Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Los Angeles, 1995. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 247-259).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Notre Dame, 2005. / Thesis directed by Maxwell E. Johnson for the Department of Theology. "December 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 228-238).

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Anthropol.--Yogyakarta, 1995. / Bibliogr. p. 357-366. Notes bibliogr. Glossaire. Index.

The overall objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between male circumcision status and HIV infection in men from Salima district in Malawi. A cross-sectional survey-based study of men aged 15 years or more was conducted at three sites in Salima district, each of which targeted 90 participants, half of whom were circumcised and the other half uncircumcised. These participants had already decided on their own to visit HIV Testing and Counseling centres at these sites to know their HIV serostatus. Consenting men were drawn into the study using quota sampling, interviewed through a structured questionnaire in local language and tested for HIV during January and March 2011. Measures of association were performed using analysis of contingency tables and Pearson’s chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact tests for comparison of proportions in STATA version 11.0 and PASW Statistics 18.0 software. Unadjusted odds ratios were used to approximate the direction and strength of association. Further, a multivariable logistic regression model was fit to determine which other variables were significantly associated with HIV infection. The study was approved by University of Fort Hare Interim Research Ethics Committee and National Health Sciences Research Committee in Malawi. The overall prevalence of HIV infection was 11.5 percent. However, it was less than half in circumcised males (7.4 percent) compared with uncircumcised counterparts (15.6 vi percent). While Fisher’s exact test revealed a borderline statistically significant association between male circumcision status and HIV infection (p 0.055), Pearson’s chi-square test showed a stronger significant association between the two variables ( p 0.036). The strength of the association was manifested by the odds of HIV infection being roughly 0.43 times lower for circumcised males than their uncircumcised counterparts with a 95 percent confidence interval of (0.20 0.96). Although the association was maintained after controlling for some variables, it lost statistical significance when adjusted for other variables. A multivariable logistic regression revealed that three other variables had significant associations with HIV infection and these were: falling in the age group of 25 years or more (OR 4.69; p 0.020), having had sex with an HIV positive partner (OR 12.15; p 0.000) and having contracted a sexually transmitted infection (OR 3.25; p 0.032). Male circumcision status is significantly related to HIV infection. Although the study involved a small sample size and undertaken in one district in Malawi, the finding is consistent with existing clinic-based findings in literature that indicate a lower risk of HIV infection in circumcised males than in uncircumcised males. Consequently, male circumcision could be considered if it can prove to be a public health intervention in the Malawi context aimed at reducing the risk of uncircumcised males becoming infected by HIV.

This study investigated the formulation and characterisation of emulsion explosives. This included the manufacture of more than 120kg of emulsion explosive of which around 105kg was used on the explosive ordnance range in over 350 individual firings. For each emulsion composition, an average of eight firings was undertaken with which to substantiate the explosive performance data. The formulation was varied to determine the effects of water content upon the physical characteristics of the emulsion. These physical effects included thermal conductivity, particle size, viscosity and the explosive performance of the emulsion. In respect of explosive performance, microballoons were added to sensitise the emulsion and the proportions of microballoons added were altered to look at their effect on velocity of detonation, sensitivity and the brisance of the emulsions. Emulsion explosives are commonly referred, in literature, as Type 11 non-ideal explosives. This is due to their non-linear behaviour with respect to the variation of velocity of detonation with density. Traditionally, when an emulsion explosive was commercially manufactured, the water content has been kept at a minimum (12-17%). This was accepted as the way to achieve the best explosive performance, based upon the belief that an emulsion with the highest concentration of active ingredients, ammonium nitrate and oil, would give the best explosive performance. This study examined a wider range of emulsion explosive water contents than has been previously studied, from 12% to 35% water. It was found, during this study, that higher water content emulsions, specifically 25% water, had a marked increase in explosive performance. The highest velocity of detonation recorded was in a 39mm diameter tube, at 25% water content with 3% microballoons, was 5558ms-1. This was some 15% higher than any other VOD recorded in this study. The high velocity of detonation, at 25% water content, was one of a number of physical characteristics in which this water content varied from the other emulsion water contents. This study endeavored to show that emulsion explosives could exhibit two differing types of explosive reaction, thermal explosion and grain burning. This was based on the velocity of detonation and plate dent data, both of which indicated that there was a change in reaction with water content. Emulsion explosives, with a high water and high microballoon content, exhibited a thermal explosion type reaction. They exhibited Type I ideal explosive behaviour, with increasing velocity of detonation with density. Lower water content emulsion explosives, displayed the more commonly expected Type 11 non-ideal behaviour and reacted in a grain burning type detonation.

This study investigated the formulation and characterisation of emulsion explosives. This included the manufacture of more than 120kg of emulsion explosive of which around 105kg was used on the explosive ordnance range in over 350 individual firings. For each emulsion composition, an average of eight firings was undertaken with which to substantiate the explosive performance data. The formulation was varied to determine the effects of water content upon the physical characteristics of the emulsion. These physical effects included thermal conductivity, particle size, viscosity and the explosive performance of the emulsion. In respect of explosive performance, microballoons were added to sensitise the emulsion and the proportions of microballoons added were altered to look at their effect on velocity of detonation, sensitivity and the brisance of the emulsions. Emulsion explosives are commonly referred, in literature, as Type 11 non-ideal explosives. This is due to their non-linear behaviour with respect to the variation of velocity of detonation with density. Traditionally, when an emulsion explosive was commercially manufactured, the water content has been kept at a minimum (12-17%). This was accepted as the way to achieve the best explosive performance, based upon the belief that an emulsion with the highest concentration of active ingredients, ammonium nitrate and oil, would give the best explosive performance. This study examined a wider range of emulsion explosive water contents than has been previously studied, from 12% to 35% water. It was found, during this study, that higher water content emulsions, specifically 25% water, had a marked increase in explosive performance. The highest velocity of detonation recorded was in a 39mm diameter tube, at 25% water content with 3% microballoons, was 5558ms-1. This was some 15% higher than any other VOD recorded in this study. The high velocity of detonation, at 25% water content, was one of a number of physical characteristics in which this water content varied from the other emulsion water contents. This study endeavored to show that emulsion explosives could exhibit two differing types of explosive reaction, thermal explosion and grain burning. This was based on the velocity of detonation and plate dent data, both of which indicated that there was a change in reaction with water content. Emulsion explosives, with a high water and high microballoon content, exhibited a thermal explosion type reaction. They exhibited Type I ideal explosive behaviour, with increasing velocity of detonation with density. Lower water content emulsion explosives, displayed the more commonly expected Type 11 non-ideal behaviour and reacted in a grain burning type detonation.

This research study in Mdantsane (East London), Whittlesea (Hewu), Njiveni (Libode) and Cala sought to investigate the role of the amaXhosa male initiation in moral regeneration focusing on socio-cultural, educational and religious aspects related to moral values. The role of the amaXhosa male initiation as a rite of passage from boyhood to manhood, how it was viewed in the past, its impact upon the initiates and its contribution to the moral upholding of values were investigated. It was further intended to establish whether westernisation and urbanisation brought a shift of meaning and emphasis to the current initiation practice and, if so, to what extent has the ceremony departed from traditional norms and what challenges the ceremony has to face at present. A qualitative research method involving an ethnographic study was utilised, which includes in-depth, semi-structured interviews (formal interviews and informal discussions) and participant observation. Research findings suggested that in the past the amaXhosa male initiation played a role in the instruction of moral values. However, this study identified a shift of meaning in the practice which has been more evident in urban than in rural areas. The shift suggested that the instruction role has changed in prominence and there is less emphasis on teaching and appropriate adult behaviour. Moreover that the amakhankatha, who had the major role in teaching of the initiates are now participating in making the role less effective and sometimes introducing influences that are destructive to the initiates. Such negative influences include abuse of alcohol and drugs, promiscuity among the youth and disobedience of elders. It is argued that revisiting the teachings surrounding male initiation may cultivate productive debates on how young males are taught morality in today's society. Furthermore, that if the Xhosa male initiation could be contextualised it can play a role in the instruction of boys as they graduate to manhood and that can contribute to moral regeneration in South Africa.

La recherche sur la croyance à la sorcellerie d’antan, c’est-à-dire avant la colonisation de l’Afrique subsaharienne. Le savoir de ces données survivait dans la mémoire de certains aînés qui peuvent se rappeler. Nous avons découvert que pour être sorcier (Nkangadoka) chez les Tetela, il faut être initié. On a deux types de sorciers :celui qui vit dans l’anonymat et celui qui se dévoile parce qu’il est à la fois sorcier et devin-thérapeute. Il y a la notion de personne avec les principes spirituels, quatre pour la personne ordinaire, le double, c’est-à-dire 4 x deux, pour le sorcier. Nous avons aussi découvert l’importance que les Tetela apportent à la vie post-morte, donc la réincarnation. La permanence de cette croyance jusqu’aujourd’hui malgré la métamorphose de la société (industrie, médecine, écoles, les églises de réveil…) / Doctorat en Philosophie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In many professions world-wide it is common that there is supervised training called induction for newly qualified professionals before they can be appointed permanently in their positions (Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA), 2017:1). The designations of the programmes differ from one profession to another. In some professions they are referred to as internships, probations or induction. What such programmes have in common is that they confirm and enhance a practitioner’s awareness of his or her status as a professional (HPCSA, 2017:1). In some countries like Scotland and regions like Ontario in Canada there are professional teacher registration bodies that use induction for beginning teachers as contemplated in the paragraph above to complete a teacher’s professional training (Ontario Teachers’ College, 2010:3; General Teaching Council for Scotland GTCS, 2012:2). However, in South Africa, although induction is intended to be available for all beginning teachers, it is not always the case in practice. Moreover, the successful completion of an induction programme is not a prerequisite for a permanent appointment as a teacher. In South Africa the professional council for education is the South African Council for Educators (SACE). Its registration requirements for educators (which allow them to teach) do not include the successful completion of an induction programme and are limited to pre-service academic qualifications and registration with SACE. The problem is that beginning teacher induction is still not fully realised in most schools in South Africa and that its purpose is uncertain (Hudson, 2012:2). The focus in this study is beginning teacher induction in primary schools in Mbombela in the Mpumalanga province. It investigates the views of beginning teachers, experienced teachers and their principals about induction in primary schools in the Mbombela area in Mpumalanga to gain insight into how induction for beginning teachers can be improved in schools to enhance the quality of education and to promote teachers’ awareness of their status as professional practitioners. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Education Management and Policy Studies / MEd / Unrestricted

The study objective was to identify demographic, medical, and health behavior factors that predict breastfeeding initiation in a rural population with low breastfeeding rates. Participants were 2323 women who experienced consecutive deliveries at 2 hospitals, with data obtained through detailed chart review. Only half the women initiated breastfeeding, which was significantly associated with higher levels of education, private insurance, nonsmoking and non-drug-using status, and primiparity, after controlling for confounders. Follow-up analyses revealed that smoking status was the strongest predictor of failure to breastfeed, with nonsmokers nearly twice as likely to breastfeed as smokers and with those who had smoked a pack per day or more the least likely to breastfeed. Findings reveal many factors placing women at risk for not breastfeeding and suggest that intervention efforts should encourage a combination of smoking cessation and breastfeeding while emphasizing that breastfeeding is not contraindicated even if the mother continues to smoke.