Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / One of the biggest problems faced by translators has always been the issue of whether a translation should be a free translation or a literal translation. These days, the general tendency is to view a translation as a cultural transfer of information (or intercultural communication) and no longer as merely a linguistic transfer of information. This study took the translation of the applications (columns that deal with life issues) in the Leefstyl-Bybel vir Vroue (LBV), as adapted from the Bible, as subject matter. The reason for this choice of subject matter was that these applications were translated for a target audience (Afrikaans-speaking women) that differs culturally from the source text readers and that the new culture, therefore, constantly had to be taken into account in the translation. It was found that the following theoretical approaches had been successfully applied in the translation of the source text. Firstly, there was the Functionalist approach, where the work of Nord en Vermeer played a significant role. Vermeer’s Skopos Theory focuses, above all, on the aim of a translation and Nord’s instrumental translation on the fact that a translation must communicate successfully with the target text readers in their culture. The LBV is functionalist in the sense that it was translated with a specific aim in mind, namely to empower the Afrikaans-speaking women on a political level and to counter their voicelessness and disempowerment. Secondly, Gutt’s Relevance Theory, and the term “Indirect Translation” in particular, were used. This kind of communication communicates the meaning of the original in such a way that it makes sense to the target language reader in her own context. For example, the metaphors were adapted because the original metaphors would not have been relevant to the Afrikaans-speaking women. New text, that the translator felt was relevant to the target language readers, was also added to the target text. Lastly, Venuti’s Foreignizing and Domestication were used. The LBV was highly domesticated, which meant that the target language values were visible to the target language culture in the translation. This domestication was successful because the translation met the cultural expectations of the target audience. The concept of “Gender and Translation” was also examined. The reason or need for the translation and why the source text had been translated for this target audience specifically, also had to be determined. It was found that women in South Africa had been oppressed for some time. The publisher therefore deemed it necessary to have a Bible for women in Afrikaans. Presenting the Bible to them in a “woman-friendly” way would assist them to believe in their own worth. The source text and the target text were compared and analysed on the macro and micro levels. It was determined whether the above theoretical approaches were successfully applied and whether the target text worked as a communicative instrument in the new target culture. Various reviews were consulted. These reviews and the research in this study indicated that the LBV had been successfully received by the target audience.

The rapid telescoping of the need to communicate cross-culturally in an ever widening range of contexts sets the basic circumstances for this study. Private and public sector interviewing become more important as cultural and cross-cultural factors emerge in coventuring enterprises. Standard interviewing programs and procedures do not usually focus on cross-cultural variables. A model is necessary through which to orchestrate the interview in a generic form and into which substantive illustrations for cross-cultural interviews can be placed. The Cube model designed by Dr. T. Frank Saunders, in his Double Think book, was adapted to this purpose and provides a comprehensive and exhaustive format for this study. The advent of CD ROM, high storage and easy retrieval computer technology, makes the design presented here an effective and efficient system for the collection and collation of demographic and ethnographic data. The Cube model and procedures set forth in this study should facilitate the data collection and development of an interview manual for cross-cultural interviewing.

著者 李廣健. / 稿本複印本. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學, 1990. / Gao ben fu yin ben. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-217). / zhu zhe Li Guangjian. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1990. / Chapter 第一章 --- 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文化傳播與媒介人物 --- p.8 / Chapter 第三章 --- 官方的媒介人物-使節 --- p.21 / Chapter (一) --- 南北互派使節的頻密程度 --- p.21 / Chapter (二) --- 南北使節出身背景 --- p.23 / Chapter 甲、 --- 北朝胡人使節的問題 --- p.23 / Chapter 乙、 --- 南北使節出身的比較 --- p.26 / Chapter (三) --- 個別使節出使的密度與逗留時 間 --- p.27 / Chapter (四) --- 使節接觸的人物階層 --- p.33 / Chapter (五) --- 小結 --- p.39 / Chapter 第四章 --- 非官方的媒介人物 --- p.53 / Chapter 第一節 --- 僧侶 --- p.53 / Chapter (一) --- 僧傳所載南北僧侶的活動 --- p.53 / Chapter (二) --- 南北朝僧侶南下、北上的原因 --- p.56 / Chapter (三) --- 南來北往僧侶的學識及接觸的 人物 --- p.66 / Chapter (四) --- 小結 --- p.70 / Chapter 第二節 --- 荒人 --- p.80 / Chapter (一) --- 邊荒的出現 --- p.80 / Chapter (二) --- 南北朝的邊荒 --- p.81 / Chapter (三) --- 史籍中所見的荒人 --- p.84 / Chapter (四) --- 荒人溝通南北的作用 --- p.89 / Chapter (五) --- 小結 --- p.92 / Chapter 第三節 --- 降人 --- p.101 / Chapter (一) --- 降人的産生原因及出身背景 --- p.101 / Chapter (二) --- 降人的數量及待遇 --- p.110 / Chapter (三) --- 小結 --- p.120 / Chapter 第五章 --- 對峙時期的文化接觸（上） -衣飾和飲食 --- p.126 / Chapter (一) --- 服飾形制 --- p.127 / Chapter (二) --- 飲食習慣 --- p.134 / Chapter 第六章 --- 對峙時期的文化接觸（下） -墓葬和書籍 --- p.148 / Chapter (三) --- 墓葬制度（附論宮室建造） --- p.148 / Chapter (四) --- 書籍 --- p.152 / Chapter (五) --- 小結 --- p.163 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論 --- p.173 / Chapter 附錄 --- 《附表一》 --- p.177 / 《附表二》 --- p.192 / 《附表三》 --- p.193 / 《附表四》 --- p.195 / 《附表五》 --- p.196 / 《附圖一》 --- p.198 / 《附圖二》 --- p.199 / 《附圔三》 --- p.200 / 《附圖四》 --- p.201 / 《附圔五》 --- p.202 / 《附圖六》 --- p.203 / 《附圖七》 --- p.204 / 《附圖八》 --- p.205 / 參考書目 --- p.206

This thesis examines Czech-German cross-border cooperation within intercultural communication, identifies problems and develops possible solutions. The thesis is divided into a practical and a theoretical part. The theoretical part first describes the Czech-German cross-border cooperation and then intercultural communication, followed by a discussion of the context and the research methods. In the practical part, the author first performs a sequential analysis of data collected via interviews conducted with people working in the Tandem organization. The results of the analysis are interpreted, problems within the cooperation of Tandem are identified, and possible solutions developed. A glossary divided into two parts, recapitulating the definitions of relevant terms from the first two theoretical chapters of this thesis, is listed at the end of this work. A French résumé summarizing all the important points and conclusions is enclosed with the thesis. The aim of this thesis is to answer the following research question: "Linguistic and intercultural challenges of Czech-German non-profit cross-border cooperation: The case of the Tandem organization."

The thesis first summarises the history and main ideas of Sufism. It then examines the reception, mainly favourable, of Shah's representation of Sufism particulary in the West, and, finally, attempts to analyse and explain his methodology. It is not the aim of this thesis to examine the complete works of Idries Shah. Rather, by studying a number of his texts I have endeavoured to emphasise Shah's role as a pontifex between Islam and the West. As well as placing Shah within the complicated realm of Sufi thought, I have examined in some detail the methods by which he has played this role. The aspect of Shah that I have focused upon is that of the populariser and explicator of Sufism. For Shah the subject of Sufism is not one confined to academic study. It is a way of knowing related to everyday life and particularly relevant to the needs of the West at a time when the Western world is experiencing emotional and spiritual bankruptcy. Shah resembles the deconstructionist theorists in that he sees the limits of the language on which the West has relied for so long. But, even though his method is similar to theirs, he differs from them in that for him there is another realm of knowledge beyond language. I have quoted extensively from the stories Shah uses in order to demonstrate the ideas and images he thinks are relevant to an understanding of Sufism for the West, and I have used reviews and comments from audiences in both East and West in order to demonstrate what those audiences think of what Shah is attempting to do. This thesis examines the pedagogical techniques employed in this process. The applicablity of deconstruction theory to Sufi teaching is considered.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, June, 2007. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (D. Miss.)--Western Seminary, Portland, OR, 2002. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 228-232).

This study identified some of the ways that multiethnic women describe their ethnic identities, how they perceive ethnic-specific gender identities and what they think are appropriate norms for, and effective outcomes of, communicative behavior. Twelve multiethnic women described their ethnic identity names or labels, and ethnic-specific gender identities; they also recalled a recent situation in which inappropriate ethnic-relevant conversational behaviors occurred. These multiethnic women were found to share an average of nearly six situations in which ethnic identity is most important; the most frequently reported situation being constantly. They significantly differed in respect to the names or labels, and descriptors they used to define and describe their multiethnic identities. The 12 respondents unanimously stated that there are different expectations for women and men within the ethnicities that they identified as components of their multiethnicity. The most frequently cited situation in which it is most important for them to intensify their gender identity is during celebratory occasions and at home or with family. 10 of the total 12 respondents perceive that their gender identity is shared by a large number of other people. Recently recalled conversations indicate that work and employment-related individuals specifically discussing ethnicity, most frequently used inappropriate communicative behaviors. The most frequently reported situation in which they intensify their multiethnic identities is while being with other ethnic ingroup members, though 75% of them indicated that their particular definition of their ethnic identity was shared by only a small number of other people. Nearly 70% responded that they very often--on a daily or weekly basis--experience others' violation of rules for competent communication. The most frequently cited recommendations they made for others to be more competent communicators were: 1) get informed/take some ethnicity classes, and don't be so harsh; 2) give individuals credit for being unique and diverse; 3) be polite/respectful; 4) recognize and refrain from stereotyping; 5) don't be prejudiced and change feelings/perceptions about ethnicized individuals & groups; 6) don't assume, approach individuals directly and don't discriminate. / Graduation date: 1994

Sustained academic and popular interest in the Holocaust depends largely on the ability of educators to communicate its universality. At Holocaust memorials around the world, educators make strategic rhetorical choices in pursuit of this imperative. However, as communicators present narratives, documentation, and visual rhetoric at memorials, they filter each message through a unique cultural lens. This unavoidable human tendency raises questions concerning the degree to which culture shapes Holocaust narratives. Given that Holocaust memorials may offer pivot insights into modern and future genocides, cultural influences on Holocaust rhetoric seem worthy of renewed evaluation. Burke's dramatistic pentad provides a valuable tool with which a scholar can evaluate the rhetoric at Holocaust memorials. The pentad preserves unique facets of the communication acts, enabling a rhetor to identify differences between the memorials, while providing a universally applicable framework through which to view the memorials. This pentadic analysis reveals that Holocaust memorials address many of the same universal questions. The answers to these questions, however, depend on the culture surrounding the memorial. Such a finding seems to indicate that a global event such as the Holocaust will stimulate the same questions in citizens across a variety of cultures, but that citizens will reach different conclusions about the event based on the influences of their culture.