48 pages / Policy on the parallel imports of medicines is being debated currently in Korea. This paper looks at several countries' trends, the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement, and the Korean golf market to search for policy ideas. A simple consumer welfare benefit-cost and sensitivity analysis shows that parallel imports give not only consumers' surplus on parallel imported golf clubs, but also a much larger consumers' surplus on authorized brand versions.This paper makes the following recommendations: First, parallel imports should be permitted according to the principle of free trade, if the cost of parallel imports to the country is not much larger than the benefit. Second, even if parallel impmts are pem1itted, some exceptional cases should be allowed where international exhaustion is problematic. Third, governmental intervention, a clear labeling system, for example, is required to protect consumers, and help consumers make rational choices. / Note: This digital copy was scanned from a personal copy, and contains some underlining and marginalia.

This dissertation consists of three essays that sit at the intersection of international trade, political economy and the economics of innovation. It analyzes from a critical perspective the relationship between organized interest groups and international agreements on trade and intellectual property rights (IPR) protection and offers new theoretical insights, which it then supports empirically. My first essay calls into question the logic of the standard Grossman-Helpman/Bagwell-Staiger model of trade agreements, according to which governments enter international treaties to prevent terms-of-trade manipulation and special interest politics has a trivial role. Despite its immense popularity, it remains inconsistent with observed trade policy and with the practitioners' understanding of trade treaties. By assuming that subsidies have additional political cost beyond their monetary cost, I show how international agreements result in the reduction of political protectionism through the crucial role of exporting lobbies in the negotiations process. At the same time, the model resolves three prominent puzzles in the literature: the terms-of-trade puzzle, the anti-trade bias puzzle and the inefficient redistribution puzzle. Finally I find empirical support for the model and my key assumption using data on US agricultural trade policy. In the second essay I propose a model that considers the effect of firm lobbying for IPR protection in an international setting in innovation-driven economies. In particular, I compare the IPR protection level and global social welfare between the case when countries set their IPR policies non-cooperatively and when they enter an international treaty, such as the TRIPS, TPP and TTIP. I find that lobbying necessarily leads to inefficient international agreements resulting in too much IPR protection and may even be welfare-reducing relative to no cooperation. I also show that international lobbying and high concentration of capital can further exacerbate this outcome. The model generates predictions consistent with patterns I find in the data on US firms' lobbying expenditures and the value of their international patent portfolios. Finally, the third essay provides a critique of a popular structural patent valuation methodology that utilizes the stock market response to news about patent grants, first introduced by Kogan et al. (2012). Using their methodology (refined and improved in terms of the theoretical derivation), I perform a placebo estimation of US patent values and compare the results with the true patent value estimates as per Kogan et al's paper. I find strong evidence that the "true" patent value estimates are not driven by patent news announcements, but rather are an artifact of the estimation methodology itself and as such cannot be used for comparisons across different patent-holding firms and grant years. I further corroborate the external validity of this critique by applying the same method to a novel database of Chinese patents and finding that the same conclusion holds.

In 1793, the nascent French republic established its first intellectual property law called droit d’auteur. This statute affected the visual arts and literature in equal measure, such that from a legal perspective, a painting and a manuscript were now treated as equivalent entities. Whereas literary critics have traced the impacts of this legislation on the production of novels and poetry, and legal historians have detailed its ramifications in nineteenth-century case law, art historians have yet to examine how this consolidation of the sister arts under the rubric of the auteur affected the development of the visual arts and aesthetic practices in the same period. Thus, despite ongoing interest in authorship across the humanities, scholars have operated with an only partial understanding of the subject. My thesis documents how French institutions of authorship, which included courtrooms, print shops, publishing houses, post offices, and libraries, coordinated an increasingly transnational field of textual and pictorial activities. More importantly, it analyses how these same institutions led to the creation of historically significant visual forms. Through a series of case studies of five canonical painters and writers, I offer a revised account of the emergence of modern art in France on the basis of the intimacies and antagonisms felt to exist between these differing artistic spheres. Chapter 1 follows the transition from the ancien régime’s system of artistic privilege to the modern administration of artist’s rights in the work of the royal portraitist Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun. By analyzing her 1835 memoirs alongside some of her key post-Revolutionary paintings, I establish the artist as a leading theoretician-practitioner of a new, legitimist aesthetics. Chapter 2 focuses on the classical aesthetic conflict between picture making and writing as it was expressed in the posthumously published diaries of Eugène Delacroix. I interpret his diary’s Romantic notion of pictorial specificity as an early variant of pictorial modernism. Chapter 3 explores the intertwined politics of exile and authorship in Victor Hugo’s enigmatic ink drawings. Tracking their creation in Guernsey to their eventual bequest alongside the writer’s literary manuscripts to the Bibliothèque nationale de France, this chapter also offers the first art history of the French national library, which, months prior to the opening of the Louvre, became the country’s first true public domain of images. Chapter 4 chronicles the emergence of the first global infrastructure for authors of art through an analysis of what I have called Vincent van Gogh’s “postal paradigm.” It demonstrates how the émigré artist substituted traditional academic protocols of education, critical evaluation, and reception with newly internationalized postal instruments and, additionally, how the formation of the Universal Postal Union facilitated the expansion of the international art market in the 1880s. Chapter 5 analyzes writer Émile Zola’s photographs taken in the 1890s in relation to a key aspect of his magnum opus, the Rougon-Macquart series: its conclusion. This chapter charts the consequential overlapping of two significant aesthetic debates in the 1880s and 1890s, both of which have until now been treated as unrelated— (1) the critiques and debates surrounding Zola’s experimental aesthetics; and (2) the contestations over the court’s role in determining photography’s status as authored. The project concludes with an epilogue that utilizes the project’s author concept to re-interpret early art historical theory.

This dissertation focuses on an important Muslim periodical "Pengasoh" and the role it has played in the Muslim ‘reform’ discourses in early 20th century Malaya. The periodical was first published by the Majlis Agama Islam Kelantan (Kelantan’s State Islamic Council) in 1918. Within the context of Malay-Muslim society, Kelantan was, and in some ways remain, a particularly important centre for Islamic culture and learning, attracting teachers and students from across the region. The Majlis itself was established by some of the leading ulama on the Peninsula at the time. Many were educated in the Middle East and had close associations with some of the major Muslim reformists in Egypt and the Haramayn. The standing of the Kelantanese 'ulama' within Malay-Muslim Southeast Asia, and the role of "Pengasoh" within that community meant that the periodical gives a unique glimpse into the world of these intellectual-theocrats. In this sense, the study of “Pengasoh” is a prism which could further our understanding of the dynamics of Islamic intellectual culture in Kelantan – as well as the surrounding region – during the early decades of the 20th century. What this dissertation attempts to show is how the ideational aspects of this community may be better understood if two important factors are taken into account - the linkages throughout the Indian Ocean littoral which form the cultural and religious milieu which shaped the thinking within the Kelantanese ‘ulama’; and how this sits in a wider conversation between "Islam" and "modernity". This moves away from existing studies which sought to clearly demarcate these Islamicate discourses as one between ‘Modernist’ Muslims and their ‘traditionalist’ counterparts.

Intellectual disability (ID) is categorised by a significant reduction in cognitive function and adaptive abilities that begin in childhood. ID is part of a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental conditions associated with impairment in developmental domains and a cause of particularly adverse socioeconomic impact worldwide. There have been many recent advances in identifying causative genetic mutations in previously unexplained ID cases. With these advances comes an increasing demand for understanding mechanisms underpinning these pathogenic pathways. In this PhD thesis, I have studied rare monogenic novel neurodevelopmental disorders associated with ID. The objective of the thesis was to model a subset of mutations associated with novel neurodevelopmental disorders in mice to demonstrate a causal link between mutation and phenotype and to further understand the mechanisms by which these mutations result in human neurodevelopmental disorders. In order to achieve this, I adopted a multi-phase approach. Firstly, I designed a phenotyping platform, by combining behavioural and cognitive tests with morphometric brain analysis and genome-wide transcriptional analysis. I then used this approach to study KPTN-related syndrome, a novel developmental disorder that to date has not been characterised in mice, successfully recapitulating the main phenotypes described in the patients. Moreover, I gained further insight into the underlying pathogenic mechanisms associated with the disorder, opening the possibility of a therapy that could treat some aspects of cognitive and morphological impairments identified in the patients with KPTN-related syndrome. Lastly, I determined whether such an approach could be scaled-up to study multiple novel neurodevelopmental disorders, each with a mutation associated with a haploinsufficient novel neurodevelopmental disorder. I identified specific phenotypes for each of the four mouse lines under investigation, providing a platform for comparison between several developmental disorders. These refinements contributed to a larger five-year project starting at the Sanger Institute, aimed at characterising a wider diversity of human neurodevelopmental disorders.

No description available.

This research has investigated factors that affect the successful commercialization of intellectual capital. The concept of social constructs of meaning for the interview participants provides the fundamental perspective of this research. The research was undertaken on the basis of a constructivist ontology, the epistemology was interpretivist, and a qualitative methodology was used. A constructivist ontology was selected due to the research aim to understand the perceptions of the interview participants. The interpretivist approach provided the framework to interpret meaning of the perceptions in the appropriate business context. The data collection methods included unstructured interviews of people holding key decision making positions within their organizations. The conceptual nature of intellectual capital and commercialization enabled the research to be viewed from a phenomenological perspective and aspects of grounded theory were applied in seeking meaning from interviewee perceptions to surface a theoretical model. The data analysis included coding of the interview transcripts utilizing NVivo qualitative research software and sorting the data into nodes. The nodes represented categories of information which became the foundations of the constructs. These nodes were examined for relationship and meaning until a theoretical model emerged from the data. The findings culminated in six (6) main constructs which were subsequently aggregated to form a composite model of factors which influence the commercialization process. / In addition a further discovery was made in terms of an `Intellectual Capital Approach' model which enables a classification and hierarchical relationship of intellectual capital to be mapped as a starting point for problem solving and strategy formulation. The results of this research have immediate application to business in terms of informing management about identification of intellectual capital and to consider alternative scenarios for wealth creation by way of commercialization.

To date, the existing literature is very limited in its provision of links between knowledge management or intellectual capital with innovation. Existing studies have derived their innovation processes from large companies’ perspectives and have not considered the needs of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Different types of innovation will require different resources and, therefore, will need to be managed differently. Little research has been aimed at identifying innovation processes from a knowledge-based perspective. Although a fascinating array of innovation research has been carried out in the context of R and D issues and economic factors, the knowledge/innovation gaps and the gaps of innovation perspectives between larger/smaller firms should be filled in to map a more comprehensive picture of the proposition. This research is aimed at bridging these gaps through the leveraging sources of innovation, both the internal and external supporting processes of innovation and the construction of the innovation supply chain. The study suggests that, due to the integrated innovation models and propositions, future researchers will be able to undertake an empirical study for more high-tech SMEs in a selected high-tech industry to obtain a generalised result for specific high-tech industries. Also, the integrated innovation models and propositions can be used to undertake case studies or empirical studies for the other SMEs. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This study focuses on the way four student-teachers engage with critical social discourses in a year-long physical education unit. The student-teachers were encouraged to examine and (re)construct their pedagogy through their interactions with critical discourses. Drawing on their personal theories and actions, the study examines the extent to which critical intellectual resources can provide pedagogical frames of reference that are 'practical and non-ideal'. Using a critical ethnographic methodology the students' interactions with critical social discourses are diagnosed across three levels. The first level is the case study presentations of each student's engagement with the critical intellectual resources and the extent to which they were able to understand and implement them. The second level involves an interpretation of the individual cases that is informed by Brian Fay's (1987) metatheoretical reconstruction of the critical social sciences. In the third stage of diagnosis the study focuses on retheorising critical aspirations for praxis pedagogy in physical education. Critical scholars within the physical education arena argue that critical praxis represents a pedagogy based on a 'world view' of the potential for agents to engage in a rational reordering of their qualitative existence. The essence of their claim is that critical discourses have the potential to facilitate a mode of praxis through which physical education teachers might better recognise, understand, critique and transform their values and practices. However, there is broad recognition that the translation of social-critical discourses into a pedagogic context is highly problematic. Interpretation of the study is provided by Fay's (1987) 'limits to change' thesis which recognises that critical aspirations must ultimately be adopted and implemented by real people in real settings. As a diagnostic frame of reference, Fay insists that a 'complete' critical theory [of physical education] be simultaneously scientific, critical, practical and non-ideal. In seeking to temper the &quote over-rationalistic&quote tendency of the critical project he recognises the historical, embedded, embodied and traditional nature of human existence Criticisms of critical theories of education traverse a number of philosophic perspectives. Recent post-structural criticisms of truth regimes, knowledge-power differentials, rationality and agency have seriously destabilised modernist justifications of the critical agenda. Critical theories of physical education have not been absolved of such criticism. A prominent element of this study is its promotion of a dialectical relationship between agency and structure to extend critical conceptualisations of physical education pedagogy. Through the mediation of structural determinism and self-determination this research proffers a means of practically advancing a critical praxis in physical education. The conclusion of this thesis outlines some broad recommendations pertaining to the introduction of social critical discourses in physical education teacher education.

Thesis (LL.M.)--University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.