Depuis 1995 et la découverte de la première exoplanète autour d'une étoile de la séquence principale, de nombreux projets ayant pour objectif la détection de planètes extrasolaires ont été développés. À ce jour, la majorité des planètes ont été découvertes par des méthodes indirectes. En effet, la détection directe est rendue très difficile par le très grand contraste entre l'étoile et la planète ainsi que par la très haute résolution angulaire requise. Une solution à cette problématique est la coronographie. De façon générale, un coronographe est un instrument dont l'objectif est d'atténuer le flux de l'étoile en diminuant la diffraction instrumentale. J'ai étudié ce système pour deux instruments, en l'abordant avec deux angles de vue très différents et complémentaires. J'ai tout d'abord étudié le système coronographique de phase à quatre quadrants de l'instrument MIRI (``Mid-InfraRed Instrument'') sur le télescope JWST (``James Webb Space Telescope''), instrument dont l'un des objectifs principaux est la détection d'exoplanètes de type Jupiter. J'ai, dans un premier temps, participé au travail de recette des coronographes puis je me suis focalisée sur des simulations numériques. J'ai, dans ce cadre, établi la statistique de détection d'exoplanètes pour un échantillon d'étoiles proches. J'ai ensuite évalué les limitations du pointage en mode coronographique puis les spécifications des algorithmes de bord ainsi que les procédures de centrage. Une autre méthode est utilisable pour détecter des exoplanètes sur le JWST : la méthode des transits. Je l'ai étudiée dans le cas particulier d'une Terre primitive, en considérant deux des instruments du JWST. Dans un deuxième volet, je me suis intéressée aux possibilités de détection directe d'exoplanètes telluriques sur les ELTs (``Extremely Large Telescopes'') en utilisant un système coronographique. Le rapport de flux entre la planète et l'étoile est, dans ce cas de $2.10^{-10}$ en proche infrarouge. J'ai étudié, à partir d'une modélisation analytique et numérique détaillée, l'imagerie différentielle simultanée en aval du coronographe; j'ai quantifié l'impact des aberrations statiques et montré que les contraintes imposées sur la qualité des optiques étaient très fortes. Une autre contrainte très forte sur la détection d'exoplanètes est le bruit de photons qui est imposé par le niveau de l'image directe et donc par les résidus liés aux imperfections du front d'onde issu de l'optique adaptative; j'ai donc étudié l'intérêt d'installer un ELT au dôme C où la turbulence est moins importante et donc la correction meilleure. J'ai enfin estimé les limitations supplémentaires apportées par l'utilisation de coronographes réels (donc imparfaits) et par des systèmes de<br />calibration spectrale.

Ces travaux de thèse traitent de l'étude et de la validation d'un spectromètre gamma pour la mesure de la composition chimique des surfaces planétaires et ont été appliqués à la préparation d'une mission vers la planète Mercure. Ils ont permis de caractériser les performances d'un concept d'instrument basé sur un cristal de germanium ultra-pur (HPGe) refroidi activement à température cryogénique. Deux aspects critiques ont été particulièrement étudiés en liaison avec l'environnement extrême rencontré dans le Système Solaire interne. D'abord une caractérisation expérimentale et numérique des dommages radiatifs causés par les particules solaires dans les cristaux de germanium a été réalisée et a conduit à établir une procédure de récupération des performances. D'autre part, un modèle thermique numérique de l'instrument ainsi que des essais sur une maquette thermique ont été réalisés et valident le concept thermique de l'instrument.

Das kostenfrei erhältliche Performanz Analyse Werkzeug Paradyn wird im Hinblick auf die Tauglichkeit zur Performanzanalyse quantenmechanischer Anwendungen (konkret Abinit) untersucht. Zusätzlich wird Paradyn so erweitert, dass eine Analyse mittels vorhandener Hardwarecounter möglich ist. Da Paradyn plattformunabhängig ist werden Performance Counter Bibliotheken wie PCL oder PAPI verwendet.

The Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX) will map the power spectrum of 0.8 million blindly discovered Lyman-alpha Emitting Galaxies (LAE) using a revolutionary new array of massively replicated, fiber-fed spectrographs dubbed the Visible Integral-Field Replicable Unit Spectrograph (VIRUS). In the era of the Hobby-Eberly Telescope wide-field upgrade, the current Low Resolution Spectrograph (LRS) must be replaced with a fiber instrument. In this thesis, I discuss the development of the second generation LRS (LRS2), which is an R>1200 multi-channel instrument based on the VIRUS design and fed by a 287 fiber, 7” x 12” microlens coupled integral field unit. I focus on the blue optimized version of the instrument (3720<[lamda] (Angstroms)<7000), specifically on the opto-mechanical design of the VPH grisms. With the purpose of making the instrument ideal for the follow-up of LAE in the HETDEX survey, I discuss the science drivers for selecting the spectral resolution of the instrument. To test the utility of such an instrument, I present R~2400 spectra of two LAE that were originally discovered in the HETDEX Pilot Survey (Adams et al. 2011). These data were taken with the VIRUS prototype spectrograph in a high-resolution mode at the McDonald Observatory Harlan J. Smith 2.7 m telescope. The Lyman-alpha line profiles are constrained by near-infrared observations of rest-frame optical emission lines from Finkelstein et al. (2011), which set the systemic redshift of the galaxies. I discuss the velocity offsets of the Lyman-alpha line from the systemic line center and the implications for the HETDEX survey. I compare the line profiles to theory, specifically to those describing dust attenuation, outflows or inflows of neutral gas on the galactic scale, and attenuation in the intergalactic medium. This study provides an example of how LRS2 can be used to probe Lyman-alpha emission in 2<z<3 star-forming galaxies. / text

published_or_final_version / Music / Master / Master of Philosophy

One of the earliest indications of magnetic fields acting in the solar atmosphere came at the beginning of the 20th century when George Hale noted a "decided definiteness of structure" in photographs within the Hydrogen Balmer-alpha line core. Fine structure both in the chromosphere and in the corona result from processes that are not well understood but accepted as a consequence of the solar magnetic field. Our knowledge of this field is lacking, and until recently, the assumed relationship between fine thermal structure and the magnetic field remained untested. Here, spectropolarimetric diagnostics of fine structures in the solar chromosphere and cool corona are advanced using the infrared He I triplet at 1083 nm. Precise calibration procedures are developed for the Facility Infrared Spectropolarimeter (FIRS), recently commissioned at the Dunn Solar Telescope. Together with high-order adaptive optics, we simultaneously map fine structures while obtaining a polarimetric sensitivity of up to 2 x 10 ⁻⁴ of the incoming intensity. These instrument improvements result in the first maps of the He I polarized signatures within an active region superpenumbra, where Hale first recognized fine-structuring. Selective absorption and emission processes due to non-equilibrium optical pumping are recognized. Our interpretation, using advanced inversions of the He I triplet, provides confirmation of Hale's initial suspicion--the fine structures of the solar chromosphere are visual markers for the magnetic field. Yet, the fine chromospheric thermal structure is not matched by an equivalently fine magnetic structure. Our ability to measure this field suggests the utility of the He I triplet as an inner boundary condition for the inner heliospheric magnetic field. In the corona itself, we infer the vector properties of a catastrophically-cooled coronal loop, uniting space-based and ground-based instrumentation. We determine how fine loops are anchored in the photosphere via a narrow umbral flare, the consequence of a supersonic downflow of cooled material. A stereoscopic reconstruction as well as full-Stokes inversions of the He I measurements provide the first comparison of the 3D thermal structure and 3D magnetic structure of a fine-scaled coronal loop.

No description available.

Over the past several years, experiments in adaptive optics involving multiple natural and laser guide stars have been carried out at the 1.55 m Kuiper telescope and the 6.5 m MMT telescope. The astronomical imaging improvement anticipated from both ground-layer and tomographic adaptive optics has been calculated. Ground-layer adaptive optics will reduce the effects of atmospheric seeing, increasing the resolution and sensitivity of astronomical observations over wide fields. Tomographic adaptive optics will provide diffraction-limited imaging along a single line of sight, increasing the amount of sky coverage available to adaptive optics correction.A new facility class wavefront sensor has been deployed at the MMT which will support closed-loop adaptive optics correction using a constellation of five Rayleigh laser guide stars and the deformable F/15 secondary mirror. The adaptive optics control loop was closed for the first time around the focus signal from all five laser signals in July of 2007, demonstrating that the system is working properly. It is anticipated that the full high-order ground-layer adaptive optics loop, controlled by the laser signals in conjunction with a tip/tilt natural guide star, will be closed in September 2007, with the imaging performance delivered by the system optimized and evaluated.The work here is intended to be both its own productive scientific endeavor for the MMT, but also as a proof of concept for the advanced adaptive optics systems designed to support observing at the Large Binocular Telescope and future extremely large telescopes such as the Giant Magellan Telescope.

Atomic Energy of Canada Limited’s Underground Research Laboratory was built to allow study of concepts for the long-term disposal of Canada’s used nuclear fuel in a deep geological repository. The underground portion of the facility was decommissioned and permanently closed in 2010. Decommissioning included the installation of a seal at the intersection of the access shaft with a hydraulically active fracture zone located at 275 m depth. The objective of the shaft seal is to limit potential groundwater mixing above and below the fracture zone. This project provided a unique opportunity to study the hydro-mechanical evolution of a full-scale shaft seal installed under conditions similar to those in a deep geological repository. This thesis provides an overview of the instrumentation and data logging techniques that have been successfully used to monitor the initial behaviour of the shaft seal in this unique underground environment.

To evaluate the impact of reduced truck tire pressure on strain response of low volume spring-restricted roads, research was conducted on two instrumented pavement sections in Manitoba, Canada. Tire pressure control systems tests were carried out at the sections in spring and fall 2009. Measured maximum tensile strain at the bottom of asphalt layer decreased by 15-20% when tire pressure was reduced by 50%. Measured strain at the bottom of asphalt layer in fall is about 50% less than in spring. The effects of gauge orientation, truck speed, and tire offset from the strain gauge were also analyzed. A finite element model with static load was developed and verified. The bearing capacity is lower in spring than in normal condition for flexible pavements subject to deep frost action. Reduced tire pressure is effective to reduce bottom up failure of the pavement, and is less effective to prevent rutting.