreszenzsignal von Molekülen mit bevorzugter Ausrichtung dadurch eine periodische Modulation auf. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese Information zur Unterscheidung von Molekülen mit abweichender Orientierung genutzt werden kann, selbst wenn sich deren Signale räumlich überlagern. Für die Versuche wurde ein modifiziertes Weitfeld-Mikroskop konstruiert und die Methode zum einen experimentell an Einzelmolekülen und zum anderen mittels Simulationen erprobt. Dabei konnten Signale von Farbstoffmolekülen mit einem Abstand von bis zu 80 nm separiert werden. Darüber hinaus wurde ein moduliertes Fluoreszenzsignal bei oberflächenmarkierten Mikropartikeln in wässriger Lösung sowie bei fixierten biologischen Proben beobachtet. Eine Verbesserung der Photoselektion durch ExPAN wird experimentell nachgewiesen und gezeigt, dass mit ExPAN auch ähnlich orientierte Moleküle unterschieden werden können.
Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird eine Methode zur Verbesserung der Auflösung von konfokalen Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopen vorgestellt, die als Multidetektor-Scanning (MDS) bezeichnet wird und auf dem Prinzip der Image-Scanning-Mikroskopie (ISM) beruht. Mit ISM lässt sich die Auflösung von Fluoreszenzmikroskopen theoretisch verdoppeln. Da ISM einen Flächendetektor voraussetzt, wurden in der Vergangenheit hauptsächlich CCD oder CMOS Kameras als Detektoren eingesetzt. In dieser Arbeit werden anstelle einer Kamera mehrere Einzelphotonendetektoren verwendet und über ein Glasfaserbündel zu einem Flächendetektor kombiniert. Dadurch ist es erstmals möglich, die Methode in Verbindung mit Fluoreszenzlebensdauer-Mikroskopie (FLIM) einzusetzen.
FLIM hat sich in den Biowissenschaften als wichtige Mikroskopie-Technik etabliert und wird unter anderem bei Protein-Protein-Interaktionsstudien oder zur Untersuchung des NADH-Metabolismus eingesetzt. Die Verbesserung der räumlichen Auflösung von FLIM mit MDS ist somit für eine Reihe von biologischen Fragestellungen von potentiellem Interesse. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurde ein Multidetektor-Scanning-Mikroskop konstruiert und durch die Vermessung von fluoreszierenden Mikropartikeln charakterisiert. Eine Verbesserung der Auflösung durch MDS wird an fixierten biologischen Proben demonstriert. Dabei wurde eine Auflösung von 168 nm mit MDS sowie 146 nm mit MDS und Dekonvolution erreicht. Schließlich wird die Kombination der Methode mit Fluoreszenzlebensdauer-Mikroskopie demonstriert.
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Advanced Data Processing in Super-resolution MicroscopyStein, Simon Christoph 14 August 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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Development of a Biomembrane Sensor Based on ReflectometryStephan, Milena 10 June 2013 (has links)
Membranproteine spielen eine wichtige Rolle in vielen biochemischen Prozessen der Zelle, wie zum Beispiel der Signaltransduktion, der Zelladhesion oder auch der Erkennung von Krankheitserregern. Viele dieser Proteine sind von Bedeutung für die Entwicklung neuer innovativer Medikamente. Somit hat auch die Entwicklung von Sensoren, die die Untersuchung von Membranproteinen in ihrer natürlichen Umgebung erlauben an Bedeutung gewonnen [1].
Thema dieser Doktorarbeit war die Entwicklung von Analysekonzepten die es ermöglichen unterschiedliche Aspekte von Membraninteraktionen zu untersuchen und zu quantifizieren. Als Analysemethode wurde dafür reflektometrische Interferenz Spektroskopie (RIfS) eine markierungsfreie, optische Methode verwendet. RIfS erlaubt es die Höhe dünner transparenter Filme zu bestimmen, indem das Weißlicht-Reflexionspektrum eines solchen Films aufgezeichnet wird. Durch die Überlagerung der in dem Film mehrfach reflektierten Teilstrahlen entsteht ein Interferenzmuster im Reflexionsspektrum, welches Aufschluß gibt über die Schichtdicke und den Brechungsindex des transparenten Films.
Es wurde bereits gezeigt, dass RIfS eine geeignete Methode zur Untersuchung von Protein-ProteinWechselwirkungen ist [2]. Aus diesem Grund wurde RIfS als Detektionsverfahren für die Entwicklung eines Membransensors gewählt. Im Laufe dieser Arbeit entstanden zwei Aufbauten für reflektometrische Messungen. Ein Standard RIfS Aufbau und ein Instrument das die Methode mit Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie kombiniert. Um dieWechselwirkung von Proteinen selbst und Proteinen mit Membranbestandteilen wie Lipiden zu untersuchen, wurde ein Konzept basierend auf festkörperunterstützten Membranen entwickelt. Dieses Experiment erlaubt es die Wechselwirkungen auf artifiziellen Membranen, sowie auf rekonstituierten Zellmembranen zu untersuchen. Zudem wurde ein Analysekonzept mit Nano-BLMs entwickelt, dass es erlaubt den simultanen
Transport von Molekülen in ein membranverschlossenes Kompartiment hinein als auch heraus zu beobachten.
Neben diesen membranbasierten Experimenten wurde auch ein Konzept entwickelt, welches es erlaubt die molekulare Erkennungsreaktion von sehr kleiner Analyten direkt zu messen. Dieses Messkonzept erlaubt es die Bindung von Molekülen mit sehr kleinem Molekulargewicht an einen auf dem Sensor immobilisierten Partner direkt zu quantifizieren.
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