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É conhecida ao longo da história da humanidade a grande quantidade de acidentes vinculados à ação de cargas cíclicas. Há mais de 100 anos, metodologias levam em conta o fenômeno de fadiga em projetos de novos componentes. As metodologias existentes para avaliar a vida em fadiga são empíricas e têm sido aplicadas com sucesso na determinação da vida do componente em fadiga quando o mesmo é submetido a carregamento uniaxial ou a carregamento multiaxial proporcional. Mas a evidencia experimental tem mostrado que quando a solicitação é multiaxial e não proporcional, as leis antes mencionadas deixam de ser adequadas. Dessa forma os critérios clássicos utilizados não preveem corretamente a vida do componente. Neste contexto o presente trabalho avalia algumas das metodologias de fadiga multiaxial não proporcionais disponíveis na bibliografia especializada. Os resultados obtidos com estes métodos são comparados entre sim e com os resultados obtidos utilizando a metodologia de fadiga multiaxial proporcional. Para comparar as metodologias citadas é apresentado um exemplo de solicitação simples, e também a análise do componente de uma máquina agrícola solicitada por um histórico de tensões típicas, obtida a partir do teste da máquina em campo. Finalmente são apresentadas as conclusões sobre as metodologias utilizadas e sobre a importância de levar em conta a não proporcionalidade de um estado de tensões multiaxial oscilantes. / It is known throughout human history the large amount of accidents linked to action of cyclic loading. For over 100 years, methodologies take into account the fatigue phenomenon of new components projects. Existing methodologies for assessing the fatigue life are empirical and have been successfully applied in the determination of fatigue life of the component when it is subjected to uniaxial loading or proportional multiaxial loading. But the experimental evidence has shown that when the request is multiaxial and not proportional, the laws mentioned above are no longer adequate. Thus the classical criteria used not correctly predict component life. In this context, this paper analyzes some of the methodologies of multiaxial fatigue non proportionate available in the relevant literature. The results obtained with these methods are compared with the results so obtained and using the proportional multiaxial fatigue methodology. To compare the methods mentioned is an example of simple request, and also the analysis component of an agricultural machine requested by a history of typical strains, obtained from the machine field testing on a test track. Finally conclusions on the methodologies used and the importance of taking into account the non-proportionality of a state of oscillating multiaxial stresses are presented.

Les élastomères présentent une diversité d’utilisation et des caractéristiques mécaniques spécifiques (grandes déformations, comportement dissipatif, ...) qui en font une famille de matériaux très utilisés dans l’industrie. Lors de leur fonctionnement, les pièces réelles subissent des sollicitations complexes. Comprendre les phénomènes induits par la fatigue multiaxiale constitue ainsi un enjeu important dans la phase de conception industrielle. Le matériau utilisé au cours de cette étude est un polychloroprène (CR), fourni par la société Hutchinson et présent dans les poulies découpleuses. Celui-ci possède une réponse dissipative en grandes déformations. Son comportement est modélisé à partir de lois de comportements viscohyperélastiques suivant deux approches : une méthode analytique impliquant un calcul simple en un point d’un cylindre et l’autre utilisant un calcul éléments finis implémenté dans ANSYS. Une campagne expérimentale en fatigue multiaxiale est alors réalisée, en traction-torsion afin de tester l’énergie dissipée comme critère de fatigue multiaxial. Celui-ci présente des résultats intéressants. Des diagramme de Haigh ont été établis afin de mettre en évidence le phénomène de cristallisation. Des analyses post-mortem ont été menés avec un microscope électronique à balayage et expose des spécificités morphologiques liées à la sollicitation vue par le matériau. / Due to their interesting mechanical behavior (large strain, dissipative behavior ...) and their diversity, elastomers are more and more used in industry. In service conditions, rubber components are subjected to complex loadings. Therefore, understanding phenomena induced by multiaxial fatigue constitutes an important issue in the industrial conception’s step. The material used in this work is a polychloroprene rubber, provided by Huchinson society and dedicated to silent-block’s applications. This elastomer possess a dissipative component at large strains. This behavior is determined following two approaches : an analytic method, implying a simple calculation at a local point of a cylinder and a finite elements analysis implemented with ANSYS software. An experimental investigation in multiaxial fatigue is then realized to test the dissipated energy density as a multiaxial fatigue criterion. This parameter obtained interesting results. Haigh diagrams has been built to point out crystallization phenomenon. Post-mortem analyses has been carried out with a scanning electronic microscope and exposes morphological specificities related to the material’s sollicitation.

abstract: A new critical plane-energy model is proposed in this thesis for multiaxial fatigue life prediction of homogeneous and heterogeneous materials. Brief review of existing methods, especially on the critical plane-based and energy-based methods, are given first. Special focus is on one critical plane approach which has been shown to work for both brittle and ductile metals. The key idea is to automatically change the critical plane orientation with respect to different materials and stress states. One potential drawback of the developed model is that it needs an empirical calibration parameter for non-proportional multiaxial loadings since only the strain terms are used and the out-of-phase hardening cannot be considered. The energy-based model using the critical plane concept is proposed with help of the Mroz-Garud hardening rule to explicitly include the effect of non-proportional hardening under fatigue cyclic loadings. Thus, the empirical calibration for non-proportional loading is not needed since the out-of-phase hardening is naturally included in the stress calculation. The model predictions are compared with experimental data from open literature and it is shown the proposed model can work for both proportional and non-proportional loadings without the empirical calibration. Next, the model is extended for the fatigue analysis of heterogeneous materials integrating with finite element method. Fatigue crack initiation of representative volume of heterogeneous materials is analyzed using the developed critical plane-energy model and special focus is on the microstructure effect on the multiaxial fatigue life predictions. Several conclusions and future work is drawn based on the proposed study. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2016

É conhecida ao longo da história da humanidade a grande quantidade de acidentes vinculados à ação de cargas cíclicas. Há mais de 100 anos, metodologias levam em conta o fenômeno de fadiga em projetos de novos componentes. As metodologias existentes para avaliar a vida em fadiga são empíricas e têm sido aplicadas com sucesso na determinação da vida do componente em fadiga quando o mesmo é submetido a carregamento uniaxial ou a carregamento multiaxial proporcional. Mas a evidencia experimental tem mostrado que quando a solicitação é multiaxial e não proporcional, as leis antes mencionadas deixam de ser adequadas. Dessa forma os critérios clássicos utilizados não preveem corretamente a vida do componente. Neste contexto o presente trabalho avalia algumas das metodologias de fadiga multiaxial não proporcionais disponíveis na bibliografia especializada. Os resultados obtidos com estes métodos são comparados entre sim e com os resultados obtidos utilizando a metodologia de fadiga multiaxial proporcional. Para comparar as metodologias citadas é apresentado um exemplo de solicitação simples, e também a análise do componente de uma máquina agrícola solicitada por um histórico de tensões típicas, obtida a partir do teste da máquina em campo. Finalmente são apresentadas as conclusões sobre as metodologias utilizadas e sobre a importância de levar em conta a não proporcionalidade de um estado de tensões multiaxial oscilantes. / It is known throughout human history the large amount of accidents linked to action of cyclic loading. For over 100 years, methodologies take into account the fatigue phenomenon of new components projects. Existing methodologies for assessing the fatigue life are empirical and have been successfully applied in the determination of fatigue life of the component when it is subjected to uniaxial loading or proportional multiaxial loading. But the experimental evidence has shown that when the request is multiaxial and not proportional, the laws mentioned above are no longer adequate. Thus the classical criteria used not correctly predict component life. In this context, this paper analyzes some of the methodologies of multiaxial fatigue non proportionate available in the relevant literature. The results obtained with these methods are compared with the results so obtained and using the proportional multiaxial fatigue methodology. To compare the methods mentioned is an example of simple request, and also the analysis component of an agricultural machine requested by a history of typical strains, obtained from the machine field testing on a test track. Finally conclusions on the methodologies used and the importance of taking into account the non-proportionality of a state of oscillating multiaxial stresses are presented.

É conhecida ao longo da história da humanidade a grande quantidade de acidentes vinculados à ação de cargas cíclicas. Há mais de 100 anos, metodologias levam em conta o fenômeno de fadiga em projetos de novos componentes. As metodologias existentes para avaliar a vida em fadiga são empíricas e têm sido aplicadas com sucesso na determinação da vida do componente em fadiga quando o mesmo é submetido a carregamento uniaxial ou a carregamento multiaxial proporcional. Mas a evidencia experimental tem mostrado que quando a solicitação é multiaxial e não proporcional, as leis antes mencionadas deixam de ser adequadas. Dessa forma os critérios clássicos utilizados não preveem corretamente a vida do componente. Neste contexto o presente trabalho avalia algumas das metodologias de fadiga multiaxial não proporcionais disponíveis na bibliografia especializada. Os resultados obtidos com estes métodos são comparados entre sim e com os resultados obtidos utilizando a metodologia de fadiga multiaxial proporcional. Para comparar as metodologias citadas é apresentado um exemplo de solicitação simples, e também a análise do componente de uma máquina agrícola solicitada por um histórico de tensões típicas, obtida a partir do teste da máquina em campo. Finalmente são apresentadas as conclusões sobre as metodologias utilizadas e sobre a importância de levar em conta a não proporcionalidade de um estado de tensões multiaxial oscilantes. / It is known throughout human history the large amount of accidents linked to action of cyclic loading. For over 100 years, methodologies take into account the fatigue phenomenon of new components projects. Existing methodologies for assessing the fatigue life are empirical and have been successfully applied in the determination of fatigue life of the component when it is subjected to uniaxial loading or proportional multiaxial loading. But the experimental evidence has shown that when the request is multiaxial and not proportional, the laws mentioned above are no longer adequate. Thus the classical criteria used not correctly predict component life. In this context, this paper analyzes some of the methodologies of multiaxial fatigue non proportionate available in the relevant literature. The results obtained with these methods are compared with the results so obtained and using the proportional multiaxial fatigue methodology. To compare the methods mentioned is an example of simple request, and also the analysis component of an agricultural machine requested by a history of typical strains, obtained from the machine field testing on a test track. Finally conclusions on the methodologies used and the importance of taking into account the non-proportionality of a state of oscillating multiaxial stresses are presented.

The master’s thesis deals with the fatigue life prediction under multiaxial cyclic loading. First, the fatigue process is discussed and the methods for fatigue life prediction under uniaxial and multiaxial loading are described. In the practical part, the accuracy of selected criteria is assessed based on experimental data obtained on cylindrical samples made of 1.2210 steel that were tested under synchronous symmetric axial-torsion loading. Application of criteria requires to determine the fatigue strength under pure axial and torsional loading.

Ce travail a été entrepris dans le cadre d’une coopération internationale entre l’Université de Brasilia, l’Agence spatiale brésilienne (AEB), l’ENS Paris-Saclay et le groupe SAFRAN. L’objet principal de cette coopération est l’étude du fretting-fatigue, problème de contact associé à des charges de fatigue qui réduisent considérablement la durée de vie des composants en raison de la concentration élevée de contraintes, de l’usure et des conditions de chargement non proportionnelles. En ce qui concerne les coûts de calcul élevés impliqués dans l’évaluation des applications industrielles, l’un des objectifs de ce travail est d’améliorer les performances des simulations de frettage utilisant une approche d’enrichissement. L'idée est de tirer parti du fait que les champs mécaniques autour des bords de contact dans des configurations de contact cylindriques dans des conditions de frottement sont similaires à ceux trouvés près du fond de fissure dans les problèmes de mécanique de rupture élastique linéaire. Cette similitude rend attrayante l’idée d’enrichir les simulations de frettage par éléments finis via le framework X-FEM, ce qui nous permet de travailler avec des maillages plus grossiers tout en conservant une bonne précision. Comme nous le montrerons dans ce travail, il est possible de travailler avec des maillages jusqu'à 10 fois plus grossiers que si une méthode par élements finis classique était utilisée, permettant une forte amélioration des performances de calcul.Ce travail étudiera également l’influence de la prise en compte des effets de l’usure dans la prévision de la durée de vie en fatigue. Par conséquent, des simulations par éléments finis du fretting-fatigue ont été effectuées en tenant compte de la mise à jour de la géométrie due à l'enlèvement de matière et les résultats ont été comparés aux données expérimentales et aux simulations par éléments finis dans lesquels les effets de l'usure ont été négligés (stratégie simplificatrice généralement adoptée pour évaluer les problèmes de fatigue de frottement). Les critères de fatigue multiaxiaux conventionnels associés à la théorie des distances critiques ont été utilisés pour prédire la vie. Les résultats ont montré que, pour les données évaluées ici, lorsque des essais de fretting-fatigue ont été menés sur un alliage Ti-6Al-4V dans des conditions de glissement partiel, considérer les effets de l'usure pourraient augmenter légèrement la précision des prévisions de durée de vie. Cependant, cette amélioration n’est peut-être pas digne d’intérêt si nous prenons en compte les coûts de calcul élevés dans les analyses d’usure. / This work has been undertaken in the context of an international research cooperation between the University of Brasilia, the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB), the ENS Paris-Saclay and the SAFRAN group. The main subject of this cooperation is the investigation of fretting fatigue, which is a contact problem in conjunction with fatigue loads responsible for reducing considerably components’ fatigue life due to the high stress concentration, wear and non-proportional loading conditions involved in such problems. Regarding the high computational costs involved when assessing industrial applications, one of the aims of this work is to improve the performance of fretting simulations making use of an enrichment approach. The idea is to take advantage of the fact that the mechanical fields around the contact edges in cylindrical contact configurations under fretting conditions are similar to the ones found close to the crack tip in linear elastic fracture mechanics problems. This similarity makes attractive the idea of enriching finite element fretting simulations through the X-FEM framework, which enables us to work with coarser meshes while keeping a good accuracy. As it will be shown in this work, it is possible to work with meshes up to 10 times coarser than it should be if a conventional FE method was used allowing a strong improvement of the computational performances.This work will also investigate the influence of considering wear effects in the prediction of fretting fatigue lives. Therefore, fretting fatigue FE simulations have been carried considering the geometry update due to the material removal and results were compared to both experimental data and FE simulations where wear effects were neglected (simplifying strategy usually adopted when evaluating fretting fatigue problems). Conventional multiaxial fatigue criteria in association with the Theory of Critical Distances have been used in order to predict life. Results have shown that, for the data here assessed, where fretting fatigue tests were conducted on a Ti-6Al-4V alloy under partial slip conditions, considering wear effects might slightly increase the accuracy of life predictions. However, this slight improvement may not be worthwhile regarding the increase in the computational cost when compared to standard approaches where wear is neglected.

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