[pt] Nos dias atuais, muito mais do que no passado, é sabido que o sucesso de projetos de software depende criticamente de requisitos. Um exemplo de GORE, que significa Engenharia de Requisitos Orientada a Metas, é o Framework i* (iestrela). Este afirma que os requisitos devem representar a intencionalidade do grande número de atores sociais, os quais são pessoas ou sistemas. Dentro desse contexto, existe ainda um vazio de métodos para cobrir o processo da elicitação de metas. Vários métodos para SMA (Sistemas Multi-Agentes) mencionam a elicitação das metas, mas eles não fornecem detalhes de como essa atividade é feita, eles tratam principalmente da modelagem de metas sem antes cuidar dos detalhes da elicitação. Em adição, modelos intencionais como exemplo o Framework i*, podem ser complexos e até mesmo incompreensíveis. Esta tese propõe um método chamado ERi*c – “Engenharia de Requisitos Intencional”, o qual primeiro provê um processo de elicitação que aplica uma abordagem “bottom-up” e simples, com perguntas que podem identificar metas concretas e metas flexíveis. Além disso, o método Eri*c propõe uma solução para reduzir o problema da “escalabilidade” de modelos i* que inclui heurísticas para a especificação desses modelos. O método contém também uma estratégia para fazer diagnósticos de modelos i* de maneira a cobrir o processo de análise de requisitos. / [en] Nowadays, much more than in the past, it is known that the success of software projects depends critically on the requirements. Goal Oriented Requirements Engineering - GORE, for example i Framework, says that requirements must represent the intentionality of a large number of social actors, which can be people or systems. Several Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) methods mention goals elicitation but they do not provide details of how this is performed, they mainly focus on goals modeling. In this context, there is still a lack of methods to cover the goal elicitation process. Only after eliciting goals, requirements engineers will be able to deal properly with goal models. Typically, this is a difficult task to carry on since requirements engineers are not familiarized with the domain from the early stages of software development. And, intentionality models, for example i Framework, can be complex and incompreensible. This thesis proposes a method called ERi c - Engenharia de Requisitos Intencional which provides an inquire process that can identify goals and softgoals in a bottom-up and simple elicitation approach together with one solution to reduce the problem of scalability of i models. The method ERi c also includes heuristics for modeling specification and a diagnoses aproach in order to analyze i models.

[pt] Devido ao tamanho e complexidade dos sistemas de software, torna-se cada vez mais difícil manipular os modelos que os representam. É difícil identificar o impacto de mudanças, modificar, ou reutilizar partes da modelagem em outros projetos porque as características do sistema são, na maioria das vezes, muito relacionadas umas às outras. Métodos tradicionais de modelagem e programação utilizam métodos de separação para minimizar este acoplamento, porém eles priorizam apenas uma dimensão das características do sistema (classes, funções, eventos, dentre outras). Características em outras dimensões permanecem espalhadas e entrelaçadas, i.e, elas são características transversais. Nesta tese, propomos que a separação considerando diferentes dimensões, abordado pela programação orientada a aspectos, seja realizada durante a definição de requisitos. Definimos um metamodelo para integração de características transversais que provê um conjunto de atividades e mecanismos para facilitar a modularização, rastreabilidade, modificação e reuso de requisitos. Estes mecanismos são centrados em uma linguagem que define um novo construto para ser utilizado em linguagens de requisitos tradicionais, possibilitando a descrição e composição de características transversais. Mostramos como aplicar este metamodelo utilizando o V-graph, um tipo de modelo de metas, e realizando dois estudos de caso. / [en] Due to the increasing software complexity, it has been difficult to manipulate the models that represent them. It is difficult to identify the impact of changes, to modify, or reuse model parts in other projects because the system concerns are, in general, strongly interconnected. Traditional modeling and programming methods use separation method to minimize this coupling, however they consider only one dimension (classes, functions, events). Therefore, the concerns in other dimensions continue scattered and tangled, i.e., they are crosscutting concerns. In this thesis, we applied aspect- oriented concepts in modeling requirements. We define a metamodel to integrate crosscutting concerns that provides a set of activities and mechanisms to facilitate the requirements modularization, traceability, evolution and reuse. These mechanisms are centered in a language that defines new constructs to be used in traditional requirements languages, allowing the separation and composition of crosscutting concerns. We present two detailed case studies to show the proposed metamodel instantiated to a goal oriented requirements model, V-graph.

Context: Organizations strive to improve their business processes, and adaptive business processes have recently attracted much attention in that context. However, much research in that area has a narrow focus and does not consider a comprehensive view of the organization and its goals. In addition, Business Intelligence-based monitoring methods are useful for business process improvement but they often present information in a format that is not entirely suited for decision making. Objectives: The main objectives of this thesis are to provide: • A framework to model goals, processes, performance, situations, and improvement patterns using one modeling notation, in an iterative and incremental manner; • A method for the modeling and analysis of cause-effect relationships between indicators used to measure goal satisfaction; and • A technique allowing the detection of undesirable, sub-optimal conditions and the application of improvement patterns to the context Method: We develop an iterative framework based on the User Requirements Notation (URN) for modeling, monitoring and improving business organizations and their business processes. In addition, we introduce a formula-based evaluation algorithm allowing better analysis of the relationships between the business performance model elements (namely indicators). Furthermore, we use a profiled version of the Aspect-oriented URN (AoURN) with extensions (Business Process Pattern profile), for detecting undesirable conditions and for business process adaptation. We validate the novelty and feasibility of our approach by performing a systematic literature review, by assessing it against Zellner’ mandatory elements of a method, by developing tool support, by performing a pilot experiment and by using real-life examples from different sectors (healthcare and retail). Results: The two examples show that through the framework’s iterative approach, organizations at different levels of maturity in their business improvement journey can benefit from the framework. Furthermore, our systematic literature review shows that although there are existing works that enable our vision, most of them have a narrow focus and do not cover the three organization views that are of interest in this research. AoURN allows analysts to find repeated patterns in a context and bundle goal, performance and process models as a self-contained unit. AoURN hence enables the modeling of complex circumstances together with analysis techniques for what-if analysis and process adaptation, all using a unified and integrated modeling language. Finally, the pilot experiment suggests that, with some level of documentation and training, users who are already familiar with URN can use the profiled AoURN provided in this thesis as well as the discussed improvement patterns.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-02-17T10:53:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 20428901 bytes, checksum: b66dc5cc2c10c67d4c70f46436440ab4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-17T10:53:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 20428901 bytes, checksum: b66dc5cc2c10c67d4c70f46436440ab4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-23 / Goal Oriented Requirements Engineering approaches capture both the stakeholders’ goals and the requirements of the system-to-be, so that the latter corresponds to the stakeholders desires. Goal models can capture similarities and the variability of a Software Product Line (SPL), but they cannot describe the detailed behavior of its functionality. Due to this limitation, a process called GS2SPL (Goals and Scenarios to Software Product Lines) was defined to systematically obtain, from goal models, feature models and the specification of use case scenarios with variability described in PLUSS (Product Line Use case modeling for Systems and Software engineering). However, the variability of the SPL and the configuration knowledge are tangled an the scenarios described in PLUSS, jeopardizing the maintenance and reuse of artifacts. In order to solve this problem, it was proposed techniques to specific use case scenarios with separation of crosscutting concerns (or just, aspectual scenarios). One of these techniques is called MSVCM (Modeling Scenario Variability as Crosscutting Mechanisms), which specifies the variability and configuration knowledge of a SPL separately, as well as it defines a process to configure the specifications of a product. Thus, this work proposes an extension of the GS2SPL to obtain, systematically, a feature model and a specification of aspectual scenarios in MSVCM, from goal models. This approach is called GAS2SPL (Goals and Aspectual Scenarios to Software Product Lines) and their activities were described using the TaRGeT (Test and Requirements Generation Tool) example. GAS2SPL approach was evaluated through a comparative study between TaRGeT and MyCourses artifacts generated by GS2SPL and GAS2SPL approaches, taking into account modularity (features scattering and tangling scenarios) and expressiveness (how detailed are the configuration knowledge). After evaluating our approach, we realize that GAS2SPL approach reduced in the features scattering and tangling in the scenarios to zero, addition to own a knowledge configuration more specific because uses less symbols for it elaborate. / Abordagens de Engenharia de Requisitos Orientadas a Objetivos capturam tanto os objetivos dos interessados ( stakeholders) como os requisitos do software a ser desenvolvido, de modo que este último corresponda ao que realmente os interessados desejam. Modelos de objetivos são capazes de capturar as similaridades e variabilidades de uma Linha de Produto de Software (LPS), mas não conseguem descrever o comportamento detalhado de suas funcionalidades. Diante dessa limitação, o processo GS2SPL (Goals and Scenarios to Software Product Lines) foi definido para obter sistematicamente, a partir de modelos de objetivos, modelos de features e especificações de cenários de casos de uso com variabilidade, descritos em PLUSS (Product Line Use case modeling for Systems and Software engineering). Entretanto, a variabilidade da LPS e o conhecimento de configuração ficam entrelaçados nos cenários descritos em PLUSS, o que prejudica a manutenção e reuso dos artefatos. A fim de solucionar esse problema, foram propostas técnicas de especificação de cenários de caso de uso com separação de interesses transversais (ou, simplesmente, cenários aspectuais). Uma destas técnicas é o MSVCM (Modeling Scenario Variability as Crosscutting Mechanisms), que especifica a variabilidade da LPS separadamente do conhecimento de configuração e define um processo para configurar as especificações de produto. Assim, este trabalho propõe uma extensão do GS2SPL visando obter, sistematicamente, modelos de features e especificações de cenários aspectuais em MSVCM, a partir de modelos de objetivos. Esta abordagem chama-se GAS2SPL (Goals and Aspectual Scenarios to Software Product Lines) e suas atividades foram descritas utilizando o TaRGeT (Test and Requirements Generation Tool) como exemplo. A abordagem GAS2SPL foi avaliada através de um estudo comparativo entre os artefatos do TaRGeT e do MyCourses- A Course Scheduling System gerados pelas abordagens GS2SPL e GAS2SPL, levando-se em consideração a modularidade (espalhamento de features e entrelaçamento de cenários) e, a expressividade (quão detalhado é o conhecimento de configuração). Depois de realizar a avaliação, percebemos que a abordagem GAS2SPL conseguiu reduzir o espalhamento de features e o entrelaçamento de cenários para zero, além de possuir um conhecimento de configuração mais expressivo, pois utiliza menos símbolos para elaborá-lo.

Context: Organizations strive to improve their business processes, and adaptive business processes have recently attracted much attention in that context. However, much research in that area has a narrow focus and does not consider a comprehensive view of the organization and its goals. In addition, Business Intelligence-based monitoring methods are useful for business process improvement but they often present information in a format that is not entirely suited for decision making. Objectives: The main objectives of this thesis are to provide: • A framework to model goals, processes, performance, situations, and improvement patterns using one modeling notation, in an iterative and incremental manner; • A method for the modeling and analysis of cause-effect relationships between indicators used to measure goal satisfaction; and • A technique allowing the detection of undesirable, sub-optimal conditions and the application of improvement patterns to the context Method: We develop an iterative framework based on the User Requirements Notation (URN) for modeling, monitoring and improving business organizations and their business processes. In addition, we introduce a formula-based evaluation algorithm allowing better analysis of the relationships between the business performance model elements (namely indicators). Furthermore, we use a profiled version of the Aspect-oriented URN (AoURN) with extensions (Business Process Pattern profile), for detecting undesirable conditions and for business process adaptation. We validate the novelty and feasibility of our approach by performing a systematic literature review, by assessing it against Zellner’ mandatory elements of a method, by developing tool support, by performing a pilot experiment and by using real-life examples from different sectors (healthcare and retail). Results: The two examples show that through the framework’s iterative approach, organizations at different levels of maturity in their business improvement journey can benefit from the framework. Furthermore, our systematic literature review shows that although there are existing works that enable our vision, most of them have a narrow focus and do not cover the three organization views that are of interest in this research. AoURN allows analysts to find repeated patterns in a context and bundle goal, performance and process models as a self-contained unit. AoURN hence enables the modeling of complex circumstances together with analysis techniques for what-if analysis and process adaptation, all using a unified and integrated modeling language. Finally, the pilot experiment suggests that, with some level of documentation and training, users who are already familiar with URN can use the profiled AoURN provided in this thesis as well as the discussed improvement patterns.