Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 226-231). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 226-231). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1965. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (B.A.)--Bryn Mawr College, Growth and Structure of Cities Program, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

Zugl.: Bochum, Universiẗat, Diss., 2003.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-139). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, August, 2008. / Abstract only has been uploaded to OhioLINK. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-139)

As embalagens metálicas para alimentos proporcionam uma barreira à ação do meio ambiente, bem como a preservação de nutrientes e qualidade organoléptica dos produtos acondicionados. Diversos estudos estão sendo realizados na procura de tratamentos alternativos ambientalmente corretos para substituir o cromo hexavalente, e sais de cério e lantânio vem apresentando resultados satisfatórios em diversos substratos, com o objetivo de melhorar a resistência à corrosão, porém poucos estudos foram realizados em folhas de flandres. O presente trabalho avaliou folhas de flandres tratadas com CeCl3+(NH4)2SO4. A superfície tratada foi avaliada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva (EDS), Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Espectroscopia de Fotoelétrons de Raios-X (XPS) e Análise de ângulo de contato superficial. O comportamento eletroquímico foi avaliado através do Potencial de Circuito Aberto (OCP), curvas de polarização e Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica (EIS), em solução de NaCl 3,5% (m/v) e solução sintética de alimentos (SSA), em meio aerado e desaerado. Também foram realizados ensaios de migração de metais e manchamento por sulfetos. O efeito da aplicação de um verniz epóxi-fenólico foi avaliado por testes mecânicos e de exposição à névoa salina. Pela caracterização morfológica constatou-se a presença de depósitos descontínuos de cério de forma esférica, sendo compostos por óxido de cério. Nos ensaios eletroquímicos os resultados indicam que a presença de oxigênio, a natureza dos íons presentes e o pH da solução têm influência marcante na proteção oferecida pelo tratamento com Ce3+, sendo que este em SSA apresentou passivação nas curvas anódicas, não sendo observado este comportamento para o meio de NaCl. Pela extrapolação de Tafel, observou-se comportamento anódico para as amostras tratadas em relação à amostra descromatizada, porém a amostra tratada com Cr6+ apresentou menores valores de corrente. Nos ensaios de monitoramento do OCP e exposição à névoa salina o tratamento com Ce3+ apresentou proteção durante curtos períodos de tempo. Quanto à aplicação do tratamento com cério voltado para a indústria alimentícia pode-se concluir que foi possível compatibilidade com verniz epóxi-fenólico, redução na migração de íons ferro para a solução e resistência a manchas causadas por sulfetos satisfatórias quando comparado com o tratamento com Cr6+. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-02-23T11:21:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Marcia Dalle Grave.pdf: 3865189 bytes, checksum: 39c3289869b8757f41ec3846ae74a677 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-23T11:21:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Marcia Dalle Grave.pdf: 3865189 bytes, checksum: 39c3289869b8757f41ec3846ae74a677 (MD5) / The metal food packages provide a barrier to the action of the environment and the preservation of nutrients and organoleptic quality of the packaged product. Several studies are being conducted aiming for environmentally friendly alternative treatments to replace hexavalent chromium, and cerium and lanthanum salts are showing satisfactory to improve the corrosion resistance on various substrates, but few studies have been performed on tinplate. This study evaluated tinplate treated with CeCl3+(NH4)2SO4. The treated surface was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X- ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and surface contact angle analysis. The electrochemical behavior was evaluated using the Open Circuit Potential (OCP) measurements, polarization curves and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in NaCl 3.5 % (wt/v) and synthetic solution of foods (SSF), in aerated and deaerated media. Migration tests of metals and staining by sulfides were al o performed. The effect of an epoxy-phenolic coating was evaluated by mechanical tests and exposure to salt spray. In the morphological characterization revealed the presence of spherical-shaped cerium deposits composed of cerium oxide. The electrochemical tests results indicate that the presence of oxygen, the nature of the ions and pH have a great influence on the protection afforded by treatment with Ce3+, which presented passivation in the anodic polarization in SSF but not in NaCl solution. By Tafel measurements it was observed anodic behavior for samples treated with respect to unpassivated sample, however lower current values were obtained for the Cr6+ treated sample. By OCP measurements and exposure to salt spray the treatment with Ce3+ showed protection only during short periods of time. Concerning the application of cerium treatment in the food industry it could be concluded that this treatment has good compatibility with epoxy-phenolic coatings, reducing the migration of iron ions to the solution and providing satisfactory resistance to stains caused by sulfides compared to treatments with Cr6+.

As embalagens metálicas para alimentos proporcionam uma barreira à ação do meio ambiente, bem como a preservação de nutrientes e qualidade organoléptica dos produtos acondicionados. Diversos estudos estão sendo realizados na procura de tratamentos alternativos ambientalmente corretos para substituir o cromo hexavalente, e sais de cério e lantânio vem apresentando resultados satisfatórios em diversos substratos, com o objetivo de melhorar a resistência à corrosão, porém poucos estudos foram realizados em folhas de flandres. O presente trabalho avaliou folhas de flandres tratadas com CeCl3+(NH4)2SO4. A superfície tratada foi avaliada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva (EDS), Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Espectroscopia de Fotoelétrons de Raios-X (XPS) e Análise de ângulo de contato superficial. O comportamento eletroquímico foi avaliado através do Potencial de Circuito Aberto (OCP), curvas de polarização e Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica (EIS), em solução de NaCl 3,5% (m/v) e solução sintética de alimentos (SSA), em meio aerado e desaerado. Também foram realizados ensaios de migração de metais e manchamento por sulfetos. O efeito da aplicação de um verniz epóxi-fenólico foi avaliado por testes mecânicos e de exposição à névoa salina. Pela caracterização morfológica constatou-se a presença de depósitos descontínuos de cério de forma esférica, sendo compostos por óxido de cério. Nos ensaios eletroquímicos os resultados indicam que a presença de oxigênio, a natureza dos íons presentes e o pH da solução têm influência marcante na proteção oferecida pelo tratamento com Ce3+, sendo que este em SSA apresentou passivação nas curvas anódicas, não sendo observado este comportamento para o meio de NaCl. Pela extrapolação de Tafel, observou-se comportamento anódico para as amostras tratadas em relação à amostra descromatizada, porém a amostra tratada com Cr6+ apresentou menores valores de corrente. Nos ensaios de monitoramento do OCP e exposição à névoa salina o tratamento com Ce3+ apresentou proteção durante curtos períodos de tempo. Quanto à aplicação do tratamento com cério voltado para a indústria alimentícia pode-se concluir que foi possível compatibilidade com verniz epóxi-fenólico, redução na migração de íons ferro para a solução e resistência a manchas causadas por sulfetos satisfatórias quando comparado com o tratamento com Cr6+. / The metal food packages provide a barrier to the action of the environment and the preservation of nutrients and organoleptic quality of the packaged product. Several studies are being conducted aiming for environmentally friendly alternative treatments to replace hexavalent chromium, and cerium and lanthanum salts are showing satisfactory to improve the corrosion resistance on various substrates, but few studies have been performed on tinplate. This study evaluated tinplate treated with CeCl3+(NH4)2SO4. The treated surface was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X- ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and surface contact angle analysis. The electrochemical behavior was evaluated using the Open Circuit Potential (OCP) measurements, polarization curves and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in NaCl 3.5 % (wt/v) and synthetic solution of foods (SSF), in aerated and deaerated media. Migration tests of metals and staining by sulfides were al o performed. The effect of an epoxy-phenolic coating was evaluated by mechanical tests and exposure to salt spray. In the morphological characterization revealed the presence of spherical-shaped cerium deposits composed of cerium oxide. The electrochemical tests results indicate that the presence of oxygen, the nature of the ions and pH have a great influence on the protection afforded by treatment with Ce3+, which presented passivation in the anodic polarization in SSF but not in NaCl solution. By Tafel measurements it was observed anodic behavior for samples treated with respect to unpassivated sample, however lower current values were obtained for the Cr6+ treated sample. By OCP measurements and exposure to salt spray the treatment with Ce3+ showed protection only during short periods of time. Concerning the application of cerium treatment in the food industry it could be concluded that this treatment has good compatibility with epoxy-phenolic coatings, reducing the migration of iron ions to the solution and providing satisfactory resistance to stains caused by sulfides compared to treatments with Cr6+.

The advent of globalisation and the re-admittance of South Africa into the international market place have presented both opportunities and threats to local fast food outlets and franchises. These food outlets are faced with foreign competition and the need to adapt their strategies in order to cope with the continued onslaught of these highly efficient, foreign, service orientated organisations if they intend to survive. This research explored the strategies these fast food outlets should utilise to deal with their competition and to facilitate their market growth and organisational development which could lead to them being successfully franchised at a later stage. The study revealed that if any significant growth and organisational development was to be expected, the fast food outlet had to concentrate on customer satisfaction and retention through the innovative use of the 7P’s of the marketing mix in its strategy formulation process. Attention also needed to be given to the competitive forces in the external environment so that competitive strategies were in line with market developments. The triangulation method was applied in this study. In terms of this method, qualitative and quantitative research techniques are combined in order to improve the reliability and validity of the research findings. This method proved to be an effective research tool as the findings in the quantitative research were verified by the findings in the qualitative research. Franchising in South Africa, especially the Eastern Cape, where unemployment is highest, is important as it has the potential for job creation and economic empowerment of the disadvantaged communities. It is therefore essential that every endeavour be made to ensure the success of the emerging entrepreneurs through assisting them to develop strategies that will ensure sustainable development and growth.