A transient technique was validated for making thermal conductivity measurements. The technique incorporated a small, effectively spherical, heat source and temperature sensing probe. The actual thermal conductivity measurements lasted 30 seconds. After approximately 15 minutes of data reduction, a value for thermal conductivity was obtained. The probe yielded local thermal conductivity measurements. Spherical sample volumes less than 8 cm² were required for the materials tested. Thermal conductivity (and moisture) distributions can be measured for relatively dry or wetted samples. The technique employs an encapsulated bead thermistor. A thermistor, more commonly used as a temperature transducer, has the inherent feature of being readily self-heated. A computer-based data acquisition and control system regulates the power supplied to the thermistor such that its self-heated temperature response approximates a step change. Thermal conductivity is deduced from the transient measurement of the power dissipated by the probe as a function of time. The technique was used to measure the thermal conductivity of fifteen liquids and five insulation materials. Two different thermistor types, glass-encapsulated and Teflon-encapsulated, were evaluated. Capabilities and limitations of each probe type and the measurement technique, in general, were observed. / M.S.

The master's thesis focuses on creating a numerical model of a polymeric heat sink with emphasis on its significant thermal conductivity anisotropy. This anisotropy is caused by highly thermally conductive graphite filler. Its final orientation is given by the melt flow inside the mould cavity during injection molding. The numerical model is created on the basis of a heat sink prototype subjected to experimental measurements, whose physical conditions are reliably replicated by the model. The determination of anisotropy is divided into two parts. The qualitative part is based on the fracture analysis of the heat sink prototype and determines the principal directions of the conductivity tensor in individual sections of the geometry. The computation of principal conductivities falls into the quantitative part, in which this task is formulated as an inverse heat conduction problem. The input data for the proposed task are experimentally obtained temperatures at different places of the geometry. The values of principal conductivities are optimized to minimize the difference between the measured and simulated temperatures.

Vita. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Thermally enhanced greases made of dispersions of small conductive particles suspended in fluidic polymers can offer significant advantages when used as a thermal interface material (TIM) in microelectronics cooling applications. A fundamental problem which remains to be addressed is how to predict the effective thermal conductivity of these materials, an important parameter in establishing the bulk resistance to heat flow through the TIM. <br /><br /> The following study presents the application of two simple theorems for establishing bounds on the effective thermal conductivity of such inhomogeneous media. These theorems are applied to the development of models which are the geometric means of the upper and lower bounds for effective thermal conductivity of base fluids into which are suspended particles of various geometries. <br /><br /> Numerical work indicates that the models show generally good agreement for the various geometric dispersions, in particular for particles with low to moderate aspect ratios. The numerical results approach the lower bound as the conductivity ratio is increased. An important observation is that orienting the particles in the direction of heat flow leads to substantial enhancment in the thermal conductivity of the base fluid. Clustering leads to a small enhancement in effective thermal conductivity beyond that which is predicted for systems composed of regular arrays of particles. Although significant enhancement is possible if the clusters are large, in reality, clustering to the extent that solid agglomerates span large distances is unlikely since such clusters would settle out of the fluid. <br /><br /> In addition, experimental work available in the literature indicates that the agreement between the selected experimental data and the geometric mean of the upper and lower bounds for a sphere in a unit cell are in excellent agreement, even for particles which are irregular in shape.

Thermally enhanced greases made of dispersions of small conductive particles suspended in fluidic polymers can offer significant advantages when used as a thermal interface material (TIM) in microelectronics cooling applications. A fundamental problem which remains to be addressed is how to predict the effective thermal conductivity of these materials, an important parameter in establishing the bulk resistance to heat flow through the TIM. <br /><br /> The following study presents the application of two simple theorems for establishing bounds on the effective thermal conductivity of such inhomogeneous media. These theorems are applied to the development of models which are the geometric means of the upper and lower bounds for effective thermal conductivity of base fluids into which are suspended particles of various geometries. <br /><br /> Numerical work indicates that the models show generally good agreement for the various geometric dispersions, in particular for particles with low to moderate aspect ratios. The numerical results approach the lower bound as the conductivity ratio is increased. An important observation is that orienting the particles in the direction of heat flow leads to substantial enhancment in the thermal conductivity of the base fluid. Clustering leads to a small enhancement in effective thermal conductivity beyond that which is predicted for systems composed of regular arrays of particles. Although significant enhancement is possible if the clusters are large, in reality, clustering to the extent that solid agglomerates span large distances is unlikely since such clusters would settle out of the fluid. <br /><br /> In addition, experimental work available in the literature indicates that the agreement between the selected experimental data and the geometric mean of the upper and lower bounds for a sphere in a unit cell are in excellent agreement, even for particles which are irregular in shape.

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Os materiais poliméricos são vastamente utilizados em várias áreas de aplicação, como na construção civil, automobilística, embalagens, indústrias em geral, entre outras, substituindo de modo versátil e eficiente os metais, cerâmicos e madeira. No entanto, existe um grande volume de descarte de resíduos industriais poliméricos que atualmente não recebem destinação adequada para reciclagem, entre eles o poliuretano (PU) termorrígido (espumas rígidas e flexíveis). O PU é um material versátil devido a sua vasta possibilidade de aplicações, porém grandes volumes de PU na forma de resíduos industriais e materiais de pós-uso são descartados em aterros industriais e sanitários todos os anos. O reaproveitamento dos resíduos de PU pelo processo de reciclagem mecânica é uma alternativa ambientalmente sustentável e correta, pois gera valor agregado a este material e promove uma melhor utilização dos recursos naturais não renováveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de placas aglomeradas de resíduos industriais de poliuretano skin (PUs) com a adição de diferentes retardantes de chama, além da avaliação das propriedades de reação ao fogo, morfológicas, físicas e mecânicas dos aglomerados obtidos. As composições utilizadas foram 40 a 70 % (massa) de resíduos industriais de PUs, 30 % de agente aglomerante (Elastan) e 0 a 30 % de diferentes retardantes de chama (alumina trihidratada - ATH, polifosfato de melamina - MPP, polifosfato de amônio - APP e trióxido de antimônio + óxido de decabromodifenila - TADB ). Para obtenção das placas aglomeradas, diferentes composições foram moldadas por compressão utilizando 2 a 6 kgf·cm-2 a 60 ºC por 10 min. Este estudo concluiu que as amostras PUs(40)/APP(30) e PUs(40)/TADB(30) (contendo 30 % (massa) de retardantes de chama) apresentaram os melhores resultados de reação ao fogo, com classificação V0 conforme a norma UL94-V. Foi evidenciado também que diferentes tamanhos de granulometrias de PUs não alteraram as propriedades de comportamento ao fogo dos aglomerados desenvolvidos. Os ensaios mecânicos mostraram que os aglomerados possuem resistência superior à necessária para o manuseio e aplicação dos mesmos, e os resultados de condutividade térmica mostraram que estes materiais possivelmente podem ser destinados para aplicações térmicas na construção civil e na indústria. / Submitted by cmquadros@ucs.br (cmquadros@ucs.br) on 2018-03-12T14:26:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Aguinaldo Oliveira Machado.pdf: 2434507 bytes, checksum: 6712200b80af1c8456ff6e809d6c66cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T14:26:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Aguinaldo Oliveira Machado.pdf: 2434507 bytes, checksum: 6712200b80af1c8456ff6e809d6c66cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-12 / The polymeric materials are widely used in many application areas, such as in civil construction, automotive, packaging, general industry, among others, replacing metals, ceramics and wood in a versatile and efficient way However, there is a large volume of discard of polymeric industrial waste that does not currently receive adequate destination for recycling, among them thermo-rigid polyurethane (PU) (rigid and flexible foams). The polyurethane (PU) is a versatile material because of its wide range of applications, but large volumes of PU in the form of industrial waste and post-use materials are disposed of in industrial and sanitary landfills every year. The reuse of PU waste by the mechanical recycling process is an environmentally sustainable and correct alternative, as it generates added value to this material and promotes a better use of non-renewable natural resources. The objective of this work was the development of agglomerated boards of skin polyurethane (PUs) (industrial wast) with the addition of different flame retardants, as well as the evaluation of fire reaction, morphological, physical and mechanical properties of the agglomerates obtained. The compositions used were 40 to 70 % (mass) industrial waste PUs, 30 % binder agent (Elastan) and 0 to 30 % of different flame retardants (alumina trihydrate - ATH, melamine polyphosphate - MPP, ammonium polyphosphate - APP and antimony trioxide + decabromodiphenyl oxide - TADB). To obtain the agglomerated boards, different compositions were compression molded using 2 to 6 kgf·cm-2 at 60 °C for 10 min. This study concluded that the samples PUs(40)/APP(30) and PUs(40)/TADB(30) (containing 30 % by mass of flame retardants) presented the best results of reaction to fire, with classification V0, according to the UL94-V standard. It was also evidenced that different size of PU granulometry does not alter the properties of reaction to fire of the developed agglomerates. The mechanical tests show that the agglomerates have superior resistance than necessary for the handling and application, and the results of thermal conductivity prove that these materials can possibly be destined for thermic applications in building construction and industry.