Dans les batteries ion lithium, la présence d’électrolytes organiques volatiles et inflammables engendre des problèmes récurrents de sécurité. Une possible solution consiste à les remplacer par des sels fondus liquides à température ambiante, les liquides ioniques (LI), présentant une tension de vapeur négligeable et sont considérés comme flamme retardant. Leur utilisation avec des électrodes carbone (les plus usitées dans les batteries commerciales) nécessitent la présence d’un additif pour améliorer les performances des batteries.Le but de cette thèse était de déterminer le rôle de cet additif par des méthodes analytiques et de la modélisation. Tout d’abord, l’impact de cet additif sur la solvatation et la diffusion des sels de lithium a été étudié par RMN 2-D [NOE et HOESY {1H-7Li}, {1H-19F}, et la sphère de coordination du cation lithium a été simulée par dynamique moléculaire. Puis des études électrochimiques ont été développées notamment le cyclage galvanostatique à potentiel sélectionné et le cyclage voltamétrique afin de déterminer la capacité de la batterie et d’étudier les étapes d‘insertion du cation lithium au cours de la première étape de réduction. Cette étape a également été analysée par impédance électrochimique. En complément, une analyse par XPS (spectrométrie photoélectronique X) sur les électrodes post-mortem de piles arrêtées aux potentiels déterminés par impédance, a permis de caractériser les composés chimiques formés à la surface des électrodes au cours de la première réduction, mais également après plusieurs cycles de charge/décharge / In lithium ion batteries, the commercial organic electrolytes induce difficulties in the manufacturing and the use of the battery (volatile and flammable components). There are active research to eliminate these safety problems, one of the approach is the replacement of conventional battery electrolytes with room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), which exhibit negligible vapor pressure, low flammability, high flash point. The use of ILs based electrolytes for carbon based electrodes requires presence of organic additive for improving the cyclic performance. The aim of this thesis was to determine the exact role of the organic additive through experimental and computer simulation methodologies. Its impact onto the solvation and transportation of lithium cation was investigated through {1H-7Li}, {1H-19F} NOE correlations (HOESY), and pulsed field gradient spin-echo (PGSE) NMR experiences and Molecular Dynamic simulation. The electrochemical studies were developed such as electrochemical window, galvanostatic cycling with potential limitation and cycling voltammetry showing the obtained capacity of the cell and [Li+] insertion stages during the first reduction step. Moreover, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) during the first reduction process, and XPS analysis of post mortem Gr electrodes stopped at chosen potential during the first reduction process, as well as, after the several charge/discharge cycles were used

Mgr. Martina Nádherná PhD. Thesis Applications of ionic liquids in electrolytes for amperometric gas sensors and Li-ion batteries SUMMARY The dissertation presents the results of preparation and characterisation of new aprotic electrolytes based on ionic liquids for the solid-state electrochemical gas sensors and for the electrochemical energy storage devices - secondary lithium-ion batteries. In the part dealing with the solid-state amperometric sensor for NO2 research was aimed at development of new solid electrolyte. This electrolyte is developed as a system of ionic liquid embedded in the structure of a polymer, when the ionic liquid joints the properties of a solvent and a dissolved salt. The electrolyte therefore does not contain any volatile component and is long-term chemically and electrochemically stable. Several series of electrolytes were prepared with different polymers or macromonomers and imidazolium-based ionic liquids. The composition, especially the polymer-IL ratio was optimized. The electrolytes were successfully tested in a solid-state NO2 sensor with a gold minigrid serving as the indicating electrode. The research included the determination of basic electrochemical parameters and study of the sensor behaviour under different conditions. The influence of atmosphere humidity,...

<div>Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) recently emerged as a next-generation energy storage technology, utilizing abundant and inexpensive potassium as the charge carrier cation. PIBs operate by an analogous mechanism to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), with reversible potassium intercalation in anode and cathode through an inorganic salt - organic solvent electrolyte medium. Despite its larger size, potassium exhibits several electrochemical advantages over sodium, including a higher affinity for intercalation into graphitic (carbonaceous) anodes, forming a stage-one KC₈ structure in graphite for a specific capacity of 279 mAh g^-1. This thesis aims to provide a thorough foundation for PIB carbon anodes, through a comprehensive experimental approach combining electrode synthesis, advanced material characterization and electrochemical-analytical techniques.</div><div><br></div><div>Safety concerns have consistently plagued LIBs despite almost three decades of widespread commercialization. Thermal runaway of LIBs can initiate as early as 80°C from exothermic breakdown of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer that covers the carbon anode surface. The subsequent reaction of lithiated carbon with electrolyte solvent leads to cathode decomposition and oxygen release for cell gassing and combustion. This thesis investigates the thermal runaway behavior of graphite anode for PIBs via differential scanning calorimetry analysis, determining the effect of electrode material, state-of-charge, and cycling history on heat generation. Notably, the PIB system emits significantly less heat overall than for LIBs, albeit an earlier and more intense onset reaction at 100°C raises safety concerns. Strategies to mitigate this exothermic reaction are presented, including electrode binder manipulation to improve graphite particle coverage and enhance SEI layer stability.</div><div><br></div><div>To further evaluate the practicality of PIBs, the electrochemical behavior of graphite anode was investigated from 0 - 40°C operating temperature, in comparison to standard LIBs. The poor rate capability of potassium is attributed to sluggish solid-state diffusion and augmented cell impedance, where 3-electrode studies revealed dramatic polarization of the potassium metal counter electrode at low temperatures. Accelerated cell aging at elevated temperatures is attributed to SEI layer growth induced by the 61% volumetric expansion of graphite during potassiation, as well as the extreme reactivity of potassium metal. A full-cell system with a Prussian blue nanoparticle cathode and graphite anode showed enhanced rate performance at low temperatures by removing potassium metal counter electrode. These results provide valuable mechanistic insight for potassium intercalation in graphite and offer a practical evaluation of temperature dependent electrochemical performance for PIBs.</div><div><br></div><div>Supplementary research includes the exploration of carbon nanofibers electrospun from polyacrylonitrile precursor with subsequent pyrolysis as PIB anode. The design of an amorphous, low density carbon with a nanoscale one dimensional morphology enables mitigation of the 61% volumetric expansion of graphite during potassiation. Remarkable stability (2000 charge-discharge cycles) is thus achieved by preventing electrode pulverization, SEI layer growth, and impedance rise during cycling. Electrochemical analysis revealed a pseudo-capacitance mechanism, enabling rapid charging through surface storage of potassium that could be enhanced by surface functionalization via plasma oxidation treatment. Moreover, two dimensional MXene transition carbonitride sheets were explored as PIB anode with X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy used to study structural changes during potassium insertion.</div><div><br></div><div>Finally, the effect of particle morphology was investigated for LIB carbon anodes, wherein commercial graphite is compared with synthesized spherical and spiky carbons. Intercalation dynamics, side reaction rates (e.g. SEI growth), self-heating, and thermal runaway behavior were studied through a combination of electrochemical analysis and modeling by a finite volume method. Spherical particles outperform irregular commercial graphite by eliminating unstructured inhomogeneities that lead to non-uniform current distributions. Interestingly, spiky particles offer a nontrivial response, where the ordered irregularities enhance intercalation dynamics to prevent degradation at extreme operating conditions. These findings emphasize the importance of tailoring particle morphology and structure in promoting desired LIB behavior and suppressing unwanted problems.</div>

This thesis develops an advanced battery monitoring and control system based on the electrochemical principles that govern lithium-ion battery dynamics. This work is motivated by the need of having safer and better energy storage systems for all kind of applications, from small scale portable electronics to large scale renewable energy storage. In this context, lithium-ion batteries have become the enabling technology for energy autonomy in appliances (e.g. mobile phone, electric vehicle) and energy self-consumption in households. However, batteries are oversized and pricey, might be unsafe, are slow to charge and may not equalize the lifetime of the application they are intended to power. This work tackles these different issues.This document first introduces the general context of the battery management problem, as well as the particular issues that arise when modeling, supervising and controlling the battery short-term and long-term operation. Different solutions coming from the literature are reviewed, and several standard tools borrowed from control theory are exposed. Then, starting by well-known contributions in electrochemical modeling, we proceed to develop reduced-order models for the battery operation including degradation mechanisms, that are highly descriptive of the real phenomena taking place. This modeling framework is the cornerstone of all the monitoring and control development that follows.Next, we derive a battery diagnosis system with a twofold objective. First, indicators for internal faults affecting the battery state-of-health are obtained. Secondly, detection and isolation of sensor faults is achieved. Both tasks rely on state observers designed from electrochemical models to perform state estimation and residual generation. Whereas the former solution resorts to system identification techniques for health monitoring, the latter solution exploits fault diagnosis for instrumentation assessment.We then develop a feedback battery charge strategy able to push in performance while accounting for constraints associated to battery degradation. The fast and safe charging capabilities of the proposed approach are ultimately validated through long-term cycling experiments. This approach outperforms widely used commercial charging strategies in terms of both charging speed and degradation.The main contribution of this thesis is the exploitation of first principles models to develop battery management strategies towards improving safety, charging time and lifetime of battery systems without jeopardizing performance. The obtained results show that system and control theory offer opportunities to improve battery operation, aside from the material sciences contributions to this field. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This study is an investigation if a recurrent long short-term memory (LSTM) based neural network can be used to estimate the battery capacity in electrical cars. There is an enormous interest in finding the underlying reasons why and how Lithium-ion batteries ages and this study is a part of this broader question. The research questions that have been answered are how well a LSTM model estimates the battery capacity, how the LSTM model is performing compared to a linear model and what parameters that are important when estimating the capacity. There have been other studies covering similar topics but only a few that has been performed on a real data set from real cars driving. With a data science approach, it was discovered that the LSTM model indeed is a powerful model to use for estimation the capacity. It had better accuracy than a linear regression model, but the linear regression model still gave good results. The parameters that implied to be important when estimating the capacity were logically related to the properties of a Lithium-ion battery.En studie över hur väl ett återkommande neuralt nätverk kan estimera kapaciteten hos Litium-ion batteri hos elektroniska fordon, när en en datavetenskaplig strategi har använts.

Die wachsende Weltbevölkerung und die stetigen Entwicklungen in der Industrie benötigen einerseits immer größere Mengen an Grundchemikalien und führen andererseits zu einem ständig steigenden Energiebedarf. Die Dissertation behandelt daher die Themen Zeolithe und Kathodenmaterialien, welche zwei aktuelle Forschungsschwerpunkte der chemischen Industrie darstellen. Der Fokus der Arbeit lag in der Steuerung der Partikelgröße durch die hydrothermale und mikrowellenunterstützte Kristallisation.

Electrochemical copolymerizations of thiophene (Th) and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) was performed in this study. Incorporation of Th with EDOT units have accelerated deposition rate in relative to the simple polymerization behavior of EDOT. The electrochemical properties of poly(thiophene-co-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PTh-EDOT) are different from the homopolymers of polythiophene (PTh) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). PTh-EDOT were then served as cathode materials of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries to test their capability to transfer lithium ion in 1.0 M LiPF6/ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate solution. PTh-EDOT copolymer prepared from the monomer ratio of 1/1 (Th/EDOT) shows better stability than PEDOT and PTh homopolymers, polymer property enhancement by copolymerization is thus demonstrated. A composite electrode material PEDOT/LiCoO2 was prepared from the electrochemical polymerization of EDOT on LiCoO2 electrode was primarily prepared to inspect the influence of PEDOT on the electrochemical features of LiCoO2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) show the successful deposition of PEDOT over LiCoO2 particles. Compared to the simple LiCoO2 electrode, PEDOT/LiCoO2 composite cathode shows enhanced properties including rate capability and cycle stability for potential Li-ion battery application. Nevertheless, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scans on the fully charged cathodes imply that PEDOT may reduce the thermal stability of LiCoO2. Two carbon materials, vapor grown carbon fibers (VGCF) and nano-scaled Ketjen black EC (KB), were implemented into LiCoO2 electrode. The influence of different carbon additive and their content on the performance of LiCoO2 such as rate capability and cycle ability has been evaluated. KB shows more positive effects than VGCF even in the case of a low 1 wt% content. Furthermore, incorporation of PEDOT was made by electrochemical deposition of EDOT on the preformed LiCoO2-VGCF and LiCoO2-KB composite electrodes. The influence of the carbon additives and the conductive PEDOT polymer on LiCoO2 was then investigated. Compared to the electrodes without PEDOT coating, PEDOT-incorporated composite electrodes show larger capacity, better transfer rate of lithium ions in electrolytes, and enhanced cycle ability. The electrochemical deposition of PEDOT on the LiCoO2/nano-carbon cathodes provides a new approach to implement the conducting polymers in Li-ion batteries.

In the current context of rapidly depleting petroleum resources and growing environmental concerns, it is important to develop materials to harvest and store energy from renewable and sustainable sources. Hydrogen has the potential to be an alternative energy source, since it has higher energy content than petroleum. However, since hydrogen has very low volumetric energy density, hence it is important to design nano porous materials which can efficiently store large volumes of hydrogen gas by adsorption. In this regard carbon nanotube and Metal Organic Framework (MOFs) based materials are worth studying. Ionic liquids (IL) are potential electrolytes that can improve energy storage capacity and safety in Li ion batteries. Therefore it is important to understand IL's thermodynamic and transport properties, especially when it is in contact with electrode surface and mixed with Li salt, as happens in the battery application. This dissertation presents computation and simulation based studies on: 1. Hydrogen storage in carbon nanotube scaffold. 2. Mechanical property and stability of various nanoporous Metal Organic Frameworks. 3. Thermodynamic and transport properties of [BMIM][BF4] ionic liquid in bulk, in Li Salt mixture, on graphite surface and under nanoconfinement. In the first study, we report the effects of carbon nanotube diameter, tube chirality, tube spacer distance, tube functionalization and presence of Li on hydrogen sorption capacity and thermodynamics at different temperature and pressure. In the second one, we observe high pressure induced structural transformation of 6 isoreticular MOFs: IRMOF-1. IRMOF-3, IRMOF-6, IRMOF-8, IRMOF-10 and IRMOF-14, explore the deformation mechanism and effect of Hydrogen inside crystal lattice. In the third study, we observe the equilibrium thermodynamic and transport properties of [BMIM][BF4] ionic liquid. The temperature dependence of ion diffusion, conductivity, dielectric constant, dipole relaxation time and viscosity have been observed and found similar behavior to those of supercooled liquid. The ion diffusion on graphite surfaces and under nanoconfinement was found to be higher compared to those in bulk.

La N-méthylphénothiazine (MPT) est une cible de choix pour développer des matériaux organiques redox performants pour électrodes positives de batterie lithium-ion. Ces matériaux dits organiques sont aujourd’hui une alternative crédible aux matériaux inorganiques, actuellement utilisés dans les accumulateurs, de par leurs coûts et toxicité moindres.C’est dans cette optique que des polymères redox contenant l’unité N-méthylphénothiazine ont été synthétisés et caractérisés. Leurs propriétés électrochimiques ont été étudiées en solution via l’utilisation de molécules modèles puis en cellule électrochimique à négative de lithium.Mais pourquoi la N-méthylphénothiazine ? Cette cible redox présente deux systèmes réversibles mais en l’état, seul le premier est exploitable. L’objectif de cette thèse a donc été de modifier chimiquement la molécule afin de moduler les valeurs de potentiels de ses deux systèmes et ainsi les rendre électrochimiquement actifs dans la fenêtre de stabilité des électrolytes de la technologie lithium, permettant de presque doubler la capacité théorique.Ces dérivés ont ensuite pu être polymérisés et testés électrochimiquement, des performances intéressantes ont été obtenues pour certains d’entre eux. Mais malgré l’utilisation de matériaux insolubles à l’état neutre, les cyclages galvanostatiques ont mis en évidence une dissolution des matériaux à l’état oxydé, du moins pour les polymères de plus faibles masses, induisant une diminution de la capacité. / The N-methylphenothiazine (MPT) is a prime target with the aim of developing innovative redox organic materials useful as positive electrode of lithium-ion battery. These organic materials are today a credible alternative to inorganic materials by their lower cost and toxicity.It is in this context that MPT-based redox polymers have been synthesized and characterized. Their electrochemical properties have been investigated in lithium cells to estimate their potential.But why the N-methylphenothiazine ? This redox target has two reversible systems but only the first is exploited. The project was therefore the chemical modification of the MPT molecule to modulate potential values of two systems. These chemical developments thus allow improving notably the MPT derivative theoretical capacities accessible in the electrochemical stability range of lithium-ion technology electrolyte.These derivatives were synthesized and tested in lithium cell. Some of them present interesting performances. But despite the use of insoluble materials at the neutral state, cell tests showed material dissolution in the oxidized state, which decreases significantly the obtained capacities.

L'utilisation de sources naturelles illimitées telles que l'énergie solaire, éolienne ou hydraulique est en plein essor. Cependant leurs productions énergétiques sont fortement liées aux conditions climatiques et sont donc intermittentes. Ces systèmes nécessitent donc d'être associés à du stockage d'énergie, afin de lisser la production avant injection sur le réseau. Pour toutes ces raisons, les batteries Li-ion doivent intégrer de nouveaux matériaux d'électrode permettant d'obtenir une grande puissance et une haute densité d'énergie, tout en conservant une durée de vie élevée et une sécurité d'utilisation.Dans ce contexte, notre travail a consisté à préparer des matériaux à hauts potentiels, le LiCoPO4 (LCP) et le LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO). Ces derniers s'inscrivent parfaitement dans le contexte de développement de matériaux à haute densité d'énergie puisqu'ils possèdent des potentiels d'oxydation de 4,8 et 4,7 V vs Li +/Li et des densités d'énergies massiques théoriques de 802 et 691 Wh.kg-1 par rapport au lithium, respectivement.Ces matériaux ont d'abord été synthétisés sous forme de couches minces afin d'obtenir des électrodes modèles pour étudier de manière fondamentale les propriétés de transport des matériaux et ses interactions en présence d'un électrolyte liquide notamment les phénomènes à l'interface électrode/électrolyte. La compréhension des matériaux acquise au cours de ce premier axe a permis de transposer et d'adapter ces techniques de caractérisation aux systèmes plus complexes que sont les électrodes composites.Les propriétés de ces matériaux vis-à-vis de l'insertion et la désinsertion du lithium ont ensuite été testées et caractérisées en cellules électrochimiques. De nombreux paramètres cinétiques et thermodynamiques ont été extrait grâce à plusieurs techniques électrochimiques telles que la titration intermittente (GITT), la spectroscopie d'impédance (PEIS et GEIS), le cyclage galvano-statique et les tests de puissance. Nous proposons d'ailleurs une méthode simple, à partir de ces tests de puissance, pour déterminer le coefficient de diffusion du lithium. Enfin, nous tentons de répondre à plusieurs questions qui demeurent en suspens concernant la cyclabilité et la perte de capacité de ces matériaux à haut potentiel au cours de cyclage long et nous proposons une technique très simple permettant d'améliorer de façon étonnamment efficace la cyclabilité d'électrodes composites de LNMO. / The use of unlimited natural sources such as solar, wind or hydraulic power is booming. However, their energy production is dependant of climatic conditions and is therefore intermittent. These systems are usually associated with energy storage, in order to smooth the production before injection on the network. For all these reasons, Li-ion batteries need to incorporate new electrode materials to achieve high power and high energy density while maintaining a long life and safe use.In this context, our work consisted in preparing high potential materials, LiCoPO4 (LCP) and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO). The latter are perfectly integered in the context of development of materials with high energy density since they have an oxidation potential of 4.8 and 4.7 V vs Li + / Li and theoretical mass energy densities of 802 and 691 Wh.kg-1 over lithium, respectively.These materials were first synthesized in the form of thin thin films to obtain model electrodes to study the kinetics and thermodynamics properties of materials transport and interactions with the presence of a liquid electrolyte including phenomena at the electrode interface / electrolyte. The understanding acquired during this first axis allowed us to transpose and adapt these characterization techniques to more complex systems : composite electrodes.The properties of these materials with respect to lithium insertion and desinsertion have been tested and characterized in electrochemicals cells. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters have been extracted using several electrochemical techniques such as intermittent titration (GITT), impedance spectroscopy (PEIS and GEIS), galvano-static cycling and power tests. We propose a simple method, based on power tests, to determine the diffusion coefficient of lithium. Finally, we attempt to answer several questions that remain unsolved about the capacity loss of high potential materials during long cycling, and we propose a very simple technique for improving the cycling of composites electrodes of LNMO.