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The sex-role orientation was determined for 352 high school seniors in Plano, Texas. Using maternal employment status as the independent variable, the students were divided according to full-time employed mothers or full-time homemaker mothers. Results indicated that adolescents of employed mothers had a more liberal sex-role orientation and attitude towards the division of household tasks than adolescents of homemaker mothers. When male and female scores were analyzed separately, the order from most liberal to least liberal was females of employed mothers, females of homemaker mothers, males of employed mothers, and males of homemaker mothers. The mean scores indicated a nontraditional attitude. The study also indicated that maternal happiness with employment did not affect male and female sex-role orientation.

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Dissertation Submitted to fulfil the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Research (Psychology) by Dissertation Only / The aim of this study was to explore black South African women academics’ constructions of culture, mothering and education. The study further explored the relationships inherent between these aspects. The study followed a qualitative design through the utilisation of open-ended interviews that took place at a large urban public university in Johannesburg, South Africa. Nine women in academia who were linked predominantly to the field of health, who were of African descent and who had children between the ages of 0 and 18 years old were interviewed. The results illustrated that the women used multiple sources in the construction of their identities, some of which were congruent whereas between others there were tensions. The largest influence in their constructions of their identities was their religious affiliation, which took precedence over all other influences. At different stages of life their diverse identities held various significances to the women. This study is important because it is the first to investigate mothering in a low-risk African group

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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Clinical Psychology. Johannesburg December 1989 / Bulimia, the syndrome characterised by a pattern of episodic binge eating followed by attempts to purge the food by vomiting or laxative abuse, was only identified as a distinct syndrome in the late 1970s. The first studies to record these symptoms focused on bulimia as an associated feature or subtype of anorexia nervosa. In subsequent research however, it became evident that binge-eating and purging behaviour also occurs in normal weight people. It is this group of 'normal weight bulimics' who are the focus of this study. The present study focuses on the mother-daughter relationship, hypothesizing that this rulncionship will be of some significance in the etiology and maintenance of the syndrome (this has been shown to be the case in anorexia nervosa) . There has been very little research in this area and available information is based on clinical material from individual case studies. Two groups of women were selected, a bulimic and a non-bulimic group, and their perceptions of their mothers compared. The subjects were given a short demographic questionnaire, a projective test (the Thematic Apperception Test) which is sensitive to issues pertaining to the mother-daughter relationship, and an open ended question eliciting a description of their mothers. The data was analysed by two independent clinicians, using Beliak's (1986) method, and significant trends in the mother-daughter relationship were identified. The findings confirmed the significance of the mother-daughter relationship. The results were divided into two categories: the daughter's perceptions of her mother, and the daughter's feelings and responses. The major findings were, firstly, that the bulimic daughters feel emotionally deprived, and secondly, that the bulimic daughters feel extremely angry with their mothers but are afraid of expressing this anger directly. Instead they tend to become passive, and to withdraw into revengeful fantasies or to resort to passive aggressive behaviour. The present research brings to light a number of issues related to the mother-daughter relationship and the relationships in the 'bulimic family' as a whole, which require further investigation. "The woman is consoling the girl. But the girl feels the need to be alone. She can't accept love from others readily because she is scared. Scared that one day it will be removed, taken away or that it will turn to hate. She feels alone. Deep inside there is a need for consolation but she hides this insecurity with an invisible shield." (Bulimic subject's response to one of the TAT cards). "She knew what she had to do before it was too late, and she rose up with difficulty and walked across the thick carpet to the bathroom, and flicked on the light. The tiled floor was cold under her bare feet. She shivered slightly and turned to face the mirror above the sink as she pulled back her long hair and fastened it with a rubber band. Then she turned on the faucet, full force, and filled a glass of water. She left the water running out of habit, though this time it wasn't necessary since no one was around to hear the sounds from the bathroom. When she had finished the glass of water she lifted the lid of the toilet and knelt down before it, her face within the bowl. She pushed her finger down on the back of her tongue in the exact right spot and the brownish liquid gushed out of her." (Chernin, 1986, p.30)

Genetic counselling is an expanding profession, with many services now being offered in multicultural settings. The way in which individuals respond to genetic disorders varies greatly between countries, socio-economic groups, families, communities, religions and cultural groups. Together, these perspectives may influence how people experience genetic counselling with regard to satisfaction of the service, understanding heritability, communication, support and general healthcare provision. To address these issues standardised healthcare and genetic counselling models may need to be adjusted to prevent disparities in healthcare communication for different communities across the globe. South Africa provides a unique setting for genetic counselling because of the rich multicultural and linguistic diversity, as well as the many health and socioeconomic challenges that the country faces. Due to these diversities and challenges, further exploration into individuals‟ experiences of genetic counselling in South Africa is required to gain insight into the service needs for individuals.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Medicine Bioethics and Health Law, May 2015, Johannesburg / Surrogacy motherhood, an arrangement involving one woman gestating a baby to be raised by another, is still a relatively ‘new’ technology in Kenya seeing as the first surrogate birth in Kenya happened in August 2007. Being a new technology therefore, the practice is still stifled in uncertainty thereby raising a complex web of legal and ethical issues. The fact that there is no legal and ethical framework to regulate surrogacy arrangements in Kenya, exposes the practice to corruption and other exploitative activities. Lapses and lacuna in the legal framework makes it hard to standardize the practice of surrogacy in Kenya, leaving the consumers of the service (technology) at the mercy of personal interpretation of the service providers. It is therefore essential that a legal and ethical framework is formulated to not only curb the rising incidences of exploitation but to also safeguard the interests of all parties involved. It is under this background that I intend to normatively assess the current practices of surrogacy in Kenya and make recommendations based on best practices internationally to guide the development of a legal and ethical framework on surrogacy in Kenya.

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