published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Geography / Master / Master of Philosophy

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This thesis aims to examine the spatial relationship between elevated air temperatures and populations most vulnerable to heat across the urban environment. To assess this correlation, the analysis focuses on the cities of Atlanta, Georgia and Minneapolis, Minnesota. A three-part methodology was employed: first, continuous air temperature was estimated using satellite imagery and weather station observations; second, a heat vulnerability index was generated based on demographic, social, and environmental variables at the Census block group level; and third, a spatial statistical analysis was performed to measure the correlation between the hottest temperatures and the populations most vulnerable to heat. Finally, the thesis concludes with policy recommendations that address the comprehensive nature of vulnerability in relation to extreme heat. As municipalities and local governments plan for a future with warmer temperatures and larger urban populations, effective policies must be designed with respect to both the social and physical environments; the results herein can help inform such strategies.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

The primary objectives of this study are to understand if and how cities are adapting to heat and water stress and to characterize their understanding of the potential tradeoffs associated with vegetation-based strategies. I address these objectives using two approaches: a comparative analysis of climate adaptation and sustainability planning documents in cities vulnerable to heat and water stress and an in-depth case study of the response to heat and water threats in Los Angeles. The comparative analysis of city plans builds a broad understanding of how cities are planning to adapt to heat and water stress and the degree to which they articulate an understanding of, and mitigate the potential for, maladaptive measures. The Los Angeles case study provides the opportunity to more deeply trace how the process of adapting to heat and water stress has unfolded in a single city. To do so, I locate the city’s contemporary policies in an historical continuum with previous municipal environmental policy efforts, in local patterns of urban development and their entailing political and economic foundations, and in regional, state, national, and international environmental policy hierarchies.

Urban heat island is a phenomenon of different temperatures in cities compared to temperatures in the surrounding landscape. The intensity of this phenomenon can be influenced by the presence of vegetation in cities. There is evaluated the effect of vegetation on microclimate in various parts of the city České Budějovice in this thesis. The assessment is based on the evaluation of multispectral Landsat satellite images and thermal images, which were taken in-situ using thermal camera, and their statistical processing. The results show statistically significant differences in surface temperatures in the different areas of the city with a different amount of vegetation. Surface temperatures are significantly lower in areas with a large amount of vegetation than in areas without vegetation. Equally, selected vegetation surfaces have lower temperatures compared to anthropogenic surfaces, at least about 9 ° C.

O padrão de desenvolvimento das cidades brasileiras nas últimas décadas, com acelerada urbanização, tem mostrado resultados prejudiciais sobre a forma das cidades, a qualidade de vida nelas e o consumo dos recursos naturais. Para promover a sustentabilidade no planejamento urbano é importante adequar o ambiente construído ao clima local, permitindo ao homem viver em conforto e reduzir o consumo dos recursos naturais. Uma das maneiras apontadas para melhorar a qualidade das cidades e o conforto térmico nelas é através da criação de parques verdes. Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a influência dos parques verdes no conforto térmico urbano, através de estudo de caso em Porto Alegre/RS. A pesquisa parte da revisão bibliográfica, para explicar como as áreas verdes podem contribuir para o conforto térmico urbano. Para o estudo de caso foi analisada a influência dos parques Farroupilha, Moinhos de Vento e Germânia nos seus entornos, através de medições in loco de temperatura e umidade do ar, principais variáveis de conforto térmico, e de análises de dados de sensoriamento remoto. Utilizando índices que consideram apenas estas duas variáveis, um com base da carta de Givoni e outro no cálculo da Temperatura Efetiva, não foi possível observar correlação entre o conforto térmico e a presença e proximidade dos parques. Entretanto, analisando as variáveis, é possível observar que os parques aumentaram entre 3,54 e 13,94% a umidade relativa do ar e reduziram a temperatura do ar em até 2,3°C. As análises de sensoriamento remoto vão ao encontro destes resultados, chegando 8,6°C as diferenças de temperaturas de superfície obtidas no interior e no entorno dos parques. Os três parques estudados influenciaram nas variáveis de conforto nos seus entornos, sendo o efeito de oásis mais significativo nos parques maiores e com áreas mais arborizadas e superfícies de água. Assim sendo, até mesmo os parques menores contribuem para a redução das ilhas de calor urbano, evitando que as temperaturas dos centros das cidades aumentem ainda mais. / The pattern of development of Brazilian cities in recent decades, with rapid urbanization, have shown harmful results on the morphology of the cities, the quality of life in them and the consumption of natural resources. To promote sustainability in urban planning it is important to adapt the built environment to the local climate, allowing to live in comfort and to reduce the consumption of natural resources. One of the ways aimed at improving the quality of cities and the thermal comfort in them is by creating green parks. This work aims to analyze the influence of green parks in the urban thermal comfort a case study in Porto Alegre / RS. The study of the literature review can explain how green areas can contribute to the urban thermal comfort. For the case study we analyzed the influence of three parks (Farroupilha, Moinhos de Vento and Germânia) with their surroundings by measurements, in situ, of temperature and humidity, the main variables of thermal comfort, and remote sensing data analysis. Using indexes treating only these two variables, one based on the chart of Givoni and the other in the calculation of Effective Temperature, was not observed correlation between thermal comfort and the presence and proximity of the parks. However, analyzing the variables we can observe that the parks have increased of relative air humidity between 3.54 and 13.94% and reduced air temperature of 2.32°C. Remote sensing analysis are in agreement with these results, reaching 8.56°C differences in surface temperatures obtained inside and around the parks. The three parks studied influenced variables the comfort of in their surroundings, with the oasis effect very significant on the largest parks and more wooded areas and water surfaces. Even the smallest parks contribute to the reduction of urban heat islands, preventing temperatures from urban centers to increase further.

abstract: Pavement surface temperature is calculated using a fundamental energy balance model developed previously. It can be studied using a one-dimensional mathematical model. The input to the model is changed, to study the effect of different properties of pavement on its diurnal surface temperatures. It is observed that the pavement surface temperature has a microclimatic effect on the air temperature above it. A major increase in local air temperature is caused by heating of solid surfaces in that locality. A case study was done and correlations have been established to calculate the air temperature above a paved surface. Validation with in-situ pavement surface and air temperatures were made. Experimental measurement for the city of Phoenix shows the difference between the ambient air temperature of the city and the microclimatic air temperature above the pavement is approximately 10 degrees Fahrenheit. One mitigation strategy that has been explored is increasing the albedo of the paved surface. Although it will reduce the pavement surface temperature, leading to a reduction in air temperature close to the surface, the increased pavement albedo will also result in greater reflected solar radiation directed towards the building, thus increasing the building solar load. The first effect will imply a reduction in the building energy consumption, while the second effect will imply an increase in the building energy consumption. Simulation is done using the EnergyPlus tool, to find the microclimatic effect of pavement on the building energy performance. The results indicate the cooling energy savings of an office building for different types of pavements can be variable as much as 30%. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2015

Submitted by FRANCISCA INEZ GOUVEIA ALEXANDRINO null (inezg@uol.com.br) on 2017-06-22T15:24:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisca Inez Gouveia Alexandrino .pdf: 3231863 bytes, checksum: 82b1291013e043a8b9b2ef9d6a2390ff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-06-22T17:30:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandrino_fig_me_guara.pdf: 3231863 bytes, checksum: 82b1291013e043a8b9b2ef9d6a2390ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T17:30:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandrino_fig_me_guara.pdf: 3231863 bytes, checksum: 82b1291013e043a8b9b2ef9d6a2390ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-20 / O acelerado processo de ocupação urbana que as cidades produzem para abrigar suas populações, vem impactando no ambiente físico e natural. Reflexo deste desequilíbrio está no surgimento da Ilha de Calor, promovida pelo excesso de áreas construídas, pouca permeabilidade no solo e de áreas vegetadas, contribuindo com o aumento de temperatura e com a alteração do balanço energético do lugar tornando os ambientes favoráveis para a proliferação de doenças vetoriais como a dengue. A maioria das pesquisas sobre Ilha de Calor estão relacionadas com conforto térmico e o equilíbrio ambiental nas áreas urbanas, sendo um desafio sobre as causas das alterações ambientais sobre as condições de saúde. Segundo a Secretária de vigilância epidemiológica da cidade de Taubaté-SP, na região do Vale do Paraíba, com população de 280.000 hab., notificou no ano de 2014 mais de 9 mil casos de dengue, sendo a terceira maior cidade com registro da doença no ano. A escassez de dados sobre o microclima que contribuam com a saúde pública e com as propostas do plano diretor da cidade, justifica esta pesquisa em reconhecer os impactos sobre o meio ambiente e associar a Ilha de Calor com os casos de dengue ocorridos na faixa etária de 0 a 9 anos. O objetivo do trabalho foi de identifica as mudanças de uso e ocupação do solo urbano entre os anos de 2000 e 2010 e detectar as alterações de temperatura de superfície da área urbana no verão de 2014 e associar com os casos de dengue ocorridos no mesmo período nos setores censitários urbanos, produzindo mapas temáticos de densidade pelo modelo kernel. Para tanto, foram adquirida imagens do sensor TM do Landsat 5 datadas de 21/08/2000 e 01/08/2010 e imagem de verão datada de 01/02/2014 do satélite Landsat 8 sensores Orli/Tirs da orbita 118/76 que foram processadas e analisadas pelo sistema de informação geográfico (Arcgis). O resultado obtido identificou que a ocupação urbana sobre áreas ambientais do município tem contribuído com o surgimento da Ilha de Calor, destacando elevadas alterações de temperaturas de superfície de solo em alguns setores censitários urbanos no ano de 2014, que correlacionados aos casos de dengue ocorridos na faixa etária de 0 a 9 anos no mesmo período foi possível identificar pelo método de densidade de Kernel uma associação entre os mesmos setores censitários urbanos. / The accelerated process of urban occupation that cities produce to shelter their populations, has impacted the physical and natural environment. Reflection of this imbalance is in the emergence of the "heat island", promoted by the excess of constructed areas, little permeability in the soil and of vegetated areas, contributing with the increase of temperature and with the alteration of the energy balance of the place making the environments favorable for the proliferation of vector-borne diseases such as dengue. Most research on 'heat islands' is related to thermal comfort and the environmental balance of urban areas, and is a challenge on the causes of environmental changes on health conditions. According to the Secretary of Epidemiological Surveillance of the city of Taubaté-SP, in the Vale do Paraíba region, with a population of 280,000 inhabitants, in the year 2014 reported more than 9 thousand cases of dengue fever, being the third largest city with registered disease in the year. The scarcity of data on the microclimate that contribute to public health and the proposals of the city master plan justifies this research in recognizing the impacts on the environment and associating "heat islands" with dengue cases occurring in the range age from 0 to 9 years. The objective of this work was to identify changes in urban land use and urban occupation between 2000 and 2010 to detect changes in the surface temperature of the urban area in the summer of 2014 and to associate with the dengue cases occurring in the same period in the urban census sectors, producing thematic maps of density by the kernel model. For that, images of the TM sensor of Landsat 5 dated August 21, 2000 and August 1, 2010 were acquired and summer image dated 01/02/2014 of the satellite Landsat 8 Orli / Tirs sensors of the orbit 118/76 were processed and analyzed by the geographic information system (Arcgis). The obtained result identified that the urban occupation on environmental areas of the municipality has contributed to the emergence of the "heat island", highlighting high changes of soil surface temperatures in some urban census tracts of the year 2014, which correlated to dengue cases Occurring in the age group 0 to 9 years in the same period, it was possible to identify by the Kernel density method an association between the same urban sencus tracts.