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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

[en] ANALYSIS AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN THE CITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO / [pt] ANÁLISE E DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL DOS SERVIÇOS ECOSSISTÊMICOS DA CIDADE DO RIO DE JANEIRO

CARINE SZNECZUK DE LACERDA 14 March 2022 (has links)
[pt] Os serviços ecossistêmicos (SE) são os benefícios que a sociedade obtém dos ecossistemas e que são fundamentais para o seu bem-estar. Para que este framework possa ser utilizado na tomada de decisão, o primeiro passo é o seu mapeamento. Esta dissertação mapeou qualitativamente o potencial de provisão de oito SE para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro – controle de inundações, manutenção da qualidade do ar, regulação climática, mitigação de tempestades e eventos extremos, beleza cênica, religião e espiritualidade, recreação e turismo, e saúde física e mental. O mapeamento foi realizado através de reclassificação de dados de uso e cobertura do solo, definição de SE prioritários e entrevistas com especialistas. O estudo constatou que houve aumento do percentual de área urbana e diminuição da provisão de cinco SE em todas as regiões da cidade. O estudo também mapeou a oferta e demanda de serviços ecossistêmicos culturais (SEC), com o objetivo de identificar a relação dos habitantes da cidade com os ecossistemas locais a partir da aplicação de questionário eletrônico. Verificou-se que os habitantes da Zona Sul e Zona Oeste frequentam, preferencialmente, áreas próximas aos bairros onde moram e, prioritariamente, praias. A Zona Norte é a região com maior percentual de área urbana (82 por cento) e menor oferta de áreas naturais. Apesar da cidade contar com uma enorme diversidade de ecossistemas, estes não estão distribuídos de maneira equânime no território e há diferenças significativas tanto na oferta de áreas naturais, quanto nas características socioeconômicas quando comparamos as cinco grandes Áreas de Planejamento municipais. / [en] Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits that society obtains from ecosystems and are fundamental to human well-being. For this framework to be used in decision making, the first step is mapping ES. This study mapped the provision of eight ES for the city of Rio de Janeiro - flood control, air quality maintenance, climate regulation, mitigation of storms and extreme events, scenic beauty, religion and spirituality, recreation and tourism, and physical and mental health. Mapping was accomplished through reclassification of land use and land cover data, definition of priority ESs, and interviews with experts. The study found that there was an increase in the percentage of urban area and a decrease in the provision of five SEs in all regions of the city. The study also mapped the supply and demand of cultural ecosystem services (CES), to identifying the relationship of the city s inhabitants with local ecosystems through the application of an electronic questionnaire. It was found that the inhabitants of the South Zone and West Zone preferably frequent areas close to the neighborhoods and, as a priority, the beaches. The North Zone is the region with the highest percentage of urban area (82 percent) and the lowest offer of natural areas. Although the city has an enormous diversity of ecosystems, these are not equally distributed in the territory and there are significant differences both in the supply of natural areas and in socioeconomic characteristics when we compare the five large municipal Planning Areas.
2

Évaluation économique des services écosystémiques dans la région de Montréal : analyse spatiale et préférences exprimées

Dupras, Jérôme 01 1900 (has links)
Les services écosystémiques (SE) réfèrent aux bénéfices que produisent et soutiennent la biodiversité et les écosystèmes et qui profitent à l’être humain. Dans beaucoup de cas, ils ne sont pas pris en compte dans le système économique. Cette externalisation des SE engendre des décisions sur l’utilisation du territoire et des ressources naturelles qui ignorent leur contribution à la qualité de vie des communautés. Afin notamment de sensibiliser l’opinion publique à l’importance des SE et de mieux les intégrer dans les processus décisionnels, ont été développées des démarches d’évaluation économique des SE. Dans cette thèse, nous avons cherché à comprendre à la fois comment l’utilisation passée et actuelle des sols dans la région de Montréal affecte la valeur des SE et comment ces aménités naturelles sont perçues et valorisées par la population, dans une perspective d’aménagement futur du territoire. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé deux approches : l’analyse spatiale recourant aux systèmes d’information géographique et l’analyse des préférences exprimées par des techniques d’enquête. Pour l’analyse spatiale, nous avons combiné des analyses cartographiques à des valeurs monétaires associées aux SE publiées dans la littérature. Nous avons alors estimé la valeur des écosystèmes d’un territoire par le transfert de bénéfices, de prix de marchés directs et de coûts évités. Cette démarche nous a permis de comprendre la relation entre l’utilisation actuelle du territoire du Grand Montréal écologique et la valeur des services fournis par les écosystèmes, que nous avons estimée à 2,2 milliards de dollars par année. Elle nous a permis aussi de mesurer les effets sur la valeur des SE du changement d’utilisation des sols entre les années 1960 et 2010. Nous avons montré que malgré différentes politiques de contrôle et d’encadrement de l’étalement urbain au cours de cette période, les pertes économiques non marchandes liées aux SE s’élèvent à 236 millions de dollars par année. Pour l’analyse des préférences exprimées, nous avons utlilisé deux méthodes, l’évaluation contingente et le choix multi-attributs, avec l’objectif de mesurer le consentement à payer de répondants pour des variations dans l’aménagement du territoire. Nous avons montré d’une part que les répondants valorisent significativement l’incidence des pratiques agro-environnementales sur la qualité de l’environnement et des paysages en consentant à payer entre 159 et 333 dollars par ménage par année pour une amélioration de la diversité du paysage agricole. D’autre part, leur volonté à payer pour l’amélioration de l’état des milieux humides du Québec est estimée entre 389 et 455 dollars par ménage par année. L’utilisation conjointe des deux méthodes nous a permis d’en comparer les résultats. Nous avons en outre démontré que le choix du format de question de valorisation de l’évaluation contingente affecte la convergence des résultats. Enfin, nous avons proposé des pistes de recherches futures portant sur l’intégration des démarches d’analyse biophysique, économique et politique dans des outils de prise de décision mieux adaptés à la dynamique des écosystèmes, de la biodiversité et des communautés humaines. / Ecosystem services (ES) refer to benefits produced and sustained by biodiversity and ecosystems that benefit humans. In many cases, they are not considered in the economic system. This externalization of SE generates decisions on land use and natural resources that ignore their contribution to the well-being of communities. In order to raise awareness of the importance of ES and better integrate them into decision-making processes, economic approaches to value ES have been developed. In this thesis, we sought to understand both how the past and current land use in the Montreal area affects the value of ES and how these natural amenities are perceived and valued by the population in a future planning and management perspective. To accomplish this, we used two approaches: spatial analysis using geographic information systems and analysis of stated preferences by survey techniques. In the spatial analysis approach, we combined cartographic analyzes to monetary values associated to ES published in the literature. We then estimated the value of ecosystems using benefit transfer, direct market prices and avoided costs methods. This approach has allowed us to understand the relationship between the current land use in the Greater Montreal and the economic value of the services provided by ecosystems, which we estimated at 2.2 billion dollars per year. It also allowed us to estimate the effects of land use changes between 1960 and 2010 on the value of ES. We showed that despite different land use planning policies implemented to manage urban sprawl during this period, non-market economic losses related to ES have reached 236 million dollars per year. In the stated preferences approach, we used two methods, contingent valuation and choice experiment, with the aim of measuring the willingness to pay of respondents for proposed changes in their environment. In a first study, we showed that respondents significantly value the impact of agri-environmental practices on the quality of the environment and landscapes and are willing to pay between 159 and 333 dollars per household per year on improving the diversity of agricultural landscape. In a second study, their willingness to pay on improving the status of wetlands in Quebec is estimated at between 389 and 455 dollars per household per year. The combined use of the two methods allowed us to compare the results. We also demonstrated that the choice of valuation question format in contingent valuation affects the convergence of the results. Finally, we propose directions for future research related to the integration of ecological, economic and political analyzes of ES that would lead to better assessments of the dynamics of ecosystems, biodiversity and human communities.

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