A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Medicine Bioethics and Health Law, May 2015, Johannesburg / Surrogacy motherhood, an arrangement involving one woman gestating a baby to be raised by another, is still a relatively ‘new’ technology in Kenya seeing as the first surrogate birth in Kenya happened in August 2007. Being a new technology therefore, the practice is still stifled in uncertainty thereby raising a complex web of legal and ethical issues. The fact that there is no legal and ethical framework to regulate surrogacy arrangements in Kenya, exposes the practice to corruption and other exploitative activities. Lapses and lacuna in the legal framework makes it hard to standardize the practice of surrogacy in Kenya, leaving the consumers of the service (technology) at the mercy of personal interpretation of the service providers. It is therefore essential that a legal and ethical framework is formulated to not only curb the rising incidences of exploitation but to also safeguard the interests of all parties involved. It is under this background that I intend to normatively assess the current practices of surrogacy in Kenya and make recommendations based on best practices internationally to guide the development of a legal and ethical framework on surrogacy in Kenya.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1983. / "A research report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree ..."

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1983. / "A research report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree ..."--T.p.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 166 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 102-116).

No description available.

Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of regulating surrogacy in the light of the existing legal position and the relevant moral aspects. It is now medically possible for one woman to bear a child, which is not genetically related to her, on behalf of another person. Currently the law makes no specific provision for the regulation of surrogate motherhood. The key problem in this regard is that the existing law is applicable to surrogate motherhood, inter alia because surrogacy is brought about by artificial insemination and because the intended parents can only acquire parental authority by way of adoption. The final recommendation is a Surrogacy Act for South Africa. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is an analysis of the relevant moral and social aspects relating to surrogacy in order to justify the above-mentioned act morally. Commercial surrogacy, the genetic tie between parent and child, the differences between surrogacy and adoption, the question as to who is a parent and surrogacy for convenience are analysed. Despite all the arguments that can be made in favour of or against these moral issues in a vacuum, these arguments will be irrelevant in cases where the child is already born. In such a case the only relevant concern will be what is in the child's best interest. In the second part of the thesis the existing legal position is analysed. This includes an examination of the applicable legislation, the impact of the Constitution, the South African Law Commission's proposed bill on surrogate motherhood and the customary law. Although the relevant legislation does not specifically provide for surrogacy, it remains applicable. This is extremely problematic for the parties involved. The Bill of Rights is applicable to all law and binds the Legislature. Therefore the main principles of the Constitution will have to be embodied in the proposed regulatory Act. Although the Law Commission's proposed bill is a well formulated document, one shortcoming that has been identified is that it is not constitutionally justifiable. The customary law has several practices which are analogous to surrogacy. The right to culture, which is entrenched in the Constitution, has the effect that these practices cannot be outlawed. However, should it not be consistent with the Constitution, it can be held to be invalid. The conclusion which is reached is that surrogacy can be morally and constitutionally justifiable if it is regulated properly. It is therefore proposed that an Act be formulated to regulate these relevant issues. Such a proposed Act is included in part three of the thesis. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die moontlikheid om surrogaatmoederskap te reguleer as gevolg van die feit dat dit nou vir 'n vrou moontlik is om 'n kind, wat nie geneties aan haar verwant is nie, vir 'n ander te baar. Die reg maak nie spesifiek vir die regulering van surrogaatmoederskap voorsiening nie. Die kernprobleem in hierdie verband is dat die bestaande reg wel van toepassing daarop is, vanweë onder andere die feit dat surrogaatmoederskap teweeggebring word deur middel van kunsmatige bevrugting. Wetgewing wat kunsmatige bevrugting reguleer is gevolglik van toepassing, hoewel dit nie geskryf was met die oog op surrogaatmoederskap in die besonder nie. Die doel van die studie is gevolglik om te ondersoek hoe surrogaatmoederskap gereguleer kan word gegewe die bestaande regsposisie en relevante morele oorwegings. Die tesis kan in drie afdelings verdeel word. Die eerste bestaan uit 'n analise van die morele aspekte wat by surrogaatmoederskap ter sprake is. Dit is nodig om hierdie aangeleenthede te analiseer ten einde 'n voorgestelde wet moreel regverdigbaar te maak. Kommersiële surrogaatmoederskap, die genetiese band tussen ouer en kind, die verskille tussen surrogasie en aanneming, die vraag na die identiteit van die ouer en surrogaatmoederskap vir gerief word geanaliseer. Ten spyte van al die morele argumente wat gemaak kan word voordat 'n kind gebore is, is hierdie argumente van weinig belang waar die kind reeds gebore is. In so 'n geval is dit slegs die beste belang van die kind wat oorweeg moet word. Die bestaande regsposisie word in die tweede deel van die tesis ontleed. Dit sluit 'n ontleding van die relevante wetgewing, die oorweging van die impak van die Grondwet, 'n analise van die Suid-Afrikaanse Regskommissie se Voorgestelde Wetsontwerp op Surrogaatmoederskap en 'n evaluering van die inheemse reg in. Die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak word is dat die bestaande wetgewing nie uitdruklik vir surrogaatmoederskap voorsiening maak nie, maar wel daarop van toepassing kan wees. Dit veroorsaak verskeie probleme vir die betrokke partye. Die Grondwet het 'n drastiese impak op die regulering van surrogaatmoederskap en sal in ag geneem moet word indien 'n surrogaatmoederskapswet voorgestel word. Die Regskommissie se voorgestelde wetsontwerp is 'n goed geformuleerde dokument, maar moet aangepas word ten einde grondwetlik regverdigbaar te wees. Daar is verskeie gebruike in die inheemse reg wat analoog aan surrogaatmoederskap is. Die reg op kultuur, wat grondwetlik verskans is, het tot gevolg dat partye, op wie die inheemse reg van toepassing is, die reg het om hierdie gebruike na te volg. Indien die praktyke egter strydig met die Grondwet is, kan dit ongeldig verklaar word. Derdens word 'n wet voorgestelom surrogaatmoederskap te reguleer. Die gevolgtrekking waartoe gekom word, is dat surrogaatmoederskap moreel en grondwetlik regverdigbaar kan wees indien dit behoorlik gereguleer word.

Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com base nos Estudos Culturais, em sua vertente pós-estruturalista. O objetivo foi analisar publicações de jornais, livros, sites e revistas que veicularam reportagens sobre Gestação de Substituição, para conhecer os discursos que circularam na mídia sobre a temática. Gestação de Substituição está dentre as técnicas que compõem o conjunto da reprodução assistida que combina a fertilização in vitro com a implantação do embrião (com o material genético de outrem) no útero da mãe substituta. Para tanto, foram analisadas reportagens cujo tema central eram histórias de sujeitos que participaram do processo de Gestação de Substituição. A análise desse corpus foi fundamentada nas ferramentas propostas por Michel Foucault, especialmente de discurso, enunciado e arquivo. Assumindo a mídia como artefato cultural que nos subjetiva e instiga determinados modos de vida, pretendi realizar uma das possíveis leituras dessas reportagens. Da análise emergiram três marcadores: nos Contos de fadas: uma estratégia discursiva midiática, observei que as histórias são contadas respeitando determinados enredos das tradicionais histórias infantis, posicionando os sujeitos participantes da Gestação de Substituição como heróis. Em Mães substitutas: sujeitos forjados pelos discursos midiático, biomédico e moral, as análises apontaram que os pais biológicos admiram tais mulheres por gestar o filho de outrem. No marcador, A família feliz: uma instituição social reorganizada discursivamente, destacou que as mães biológicas podem vivenciar a gestação, uma gravidez possível e o amor materno. Portanto, minha proposta foi (re)pensar e fazer outras e novas perguntas sobre o tema e suscitar reflexões que possam contribuir para a assistência em saúde dos sujeitos envolvidos no processo de Gestação de Substituição. E, neste sentido, procurar fornecer subsídios para que a Enfermagem (re)pense suas práticas para atender as demandas dessas novas famílias. / This is a qualitative research based on Cultural Studies, in its poststructuralist dimension. The objective was to analyze publications of newspapers, books, websites and magazines that have provided reports on Surrogacy to know the speeches that have circulated in the media about the theme. Surrogacy is among the techniques that make up assisted reproduction that combines in vitro fertilization with the implantation of the embryo (with the genetic material of another) in the uterus of the surrogate mother. For that we have analyzed reports whose central theme were stories of subjects who participated in the process of Surrogacy. The analysis of this corpus was based on the tools proposed by Michel Foucault, especially discourse, statement and archive. Assuming the media as a cultural artifact that subjective and instigates certain ways of life, I intended to carry out one of the possible readings of these reports. From the analysis emerged three markers: In Fairy Tales: a media discursive strategy I observed that the stories are told respecting certain scenarios of the traditional children's stories, positioning the subjects participating in the Surrogacy as heroes. In Surrogate mothers: subjects forged by the media, biomedic and moral discourses, the analyses pointed out those biological parents admire such women for gestating the child of another. In the bookmark, The Happy Family: a social institution discursively reorganized, emphasized that biological mothers can experience gestation, a possible pregnancy and maternal love. Therefore, my proposal was to (re)think and make other and new questions on this topic and to raise reflections that could contribute to the health care of the subjects involved in the Surrogacy process. And, in this sense, seek to provide subsidies for Nursing to (re)think their practices to meet the demands of these new families.

Thesis (M. A.(Social Work)) --University of Limpopo, 2018 / Involuntary childlessness and infertility affects women from various cultural and religious backgrounds. Childless women suffer from social and psychological ailments because of their circumstances. Previous research reveals that women who suffer from infertility and childlessness experience social exclusion and ridicule from their women folk who have children. In South Africa reproduction is a human right and everyone is allowed to make decisions on whether or not they should have children. Surrogacy as an assisted reproductive technique is allowed and governed through the Children’s Act 38 of 2005. However, the knowledge of childless women on surrogacy, their belief system and willingness to take up surrogacy as a way to have children is unknown to the researcher. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of childless women on surrogacy as an assisted reproductive technique. The study was exploratory and qualitative in nature. The participants were identified through purposive and snowball sampling. Data was collected until saturation point and seven participants were interviewed. Unstructured, face to face interviews were conducted. An audio recorder was utilised during the interviews. Thematic analysis was employed in data analysis and trustworthiness was used to establish the credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability of the study. Most women in this study mentioned that they had heard and were aware of surrogacy but they were not well-informed about the relevant legislation. Women in this study were willing to take up surrogacy as an option to have their own children.

Univ., Diss.-2004--Münster, 2003. / Literaturverz. S. XII - XXX.

Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com base nos Estudos Culturais, em sua vertente pós-estruturalista. O objetivo foi analisar publicações de jornais, livros, sites e revistas que veicularam reportagens sobre Gestação de Substituição, para conhecer os discursos que circularam na mídia sobre a temática. Gestação de Substituição está dentre as técnicas que compõem o conjunto da reprodução assistida que combina a fertilização in vitro com a implantação do embrião (com o material genético de outrem) no útero da mãe substituta. Para tanto, foram analisadas reportagens cujo tema central eram histórias de sujeitos que participaram do processo de Gestação de Substituição. A análise desse corpus foi fundamentada nas ferramentas propostas por Michel Foucault, especialmente de discurso, enunciado e arquivo. Assumindo a mídia como artefato cultural que nos subjetiva e instiga determinados modos de vida, pretendi realizar uma das possíveis leituras dessas reportagens. Da análise emergiram três marcadores: nos Contos de fadas: uma estratégia discursiva midiática, observei que as histórias são contadas respeitando determinados enredos das tradicionais histórias infantis, posicionando os sujeitos participantes da Gestação de Substituição como heróis. Em Mães substitutas: sujeitos forjados pelos discursos midiático, biomédico e moral, as análises apontaram que os pais biológicos admiram tais mulheres por gestar o filho de outrem. No marcador, A família feliz: uma instituição social reorganizada discursivamente, destacou que as mães biológicas podem vivenciar a gestação, uma gravidez possível e o amor materno. Portanto, minha proposta foi (re)pensar e fazer outras e novas perguntas sobre o tema e suscitar reflexões que possam contribuir para a assistência em saúde dos sujeitos envolvidos no processo de Gestação de Substituição. E, neste sentido, procurar fornecer subsídios para que a Enfermagem (re)pense suas práticas para atender as demandas dessas novas famílias. / This is a qualitative research based on Cultural Studies, in its poststructuralist dimension. The objective was to analyze publications of newspapers, books, websites and magazines that have provided reports on Surrogacy to know the speeches that have circulated in the media about the theme. Surrogacy is among the techniques that make up assisted reproduction that combines in vitro fertilization with the implantation of the embryo (with the genetic material of another) in the uterus of the surrogate mother. For that we have analyzed reports whose central theme were stories of subjects who participated in the process of Surrogacy. The analysis of this corpus was based on the tools proposed by Michel Foucault, especially discourse, statement and archive. Assuming the media as a cultural artifact that subjective and instigates certain ways of life, I intended to carry out one of the possible readings of these reports. From the analysis emerged three markers: In Fairy Tales: a media discursive strategy I observed that the stories are told respecting certain scenarios of the traditional children's stories, positioning the subjects participating in the Surrogacy as heroes. In Surrogate mothers: subjects forged by the media, biomedic and moral discourses, the analyses pointed out those biological parents admire such women for gestating the child of another. In the bookmark, The Happy Family: a social institution discursively reorganized, emphasized that biological mothers can experience gestation, a possible pregnancy and maternal love. Therefore, my proposal was to (re)think and make other and new questions on this topic and to raise reflections that could contribute to the health care of the subjects involved in the Surrogacy process. And, in this sense, seek to provide subsidies for Nursing to (re)think their practices to meet the demands of these new families.