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Modélisation mécaniste des interactions rhizosphériques déterminant la facilitation d’acquisition du phosphore en association céréale-légumineuse / Facilitation of P-acquisition in cereal-legume associations : experimental study and physico-chemical modelling of underlying rhizospheric interactionsDuputel, Marek 02 October 2013 (has links)
Le phosphore (P) est un élément nutritif essentiel au cycle de croissance des plantes. Du fait de leur forte rétention sur les phases solides, la concentration en ions phosphates (PO4) dans la solution du sol est généralement faible (Hinsinger, 2001). Ces dernières décennies la production agricole mondiale s'est accompagnée d'une augmentation massive de l'usage de fertilisants inorganiques (Tilman, 2002). Ces pratiques ne constituent pas une solution durable de par leurs impacts négatifs sur l'environnement et la raréfaction des ressources minières PO4 prévu ces prochaines décénies (Cordell et al., 2009). Le développement de systèmes de cultures associées céréale - légumineuse constitue une voie d'optimisation durable de la fertilité des sols vis-à-vis du P (e.g. Cassman et al. 1999 ; Betencourt et al., 2012). Cependant les variables contrôlant la disponibilité du P au sein de ces systèmes n'ont pas encore été clairement identifiées (e.g. Hinsinger et al., 2011 ; Li et al., 2010). Leur optimisation doit passer par une meilleure compréhension des processus et mécanismes rhizosphériques sous jacents à l'augmentation du P disponible. De récents travaux ont montré l'intérêt des modèles mécanistes pour l'amélioration de ces connaissances au sein de la rhizosphère du blé dur (e.g. Devau et al., 2010, 2011b). Cette approche repose sur une description thermodynamique (i.e. à l'équilibre) de l'adsorption des ions à la surface des minéraux et de la matière organique (Hiemstra et Van Riemsdijk, 1996 ; Kinniburgh et al., 1999).Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de mon travail de recherche était de développer et d'utiliser la modélisation mécaniste afin de déterminer les variables régulant la disponibilité du P au sein de la rhizosphère du pois chiche cultivé seul puis en association avec le blé dur. L'exsudation d'anions organique étant largement reconnu dans la rhizosphère du pois chiche (e.g. Veneklaas et al., 2003) des simulations in silico (i.e. prédictives) des effets de l'adsorption de citrate sur la disponibilité du P ont été préalablement réalisées. Ces dernières portaient sur des sols à propriétés contrastés (composition minéralogique, calcium échangeable, DOC, SOM, pH) afin d'identifier l'influence de ces variables sur le comportement du citrate et des ions PO4. Cette première étude a entre autre permis de mettre en évidence un mécanisme, jusqu'à lors inconnu, induisant une diminution du P disponible suite à de faibles apports en citrate. Les sorties du modèle ont permis d'expliquer ce résultat par une succession d'interactions électrostatiques impliquant respectivement le citrate (Cit3-), le calcium (Ca2+) et le P (PO43-) à la surface des minéraux argileux (Duputel et al., 2013a). Dans un second temps, des mesures ont permis de confirmer l'influence de ce mécanisme dans un chromic cambisol (Duputel et al., 2013b). Dans un dernier temps, en utilisant une approche combinant expérimentation sol – plante en rhizobox et modélisation mécaniste, mes recherches ont permis d'identifier et de hiérarchiser les processus et mécanismes régulant la disponibilité du P au sein de la rhizosphère du pois chiche et du blé dur cultivés seuls et en association (Duputel et al., 2013c,d). Ces résultats confirment la prédominance du mécanisme d'adsorption / désorption pour le contrôle de la disponibilité du P dans la rhizosphère. Les effets cumulés de trois processus racinaires permettent d'expliquer l'augmentation du P disponible mesurée dans la rhizosphère. Il s'agit du prélèvement en calcium, du flux de proton et de l'exsudation de citrate. Les effets des deux premiers processus racinaires prédominent. Le PO4 ainsi libéré dans la rhizosphère proviendrait essentiellement de l'illite, qui est une phase majeure pour la fixation de PO4 dans le sol étudié (i.e. luvisol). / Phosphorus (P) limits plant growth in many soils as phosphate (PO4) is naturally present in very low concentration in soil solutions (0.1 to 10 µM; Hinsinger 2001). Low soluble PO4 concentrations (i.e. available P) are the result of the very high adsorption affinity of PO4 for mineral surfaces and the low solubility of PO4-containing minerals (e.g. Shen et al., 2011). The use of PO4 fertilizers has permitted to increase P availability in soil and ultimately has contributed to massively increase crop yield the last decades (Tilman et al., 2002). Such practices are not sustainable nowadays because of the scarcity of phosphate rock and because of the environmental issues related to PO4 fertilization (e.g. Bumb and Baanante, 1996; Cordell et al., 2009). A way of research is the development of alternative strategy to better exploit soil P ressources, as the management of cereal – legume intercropping (e.g. Cassman et al. 1999 ; Betencourt et al., 2012). However the designation of variables that control P availability, under such a device, is difficult as the involved processes are strongly contextual (e.g. Hinsinger et al., 2011 ; Li et al., 2010). The managment of intercropping systems requires an acute knowledge about the processes and mechanisms that control soil P availability in a context of a P uptake facilitation phenomena. Recent studies used a new approach to better understand the complex interacting processes and controlling mechanisms that alter P availability in the rhizosphere of durum wheat (e.g. Devau et al., 2010, 2011b). It is based on the use of surface complexation modelling which offer a mechanistic description of the adsorption mechanism onto soil minerals and organic matter. (Hiemstra et Van Riemsdijk, 1996 ; Kinniburgh et al., 1999).The aim was to develop and use this approach in order to identify and rank the main involed processes and mechanisms that regulate P availability in the rhizosphere of chickpea sole-crop and chickpea – durum wheat intercropping. The release of organic anions is well known in the rhizosphere of chickpea. Therefore in silico (i.e. predictive) simulations of the effect of citrate adsorption on soil P availability were first carry out. The effect of several soil variables on the citrate efficiency were investigated (mineralogy, exchangeable Ca, DOC, pH, SOM). We found that citrate can either increase or decrease P availability in soil, depending mainly on the occurrence of 2:1 clay minerals and on the concentrations of citrate, adsorbed Ca, and soil organic carbon. Model output showed that the deleterious effect of citrate was due to electrostatics interactions between citrate, calciumand P onto mineral surface sites (Duputel et al., 2013a). Then a second experimental and modelling study confirmed that the release of citrate in soils and its subsequent adsorption onto minerals can produce the decrease of P availability (Duputel et al., 2013b). Finally, throught a combined approach (experiment - mechanistic modelling) my research works enable to identify and rank the processes and mechanisms that regulate P availability in the rhizosphere of intercropped species (Duputel et al., 2013c,d). Results underline the importance of adsorption mechanisms in our experimental conditions. Calcium uptake and soil acidification were the two main processes involved in the control of available P in the rhizosphere of the intercropped plants. Citrate release and P uptake were also involved in the variation of P availability but to a lower extent. Predominantly phosphate adsorbed onto illite was mobilized by such rhizosphere processes.
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[en] CHARACTERIZATION OF HEAVY METAL TRANSPORT PROPERTIES IN RESIDUAL SOILS IN RIO DE JANEIRO / [pt] CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE PROPRIEDADES DE TRANSPORTE DE METAIS PESADOS EM SOLOS RESIDUAIS DO RIO DE JANEIRORAFAEL GERARD DE ALMEIDA DEMUELENAERE 14 September 2004 (has links)
[pt] A contaminação do meio ambiente de subsuperfície com
resíduos perigosos e tóxicos tem se tornado um dos maiores
problemas ambientais em vários países, com muitos locais
apresentando contaminação da água subterrânea.
A dissertação visa a caracterização de propriedades de
transporte em solos residuais do estado do Rio de Janeiro;
em especial será focalizado o comportamento e a mobilidade
neste solo de metais pesados como o cádmio, zinco, cromo e
chumbo. O conhecimento do comportamento dos metais no solo
é importante para a previsão de acidentes ambientais e para
a avaliação de possíveis soluções. Mudanças no ambiente,
como variação do pH, podem interferir no comportamento do
metal, desta forma o conhecimento das condições locais é
importante para previsão do comportamento do contaminante.
Foram realizados ensaios de batelada e de coluna com
diferentes metais, para entender como se comportam nos
solos residuais caracterizados. Para complementar o estudo
uma modelagem geoquímica foi feita a partir dos dados
experimentais com o programa computacional PHREEQC. / [en] The contamination of the underground environment by
hazardous and toxic
wastes has become one of the main environment problems in
several countries
where many sites present groundwater infection.
The project purpose is the characterization of the
transport properties in
residual soils of the Rio de Janeiro state. Mainly it will
be focused the behaviour and
the mobility of heavy metals, for example, the cadmium, the
zinc, the chromium and
the lead in this kind of soil.
To know the behaviour of the metals in the soil is
important for the prevision of
environmental accidents and for the evaluation of possible
solutions. Changes in the
environment, as the pH variation, may interfere in the
metal conduct thus the
knowledge of the local conditions is essential for the
prevision of the contamination
procedure.
Batch and column tests were made using different metals in
order to
understand how they act in the characterized residual soils.
To complement the studies a geochemical modeling was made
using the
experimental data with the compute program, PHREEQC.
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