Este trabalho tem como objetivo salientar a importância do estudo de sistemas de equações lineares no ensino médio através de aplicações que estão inseridas no dia-a-dia, e, tornar significativo o saber matemático, visto que, os alunos demonstram ter uma grande dificuldade em relacionar os conteúdos aprendidos ao longo de suas vidas com situações problemas cotidianas. Para tanto, esse trabalho foi organizado em três capítulos. O capítulo I apresenta uma introdução ao estudo de sistemas de equações lineares sobre números reais, parte da matemática fundamental para a compreensão dos métodos de resolução. O capítulo II apresenta algumas aplicações de sistemas de equações lineares frequentes no dia-a-dia. O capítulo III apresenta uma proposta de sequência didática de uma situação problema contextualizada para o Ensino Médio / The aim in this work is to highlight the importance of studying systems of linear equations for secondary school students through applications that are embedded in day-today, and make significant mathematical knowledge, since students have demonstrated great difficulty relate the content learned throughout their lives with situations everyday problems. For this purpose, this work was organized in three chapters. Chapter I provides an introduction to the study of systems of linear equations over the real numbers, the mathematics fundamental to understanding the methods of resolution. Chapter II presents some applications of linear systems of equations frequently in day-to-day. Chapter III proposes a didactic sequence of a problem situation in context to Secondary School

This work is focused on overdetermined systems of interval linear equati- ons. First part consists of introduction to interval arithmetics and interval linear algebra and basic theory of interval linear systems. In the second part various methods for solving overdetermined interval linear systems are de- scribed. By solution of overdetermined interval system we mean union of all solutions of all subsystems. Known and our variants of algorithms are discussed. We introduce our subsquare method. All mentioned methods are implemented in one toolbox for Matlab. Methods are tested on solvable and unsolvable overdetermined systems. For solvable systems we test solution enclosure, time and special features of methods. For unsolvable systems we test detection of unsolvability. At the end of this work we provide basic in- troduction to Intlab. 1

Kritická místa matematiky na základní škole (Analýza didaktických praktik učitelů - lineární rovnice) Critical Areas of Mathematics at the Primary School (Analysis of Teachers' Didactic Practices - Linear Equations) Abstract The goal of the diploma thesis is to describe didactic practices used by primary teachers when teaching linear equations, seen as one of the critical moments of primary school mathematics. First, semantic and structural models of linear equations and ways of teaching linear equations as suggested by selected textbooks for primary schools are described. Next, on the basis of literature review, pupil' problems and types of mistakes they make in this area are given. My research consisted of semistructured interviews with five experienced mathematics teachers and observations of their lessons. The interviews and observations were transcribed and the transcriptions were analysed by techniques of grounded theory. It was found out that the teachers use common didactic practices as well as their own which they develop. The practices, models which the teachers use when teaching linear equations, approaches to introducing equivalent operations, as well as a list of critical places within linear equations are the main results of the work. Keywords: Linear equations, models, pupils' problems,...

Os problemas de engenharia atualmente têm aumentado a sua ordem de grandeza, por conta de diversos fatores. A modelagem em ambiente computacional dos mesmos esbarra em limitações, como grandes quantidades de tempo de processamento gastos com diversas simulações da modelagem e a pouca quantidade de memória disponível para alocar propriamente os problemas. A resolução de grandes sistemas de equações lineares, comumente abordado nos problemas atuais de engenharia, necessita da exploração das duas situações mencionadas anteriormente. A subárea computacional que permite explorar a redução do tempo e a possibilidade de alocação na memória de tais problemas é chamada de computação de alto desempenho. O objetivo deste trabalho é ilustrar o uso de softwares de resolução de sistemas de equações lineares, chamados de solvers, projetados para os ambientes computacionais de alto desempenho, testando-os e avaliando-os em um conjunto de matrizes conhecido, bem como abordar os detalhes computacionais envolvidos em tais procedimentos. / Engineering problems today have increased their order of magnitude, due to several factors. Modeling these problems with computers brings up certain limitations, as the amount of processing time needed for several simulations and the lack of available memory to properly allocate them. The resolution of large systems of linear equations, commonly discussed in current engineering problems, needs the exploration of the two situations mentioned above. The subarea that allows exploring the computational time reduction and the possibility of allocating memory in such problems is called high performance computing. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the use of software to solve systems of linear equations, called solvers, designed for high performance computing environments, to test and evaluate them for a set of matrices as well as to address the computational details involved in such procedures.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of teaching linear equations with Dynamic Mathematics Software (GeoGebra) on seventh grade students&rsquo / achievement compared to the regular instruction. Randomized posttest-only control group design was utilized in the study. 60 seventh grade students (32 girls and 28 boys) of a public school in Yenimahalle district in Ankara participated in the study. The study was conducted in 2011-2012 fall semester, lasting 9 class hours in three weeks. The data was collected by three Mathematics Achievement Tests: Cartesian coordinate system achievement test (MAT1), linear relation achievement test (MAT2) and graph of linear equation achievement test (MAT3). The quantitative analysis was conducted by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results revealed that teaching Cartesian coordinate system and linear relation by using Dynamic Mathematics Software had no significant effect on seventh grade students&rsquo / achievement compared to the regular instruction. On the other hand, the results also indicated that teaching graph of linear equations by using Dynamic Mathematics Software had a significant effect on seventh grade students&rsquo / achievement positively.

This thesis is a short survey for the comparison theorems and oscillation theorems for the second order half-linear equation [c(x)u'^{(p-1)}]'+a(x)u^{(p-1)}=0, where u^{(p-1)}=|u|^{p-2}u. Some examples are also given. The above equation is said to be oscillatory ( O ) if there exists a nontrivial solution having an infinite number of zeros in (0,¡Û); and non-oscillatory ( NO ) if otherwise. Oscillation theorems help to determine whether an equation is ( O ) or ( NO ). These comparison theorem and oscillation theorems give information for the number and position of zeros in (0,¡Û) for a nontrivial solution of the above equation. Materials in this thesis originate from the papers of Li-Yeh and the monograph of Dosly and Rehak. But Reid type comparison theorem is new.

This study used the multiple methods of classroom observation, interview with teachers and students, and paper-and-pencil test to investigate the ability development of seventh-grade students in learning two-dimensional linear systems of equations and the corresponding error analysis. Hopefully, the results of this study can be as a reference for the middle school math teachers to plan the suitable teaching strategies when they teach two-dimensional linear systems of equations to their students. At the beginning, the researcher entered two seventh-grade classrooms of one middle school in Kaohsiung to make the preliminary observations and let students (also the teachers) to get used to the appearance of the researcher in the classroom during the period that one-variable linear equations were taught. Subsequently, the formal observations were carried out for 40 class periods that two-dimensional linear systems of equations were taught. All the observations made about how teachers taught and how students learned were recorded and content analyzed. Two paper-and-pencil tests were administered during the period of preliminary observations. And three paper-and pencil tests were given during the period of the formal observations. All the test results were collected and analyzed in numerous ways. Based on the literature survey and the interviews with six middle school math teachers, all relevant abilities of mastering two-dimensional linear systems of equations were classified into three categories: Character Symbols (10 sub-abilities), Operational Principals (five sub-abilities), and Other Abilities (16 sub-abilities). Based on the results of the content analyses of classroom observations and the error analyses of five paper-and-pencils tests for each sub-abilities of mastering the subject, it was observed that during the period of developing the abilities on solving two-dimensional linear systems of equations, most students showed some signs of obstacles and puzzles. Even by the end of the course on two-dimensional linear systems of equations, most students still did not master the subject well. Based on the results of this study, it is proposed that the length of teaching period needs to be increased and more efficient learning strategies need to be introduced to the students when two-dimensional linear systems of equations are taught.

Η μετάβαση των μαθητών από την Πρωτοβάθμια στη Δευτεροβάθμια Εκπαίδευση κατά γενική ομολογία, δημιουργεί πολλές δυσκολίες στους μαθητές, οι οποίες είναι ιδιαίτερα έντονες στο μάθημα των Μαθηματικών. Αυτό συμβαίνει γιατί οι παραπάνω έρχονται αντιμέτωποι με έναν καινούριο χώρο όπου έχει έναν διαφορετικό τρόπο σκέψης και γραφής από αυτόν που είχαν συναντήσει στην Αριθμητική κατά τη φοίτηση τους στις τάξεις του Δημοτικού. Ο χώρος αυτός δεν είναι άλλος από τον ‘όμορφο’ χώρο της Άλγεβρας. Οι μαθητές λοιπόν, στο μάθημα της Άλγεβρας έρχονται αντιμέτωποι με σωρεία καινούριων πληροφοριών παρατηρώντας πολλές διαφορές αλλά και αρκετές ομοιότητες με τις γνώσεις που είχαν λάβει από την Αριθμητική, γεγονός που πολλές φορές τους δημιουργεί σύγχυση. Ιδιαίτερα έντονες είναι οι δυσκολίες τους στην κατανόηση βασικών εννοιών όπως της μεταβλητής αλλά και στην επίλυση μιας πρωτοβάθμιας εξίσωσης που παρουσιάζονται στην Άλγεβρα. Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αποτελείται από μια μελέτη της υπάρχουσας βιβλιογραφίας και των ερευνών που έχουν γίνει προς αυτή τη κατεύθυνση από πλήθος Ελλήνων και ξένων ερευνητών καθώς και παράθεση ερωτηματολογίου σε μαθητές Γ’ Γυμνασίου, εντοπισμός των βασικών λαθών τους και συνήθων συγχύσεων. Αναλυτικότερα, η δομή της εργασίας έχει ως εξής: • Στο κεφάλαιο 1 γίνεται μια ιστορική αναδρομή για το πώς φτάσαμε από τα πρώτα πρώιμα μαθηματικά, στην χρήση αγνώστων και στην επίλυση εξισώσεων έως τα σύγχρονα χρόνια καθώς και τη μετάβαση από την Αριθμητική στην Άλγεβρα. • Στο κεφάλαιο 2 επισημαίνεται η δυσκολία που συναντούν οι μαθητές από τη μετάβασή τους στη δευτεροβάθμια εκπαίδευση. Παραθέτονται ενδεικτικά οι έρευνες ομάδων ερευνητών Ελλήνων και μη και επισήμανση συγκεκριμένων κοινών χαρακτηριστικών. Στο σημείο αυτό περιγράφουμε το σκοπό της έρευνας μας καθώς και την επιλογή των μαθητών που παραθέτουμε το ερωτηματολόγιο, τη μέθοδο συλλογής και καταγραφής των αποτελεσμάτων. • Στο κεφάλαιο 3 παραθέτουμε το ερωτηματολόγιο που δώσαμε στους μαθητές χωρισμένο σε Α και Β ομάδα και εξηγούμε το στόχο κάθε ερώτησης που θέσαμε. Κατόπιν, αναλύουμε εκτενώς τις απαντήσεις των παιδιών, παραθέτοντας και αυτούσιους διαλόγους που είχαμε μαζί τους. Εντοπίζουμε έτσι τα πιθανά λάθη και παρερμηνεύσεις που αναμέναμε αλλά και ό,τι επιπλέον προέκυψε από τις απαντήσεις τους. • Τέλος, στο κεφάλαιο 4 καταστρώνουμε ένα διδακτικό σχέδιο βασισμένο στα λάθη των μαθητών και τις λοιπές παρατηρήσεις που είδαμε νωρίτερα. Δίνουμε ένα πλάνο διδασκαλίας της άλγεβρας στις μαθητικές αίθουσες, με ποιους τρόπους θα πρέπει να μεταλαμπαδεύουμε τις γνώσεις και την «όρεξη» μας για την άλγεβρα και με ποια τεχνολογικά μέσα. Έπειτα συνδέουμε την διδασκαλία αυτή με ένα ερωτηματολόγιο ελέγχου επιτυχίας της προηγούμενης διαδικασίας. Κλείνουμε με τα συμπεράσματα της έρευνάς μας. / -

Submitted by Anderson dos Santos Gonzaga null (andersongonzaga25@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-01-16T17:28:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gonzaga.dissertação.pdf: 1264952 bytes, checksum: e682e5fd46c5a7d68506f3f9499cded5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Adriana Spindola null (claudia@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-01-16T17:58:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gonzaga_as_me_prud.pdf: 1264952 bytes, checksum: e682e5fd46c5a7d68506f3f9499cded5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-16T17:58:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gonzaga_as_me_prud.pdf: 1264952 bytes, checksum: e682e5fd46c5a7d68506f3f9499cded5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Nesse trabalho teórico na área das equações diferenciais parciais elípticas, estudamos uma versão estacionária da equação de Schrödinger não-linear, com não-linearidade do tipo assintoticamente linear. O objetivo principal versa sobre obter resultados de existência de uma solução nodal radialmente simétrica. Ainda, sob algumas condições, buscamos também obter informações sobre o seu índice de Morse. / In this theoretical work in elliptic partial di erential equations, we study a stationary version for the nonlinear Schödinger equation with nonlinearity of the assymptotically linear type. The main objective is getting, some results of existence for a radially symmetric nodal solution. Moreover, under some conditions, we look also obtaining information about its Morse index.

Apresentamos as características de algoritmos para obter a solução de sistemas de equações lineares, utilizando computadores com arquitetura paralela e explorando os recursos de paralelismo neles embutidos. São descritos os modelos de computadores paralelos e os procedimentos para a criação de algoritmos paralelos. / The characteristics of algorithms to solve systems of linear equations, using parallel computers, are presented. The abstract models of these computers are described, as well as the methods to develop parallel algori thms.