The problem with which this study is concerned is that of the income concepts used by bank loan officers in dealing with financial information, as compared to the income concepts used by the accounting profession. A series of twenty different financial situations were designed which required the loan officer to make a decision as to an income concept before he could compute the answer to the questions in income, profit, gain, and change in wealth which were asked for in each situation. The loan officers' answers to each situation were then compared with the accountants' answers, using generally accepted accounting principles. In addition, comparisons were made between the income concepts used by the different classes of loan officers and sixteen environmental factors to determine what influence, if any, these factors might have on the answer given by the bank loan officers. The two purposes of the study were to show that bank loan officers do not calculate net income by the same methods as accountants, and to determine if there are environmental factors which would influence the method the loan officer used to compute his answers.

The research attempts to determine how an effective loan officer training program should be designed and implemented in Texas Commerce Bank. A comprehensive program would prepare newly hired college graduates for positions as commercial lending officers as quickly, thoroughly, and effectively as possible. In order to accomplish this objective, three steps are necessary in the research. The first step is to determine the generally accepted principles of training and development. Application of these principles in a program certainly increases the likelihood of successful training results. The second step is to survey a sample of the banking industry to determine what approaches to this problem are currently in use by other banks. If successful procedures, techniques, or ideas are now working for banks similar to Texas Commerce, perhaps they can be adapted to work in this bank. The final step in designing the program is to tailor the gathered information for the specific needs of Texas Commerce. The purpose of this step is to assure that the principles of step one and the successful approaches from step two are realistically and specifically matched with the training needs at Texas Commerce Bank.

There are four primary objectives of this study. First, it examines the association between the disclosure of the Internal Control Deficiencies (ICDs), as a proxy for the internal control quality, and information asymmetry (IA) in the secondary loan market. Second, it identifies which types of ICDs exacerbate conditions of information asymmetry in the secondary loan market. Third, it investigates whether firms that remediate or take corrective actions to address ICDs lead to a reduction in information asymmetry in the market. Finally, it examines the effect of the loan specific characteristics such as debt covenants, credit rating and number of lenders (syndication) in the secondary loan market on the association between ICDs and IA. Results suggest that firms that disclose ICDs have significant positive association with IA and that ICDs reported under section 302 have significant positive association with IA. Although results on the association between the severity rank of ICDs by using Internal Control Material Weaknesses (ICMWs) as a proxy and IA are not supported, the use of Company Level (CL) internal control as a proxy for the severity rank of ICDs shows a significant positive association with IA. Overall, firms that remediate their ICDs have significant negative association with IA. Overall, there is a statistical negative association between the interaction term of ICDs and number of lenders (syndication) and IA. Same negative significant association is documented between the interaction term of ICDs and credit rating, and IA and the interaction term of ICDs and debt covenants and IA. The latter result suggests that the secondary loan market unique characteristics mitigate the negative consequences of the disclosure of ICDs and reduce the information asymmetry between lender and multiple arrangers. My results are consistent with prior studies’ (Bryan and Lilien, 2005; Ge and McVay, 2005; Doyle, Ge and McVay 2007 a,b; Ashbaugh-Skaife, Collins, and Kinney, 2007, Ashbaugh-Skaife, Collins, Kinney, and LaFond, 2008), which suggest that firms with reported ICDs are generally small, poor performing, financially weaker, and characterized by higher market risk than firms with effective internal control system.

The goal of the diploma thesis is to describe stochastic processes in the combination of mortgage loan and fund-linked life insurance, and to construct and analyze suitable mathematical models related to them. The idea of the combination of mortgage loan and fund-linked life insurance consists in serving the debt via paying up the interest only and investing the rest of the instalment within a fund-linked life insurance, instead of amortizing the debt gradually. At the maturity time, the principal sum will be amortized at once, using assets which have been invested within a fund-linked life insurance.

This thesis analyses the legal regime of in rem security interests, in particular pledges and security assignments of rights, in the context of syndicated loan finance. The thesis draws mainly from the Act No. 89/2012 Coll., the Civil Code, and the Act No. 90/2012 Coll., on Commercial Companies and Cooperatives (the Corporations Act), and related legal acts, case law and jurisprudence. In the first chapter, the author describes the main elements of a facilities agreement and the typology of loans. The term syndicated loan is defined as a bank loan provided by two or more creditors, who are not joint and severe creditors among themselves, and which is usually secured by in rem security interests. The second chapter of the thesis introduces the area of securing debts and describes the security and reimbursement functions of security interests. In the third and fourth chapter, the author details the main attributes of in rem security interests. The thesis focuses on the secured party, the security provider and the secured debt whereas emphasis is given on the security agent, whose position can be structured using the institutes of joint and severe creditorship, administration of security, trust and parallel debt. The thesis deals with the ranking of security interests and negative pledges. The author states...

The aim of this paper is to investigate the procyclical behavior of banks in terms of lending and loan loss provisioning, and its dynamics with regard to the adoption of the Basel II capital regulation. Using bank-level and country-level panel data spanning from 1996 to 2013 we answer this question for the OECD and BRIC countries. We find a positive effect of bank capitalization on loans growth, which, perhaps due to the recent financial crisis, weakened after 2008. Together with evidence of income smoothing and capital management we also find strong cyclical behavior of banks in terms of loan loss provisioning. At the same time, we do not find any robust changes to this behavior after the introduction of the Basel II capital regulation. We fill a gap in the empirical literature as there has been hardly any research done on changes brought forward by the adoption of the Basel II capital regulation. The results may be therefore of interest for regulators and other professionals. Moreover, we use in our analysis data for BRIC countries, which have been often neglected.

The main purpose of the thesis is to analyse contemporary legal regulations governing the field of building savings in the Czech Republic and recent changes of these legal regulations. The thesis is composed of six chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of building savings' legal regulation, the introduction, the closing part, lists and annexes. The matters already mentioned above are described in chapters two, three and five. Divided into remaining chapters and within the capacity limits, the thesis also includes secondary issues, such as the evolution of building savings and its legal regulation in Europe and in the Czech Republic in connection with the description of changes made to the legal regulations rather long time ago and followed by research of the practical application of these legal regulations. The aim of the thesis is to complete pieces of knowledge gathered from the legal regulations, from practical research and from my two years expirience as a building savings commercial broker and create an integrated thesis that is transparent and complete from different angles of view. Conclusions are drawn particularly in the closing part of the thesis where are briefly summarized the author's opinions on problems described in each chapter.

/ Banking transactions and their legal regulation The aim of my diploma thesis is to analyse banking transactions and to inform about their substential elements, legislation in the Czech legal order and business conditions used by banks. I did not explain all the kinds of banking transactions conducted by banks in this diploma thesis due to their extensive range, but I just focused on the most important transactions in my point of view. The thesis is composed of four chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of banking operations. Chapter One is introductory and defines basic facts about banks and legal conditions of their running activities. The chapter consists of three parts. Part One focuses on concept of banking transactions. Part Two investigates divisions of banking transactions and Part Three addresses the issues of bank as an entrepreneur. It also describes relevant legal regime necessary to obey to perform banking transactions and question of acquiring banking licence. Chapter Two is subdivided into two parts and provides explanation of active banking transactions. Part One illustrates single credits, which are subdivided into five parts focused on credit bureaus, residential and commercial mortgages, consumer credits, current account credits and discount credits. Part Two...

El aumento de cartera pesada de clientes es un problema que se presenta en las empresas del sector microfinanciero, considerándose como una de las razones por las cuales muchas microfinancieras pequeñas entran en bancarrota y terminan traspasando sus deudas a otras con mayor poder adquisitivo. Existen algunas soluciones para el problema de cartera pesada, pero en su mayoría usan términos y conceptos de Economía, que no toman en cuenta la interacción o integración de los procesos principales de las microfinancieras, como la colocación de productos crediticios, iniciando por el diseño y elaboración de estos hasta la cobranza. Este trabajo propone una arquitectura empresarial como respuesta al aumento de cartera pesada. Es por ello por lo que se usarán los artefactos del marco de trabajo TOGAF, siguiendo su metodología ADM para el desarrollo de la arquitectura. Asimismo, se considerará el modelo de procesos presentes en el estándar BIAN para verificar su aplicabilidad en las microfinancieras al momento de establecer los procesos base. Como resultado final se obtuvo que la venta de cartera pesada se reduzca significativamente, debido a un mayor control del proceso y el uso de sistemas que permiten gestionar y conocer mejor a las personas que solicitan créditos, evitando futuros endeudamientos. / The increase in the heavy portfolio of clients is a problem that occurs in companies in the microfinance sector, considered as one of the reasons why many small microfinance institutions go bankrupt and end up transferring their debts to other institutions with greater purchasing power. There are some solutions for the heavy portfolio problem, but they deal more with the economic issue than the technological or business processes, not taking into account the interaction or integration of the main processes of the microfinance, such as the placement of credit products, starting with the design and elaboration of these until collection. This paper proposes a business architecture in response to the heavy portfolio increase. It is for this reason that the TOGAF frameworks will be used, following its ADM methodology for the development of architecture. Likewise, the model of processes present in the BIAN standard will be considered to verify its applicability in microfinance institutions when establishing the starting processes. The final result was that the sale of the heavy portfolio was significantly reduced, due to a greater control of the process and the use of systems that allow managing and getting to know the people who apply for loans, avoiding future indebtedness. / Tesis

The crisis of the mortgage market and the mortgage-backed security (MBS) market in 2008 had dramatic negative effects in dragging down all of the economy on a worldwide scale. Many researches have, therefore, attempted to explore the influencing factors on mortgage default risk. This project, in cooperation with the company EnerScore, revolves around discovering a correlation between portfolios of mortgages to underlying energy expenditures. EnerScore€™s core product provides an internal dataset related to home energy efficiency for American homes and gives their corresponding home energy efficiency rating to every home, which is called an €œEnerScore.€� This project involves discovering a correlation between default within portfolios of mortgages based on underlying energy expenditures. The goal is to show that energy efficient homes potentially have lower default risks than standard homes because the homes which lack energy efficiency are associated with higher energy costs. This leaves less money to make the mortgage payment, and thereby increases default risk. The first phase of this project involves finding a foreclosure dataset that will be used to design the quantitative model. Due to limited availability and constraints related to default data, Google search query data is used to develop a broad based and real-time index of mortgage default risk and establish a meaningful scientific correlation. After analyzing several statistical models to explore this correlation, the regression tree model showed that the EnerScore is a strong predictor for mortgage default risk when using city-level mortgage default risk data and EnerScore data.