Introduction & Background Black infant mortality rate is 122% higher than that of non-Hispanic white infants. In a 2021 CDC study, Black women’s maternal mortality rate was 69.9 deaths per 100,000 live births, 2.6 times the rate for non-Hispanic White women. Purpose Statement & Research Question The purpose of our research was to explore reasons why Black maternal mortality is higher than White and non-Hispanic populations and what contributing health disparities are causing higher mortality rates in black infants and mothers compared to their non-Hispanic white counterparts, in the United States. Literature Review: We found articles under 5 years old from Cinhal database. Findings Examples of inclusion and exclusion criteria in our studies included: ages between 18-39, whether they had hypertension during pregnancy, or were between 22-43 weeks of gestation. Main findings from our studies include mistrust between health providers and the black pregnant women negatively impacted their adherence to safe sleep practice, and 32% of women in another study reported that they were not able to initiate their first prenatal care visit as early as preferred due to a myriad of barriers. Conclusions & Nursing Interventions The take-home message of our studies was that disparities are multifactorial. Some major nursing implications we found are that perinatal nurses should assess the psychological wellbeing in Black women throughout pregnancy and advocate for Black women who report high levels of stress, depressive symptoms, or psychological distress.

Measuring levels of childhood mortality is important for low and middle-income countries to monitor overall development and progress towards improved child health. The overall aim of this research is to estimate the level and trend of childhood mortality in South Africa over time, and to examine the factors associated with and the determinants of childhood mortality. The study discovered that significant progress has been made to reduce the levels of childhood mortality in the country. The estimates derived through direct estimation using the 2016 South African Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS) for the period between 2012-2016 revealed age-specific mortality rates were: Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) was 22.0 per 1 000 live births, Post-neonatal Mortality Rate (PNMR) 13.1, 1q0 34.9, 1q4 5.5 and 5q0 40.2 per 1 000 live births. Investigation of the factors associated with childhood mortality revealed significant differentials in age group, sex, population group, province, socio-economic status and household characteristics. Overall, children aged less than one month and those aged between one to two months had a higher mortality risk than the other age groups; male children had an increased risk of dying than females; Black and Coloured children had an increased risk of dying compared to children in other population groups; children in Mpumalanga, Eastern Cape and North West had a higher risk of dying compared to children in other provinces; children whose mothers had below secondary education had higher risks of mortality; and children with poor water source and toilet facility were more likely to die than other children with better facilities. The results were generally in agreement with the existing literature. Although the study found significant improvement in the level of childhood mortality over the period 1996-2016, further progress is achievable as many children still continue to die of preventable or treatable causes. The findings of this study may assist government, policymakers and researchers to plan, and implement targeted interventions that will further reduce the levels of childhood mortality in South Africa.

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Life in the eighteenth-century Tidewater was set against the grim specter of death. Children were especially vulnerable, perishing with disheartening frequency throughout the century. Yet despite the high rates of child mortality, Tidewater culture underwent a revolution in regard to the eighteenth-century family. Children became the emotional focus of the family, becoming cherished for their youthful capering and playful nature. However, child death was no less common. The way in which parents coped with the death of a child changed throughout the century, reflecting the emotionalized understanding of children and childhood. The rituals surrounding the death of a child—from preparations for burial, the funeral, and lasting commemorations—evolved over the course of the eighteenth century, reflecting the new place of the child within the eighteenth-century family and the emotional trauma felt by the family after the death of a child. / Master of Arts

This study involved the design and testing of the Rural Urban Mortality Measurement (RUMM) technique. The technique generates independent estimates of rural and urban mortality for all age-groups by segregating death registration data into areas of similar characteristics to urban and rural areas. These areas are referred to as inferred urban and inferred rural populations in the study. In order to assess the reliability and validity of the RUMM technique, it was applied to the Philippine death registration data of 1975 and 1980, and to the 1980 death registration data . for Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. This application followed several procedural stages involving evaluation and assessment of the reliability and completeness of death and population data. Application of the RUMM technique to Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia allowed the comparison of inferred urban arid inferred rural mortality estimates to the estimates generated for urban and rural areas. This is because Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia have rural and urban data on death registration. The assessment procedure which compared the closeness of the patterns and levels of mortality between inferred urban and urban areas, and between inferred rural and rural areas, showed no difference. The differences in survival ratios for each age-group and the mean differences were found to be close. to zero. This led to the conclusion that the mortality estimates for inferred urban and inferred rural populations are valid representations of· levels and patterns of mortality found in urban and rural areas. Therefore, in cases where rural and urban tabulations of deaths do not exist, RUMM technique provides a valid method for calculation of mortality estimates. This study also presented the strengths and weaknesses of the technique especially when applied to sub-national populations. Mainly, weaknesses result from using the Brass Growth Balance Equation to assess completeness of death registration. Substitution of alternative estimates of death registration completeness tends to strengthen the technique. Finally, this study showed the robustness of the RUMM technique as well as its non-dependence on any specific index of urbanization arid on any technique of assessing completeness-of death registration. / Ph. D.

No / Risk-adjustment schemes are used to monitor hospital performance, on the assumption that excess mortality not explained by case mix is largely attributable to suboptimal care. We have developed a model to estimate the proportion of the variation in standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) that can be accounted for by variation in preventable mortality. The model was populated with values from the literature to estimate a predictive value of the SMR in this context-specifically the proportion of those hospitals with SMRs among the highest 2.5% that fall among the worst 2.5% for preventable mortality. The extent to which SMRs reflect preventable mortality rates is highly sensitive to the proportion of deaths that are preventable. If 6% of hospital deaths are preventable (as suggested by the literature), the predictive value of the SMR can be no greater than 9%. This value could rise to 30%, if 15% of deaths are preventable. The model offers a 'reality check' for case mix adjustment schemes designed to isolate the preventable component of any outcome rate.

Purpose of the study - Identify predictors of mortality and develop a related care plan for patients who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Gondar, Ethiopia. Design - A quantitative, retrospective cohort study was conducted analysing medical records of HIV patients who presented to Gondar University Hospital (GUH), Gondar, and started ART between 1 January 2007 and 30 June 2010. Results - In defining the predictors of mortality, the findings in bivariate analysis revealed: female sex, CD4 cell count ≤ 50/μl, CD4 cell count 51-199/μl, a haemoglobin concentration ≤8g/dl, a history of oral candidiasis, tuberculosis and Cryptococcus meningitis were all statistically significant. A female sex, CD4 cell count ≤ 50/μl and CD4 cell count 51-199/μl maintain their significance level in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions - The study therefore recommends that clinicians and case managers be vigilant of these predictors of mortality while managing HIV patients who are on ART / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Kazakhstan: Mortality in European context (comparison with selected European countries and nationalities) Abstract The aim of this diploma thesis is to anylized mortality rates in Kazakhstan and compared it with selected European countries. In the begining of the thesis is brief outline of history and development of ethnic composition in this Central Asian Republic. Another section contains a comparison of the economic and social conditions in Kazakhstan with two selected European countries - the Czech Republic and Sweden. The thesis continues with comparison and development of the most important mortality indicators in the three above mentioned countries. One of the used criteria summarizes findings from the comparison of mortality backgrounds of three selected European minorities living in Kazakhstan (Germans, Russians and Ukrainians) with their country of origin. This comparison shows a big difference for German nationality, for Russians and Ukrainians the differences are minimal. The concept of avoidable mortality was also used for comparison mortality conditions in selected countries. The results show a low level of health care system in Kazakhstan. The analysis shows a clear gap in Kazakhstan levels of mortality in comparison with selected European countries and nations. Keywords: Kazakhstan, The...