by J.C. Slater. / "April 3, 1947." / Includes bibliographical references. / Army Signal Corps Contract No. W-36-039 sc-32037

Tour guides are one of the most visible players in tourism but little scholarly attention has been given to the links that tour guides may have with sustainable development. This study addresses the gap by promoting an understanding of how tour guides can assist in moving tourism in a sustainable direction. Sustainable development is expected to improve the quality of life for all people without causing undesirable ecological and socio-cultural outcomes. As a central agent in the entire tourism system, tour guides have a variety of roles to play in response to the expectations of the various tourism stakeholders. A literature review suggests that tour guides can contribute to destinations'sustainable development by exerting their functions on experience management, resources management and local economic promotion. Interpretative guiding is the means by which tour guides can realize these above potentials. A case study was conducted in Hainan, China. The guiding performance there was examined to see whether and to what extent tour guides are contributing to the achievement of local sustainability. It was discovered that the tour guides in Hainan do not exert (well) their expected functions either in enhancing enjoyable experiences for tourists, in supporting local resource conservation, or in promoting the healthy development of the local economy. Their potentials are blocked by the issues and problems of instant money-making-centered guiding conduct, below-cost group receiving industry practices and unfair remuneration system for the guides, absence of protection measures to ensure the guides’ interests, opportunism in guiding and lenient certificating requirements, lack of professionalism and effective training, ineffective monitoring measures, and limited awareness of sustainable development. In order to better the situation, unhealthy travel and trade industry practice should be banned; effective certificating, training and monitoring measures should be developed and implemented; tour guides’ personal interests should be protected and local awareness of sustainability, in particular that of the industry members, should be fostered. Serious efforts of the government administration as well as industry members and tour guides are required if tour guides are to fulfill their potential as agents of sustainable development.

The software industry and the information service providers in Taiwan are facing global competition but generally falling behind the international level for their software development ability due to short of capable manpower and lack of software engineering concept. Moreover, the domestic output value of software is relatively low and the domestic market is also too small; companies are struggling for the market and making profit has become difficult. To solve this issue the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) has developed several combinations of the Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI) in recent years. In this study, theories of implementing CMMI in the software industry are discussed. Taking risk management for a software project as example, we have established the structure and guides of process tailoring for projects of various scales. On the process of risk management, we firstly defined the tailoring aspects according to the CMMI Level 3 implement process, and then interviewed the case study company for their eight plans to analyze and induce the possible tailoring guides. Our findings are as follows. 1. Establishing the risk management strategy (1) Making a risk plan, including activities such as risk definition, analysis, reduction, treatment and monitoring. (2) Providing implement methods, judgment rules, execution thresholds, treatment process, or tools for those activities. (3) Producing necessary output, such as data, records, and documents. (4) Setting up timeframe for risk monitoring or re-evaluation, at least once a month. 2. Establishing the tailoring guides for the process (1) Adjustment and change are allowed, depending on the project property. (2) Feedback is necessary for design and implementation. (3) Concrete and practical methods are necessary; the system is not fully reliable. The research model and structure of this study can be further applied to the newly developed SEI models or other large-scale international standards in the future as a reference for the software organizations to improve their software process.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Acoustique : Le Mans : 2004. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p.151-156.

Reproduction de : Thèse doctorat : Acoustique : Le Mans : 2004. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 101.

Thèse de doctorat : Sciences et techniques : Metz : 1999. / 1999METZ044S. 113 ref.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-68). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Available also from UMI Company.

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