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Public punitiveness and opinions on just deserts : an exploratory studyOliver, Charles Edwin 06 1900 (has links)
In the light of a more punitive stance in Corrections and public
discontent with the criminal justice system, a number of studies have
been conducted since 1970 testing public punitiveness, probably in an
attempt to determine whether sentences laid down by courts are in
line with public perceptions on just deserts.
This study combines two scales: The first a Likert scale measuring
punitiveness as such and the second a "Just Deserts" scale testing
public reactions in terms of imprisonment for crime descriptions.
By using Pearson's correlation, no positive correlation could be
established between these two scales. Profiles of the top and bottom
15% scorers on both scales showed that the scales were, if anything,
negatively related.
This information is informative in the sense that opinion polls
showing public discontentment with sentencing cannot be seen as a
true reflection of their reactions to more descriptive cases. / Penology / M.A. (Penology)
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Post apartheid politics and issues of race : the views and position of political parties in South Africa on the crisis in ZimbabweMosia, Serame R. 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Race has been used as an instrument of domination and separation of the
South African population for a long time. The dawn of the democratic
dispensation in 1994marked a shift from the policy of racial separation to the
creation of the non-racial democratic South Africa. However, political parties
in this country have constantly re-politicised race in the post apartheid era
mainly for political gain. The purpose of this study will be to describe, explain
and analyse how political parties in South Africa use the crisis in Zimbabwe
to racialise politics in this country.
The study will show that the dilemma facing political parties in South Africa
is that they cannot avoid focusing on racial issues. The focus is on four main
political parties, the ANC, the PAC, the NNP and the DA. The study
specifically looked at the following issues in Zimbabwe: the Land crisis, the
2003 March presidential elections and the economic crisis to see how they
have influenced political discourse in South Africa. As anticipated,
predominantly black parties have shown some empathy with Robert
Mugabe's government, while predominantly white parties have called for a
more confrontational measure against Mugabe's government. Nonetheless,
this study found no conclusive evidence to suggest that the crisis in
Zimbabwe has fuelled race conflict in this country. But that race is politicised
by parties in South Africa for political gain. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In Apartheld-Suid-Afrika was rasse verskille gebruik as 'n instrument van
onderdrukking en skeiding van die bevolking. Met die totstandkoming van
demokrasie in 1994 het 'n verskuiwing van 'n rasse-beleid na 'n nie-rassige,
demokratiese Suid-Afrika gelei. Politieke partye politiseer egter steeds ras in
post-Apartheid Suid-Afrika vir politieke gewin. Die doel van hierdie studie is
om te beskryf, verduidelik en te analiseer hoe politieke partye die krisis in
Zimbabwe gebruik om politiek in Suid-Afrika steeds gebonde ras te hou.
Hierdie studis al aandui dat politieke partye in Suid-Afrika nie die fokus van
ras identiteite kan vermy nie. 'n Moontlike rede hiervoor is dat politieke
partye in Suid-Afrika 'nsolidariteit met hul kiesers wil behou. Die studie
fokus op vier van die mees prominente politieke partye in Suid-Afrika
naamlik: ANC, PAC, NNP en die DA. Om elke party se stand-punt op hierdie
onderwerp te verstaan, gaan die studie fokus op die volgende punte in
Zimbabwe: grondhervorming, die 2003Presidensiële verkiesing en die impak
wat die ekonomiese krisis in Zimbabwe op die politieke gebied gehad het.
Soos verwag, het partye met histories oorheersende swart oortuigings
empatie met Robert Mugabe se regering betoon. Mugabe word gesien as 'n
slagoffer van onsimpatieke wit settelaars wat vasklou aan hul eertydse
voorregte. Terwyloorwegende wit partye vra vir strenger optrede teenoor die
regering van Robert Mugabe. Nie te min, het hierdie studie geen uitsluitende
bewyse gevind wat aandui dat die krisis in Zimbabwe konflik rasse in Suid-
Afrika aangespoor het nie. Dit is egter belangrik om in ag te neem dat die
politisering van ras grootliks deur partye gebruik word om ondersteuning te
werf.
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A comparison of perceptions of public relations, marketing, and advertising educators toward integrated marketing communicationsHanpongpandh, Peeraya January 1994 (has links)
This thesis sought to answer the research question: How do the top educators in the area of public relations, marketing, and advertising perceive the concept of integrated marketing communications as compared to one another?The mail survey applying Q methodology was sent to 15 top educators in each of the three fields in the United States for a total sample of 45 educators. A total of twenty-five responses were returned representing 55.5 percent of the sample. When the respondents were analyzed by discipline, there were eight responses from the pubic relations educators, nine from the marketing educators, and eight from the advertising educators. As a result the responses from each disciplines comprised, respectively, 53.3 percent, 60 percent, and 53.33 percent of the total sample.The statements in Q-Sorting were collected from the review of literature and in interviews with the Ball State University advertising, and public relations professors. Each statement either agreed or disagreed with the perception of integrated marketing communications. Each educator was asked to indicate how strongly they agreed or disagreed with each statement.A computer program developed for Q-Methodology studies was used to extract the factors from the educators' responses. After the Q-Sorts were tabulated, the researcher identified two factors, Factor I, and Factor II. The majority of Factor I respondents were the marketing, and advertising educators. The majority of Factor II respondents were public relations educators.The researcher concluded that these two groups had clearly different attitudes toward IMC. Stated in another way, marketing educators and advertising educators had similar perceptions of IMC, while public relations educators perceived the IMC concept very differently. Public relations educators indicated that the concept of IMC would be acceptable if it should be viewed as a total organizational communications function. / Department of Journalism
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Clients' spiritual perspective of careWendall, Pamela S. January 2000 (has links)
Spiritual dimensions are an important focus for nursing care and nurses can be catalysts for spiritual care. The purpose of this descriptive comparative analysis is to examine the spiritual care needs as perceived by terminally ill clients, non-terminally ill clients, and well adults. The theoretical framework for this study is Leininger's "Cultural Care Theory" that supports the notion that spiritual care needs to be culturally congruent.Participants were obtained from a 225-bed hospital, hospice, home care, and a wellness program in a midwestern city. Permission was obtained from the hospital President, Vice President of Nursing, the directors of Hospice and Home Care, and the community's Wellness Program. The number of participants was 76. The process for the protection of human rights was followed.Findings were that terminally ill, non-terminally ill, and well-adults all agree that receiving spiritual care that is congruent with beliefs is important. The terminally ill clients rated spiritual needs higher than both non-terminally ill and well-adults. All groups rated the same in the persons from whom it was wished to receive spiritual care. Common themes of spiritual care desired from these persons for the terminally ill group was: pray for/with me and talk to me. For the non-terminally ill group it was: give me information, The understanding, and provide emotional and spiritual support. Finally, for the well-adults it was: listen to me, talk to me, be confident, and support me.No statistical difference between groups (.940) on the SPS. On the SPC, the terminally ill group was more satisfied (5.20) with spiritual support they were receiving than the non-terminally ill group or well-adults.It was concluded that regardless of the stage of illness, the same spiritual needs are prominent, all individuals have spiritual needs, and several types of interventions are preferred. It has been demonstrated in this study that prayer is the most sought after component of spiritual care among all three groups. Second to that would be someone to talk to and someone to listen to them.Implications call for nurses to facilitate spiritual care from family, friends, minister or priest, and hospital chaplain. This could be written into the plan of care by having the client describe the type of spiritual care they want to receive. Nursing Administration needs to work with nursing staff to define spirituality and religion and what they mean to the nurse. / School of Nursing
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A Public View of Adult EducationMcCallister, Joe Michael 12 1900 (has links)
In this study the public view of adult education in the United States was inferred from articles published in nationally distributed magazines. Two hundred twenty-eight articles from fifty-three non-professional magazines published in the United States from January 1,1970, through December 31, 1987, were reviewed. The articles were selected from those listed under "adult education," or cross referenced as "see also" under "adult education" in the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature. The research questions were: What concept of adult education appears in the print media? To what extent is this view congruent with professional views of adult education? Leisure learning and literacy programs were prevalent and available from a variety of sources. Adult illiteracy was reported as a national concern. Programs that were commonplace (basic education, general equivalency degree classes, job skills training, and industrial training) were reported less often than new or novel programs. Most articles were positive in tone, promoting adult education activities as useful, rewarding, and enjoyable experiences, but ignored adult education as a professional field. The public view as reflected in the articles was positive with programs available to adults of many levels of educational attainment. The public view was not congruent with professional writings. Group activities were more in evidence than self directed learning. Learners tended to be urban, educated, and Caucasian. Although few programs restricted participation because of age or gender there were discernible groups of aged people and women. Programs were usually sponsored by institutions of higher education and entrepreneurs, and rarely by public school systems, community organizations, or cultural groups. Program content reflected adult interest in self improvement and entertainment rather than professional growth. To refine an understanding of the public view, further research focusing on other information sources such as national and regional newspapers and the electronic media is needed, making it possible to compare the public view across various regions of the country.
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Public Opinion and the Oregon Death with Dignity ActSandeen, Peggy Jo Ann 06 June 2013 (has links)
Oregon voters legalized physician-assisted death in 1997 by passing the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. This law allowed terminally ill, mentally competent adult residents of the state to legally obtain a physician's prescription to hasten death under narrow sets of circumstances. The purpose of this study was twofold: to examine contemporary patterns of support for the law in Oregon and to explore how opinions have changed over time on the issue. This study examined patterns of public support among a random sample of registered Oregon voters for the state's death with dignity law, using a mixed mode (mail, online, and phone) cross-sectional survey (n = 442). The findings indicate a pattern of growing support with potential Oregon voters split 80%-20% on the issue, a substantial increase from the 60%-40% approval margin at the ballot box in 1997. Various demographic variables, as well as attitudinal factors, were explored in building a binary logistic regression model predicting probability of support. Frequency of church attendance, views about physician participation in the process, and opinions about Death with Dignity as an individual right were significant predictors of support. Frequent churchgoers, regardless of denomination or religious tradition, were nearly five times more likely to oppose Death with Dignity than support it, holding all other variables constant. While the findings indicate a pattern of growth in support over the past 15 years, they indicate also a stability of opinion, with few individuals indicating they had changed their opinions about the issue since the first time they encountered it.
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Perceptions about schooling and substance abuse treatment success from court mandated adolescent malesMazzotta, Margaret Ann 12 December 2003 (has links)
Many youth are able to be successful in the traditional school setting.
Large numbers are not successful. Dropout rates are alarming. There is little
research that examines the drop out problem from the perspective of the youth.
Traditionally programs that are designed to help have been designed by adults.
This qualitative study focused on the voices of youth. Participants in this study
were male clients aged fifteen to seventeen who were adjudicated and court
mandated to receive treatment in a drug treatment center. All of the
participants had a history of delinquency and poor academic achievement. They
had dropped out of school prior to entering the treatment program.
This qualitative study addressed two questions:
1. What are the factors that prevent at-risk youth from being successful
in school?
2. What can schools do to help these youth be successful at school?
This study provided information about what schools could have done to help
these youth be more successful. It also looked at their current academic success
in the treatment program as a possible model to help other youth.
Five youth volunteered to participate in the study. All interviews were
confidential. Interviews were also conducted with a probation officer, program
administrator, teacher, and a parent that had a youth in the program in order to
triangulate results. The voices of students supported the literature with respect
to the factors that contribute to students being at risk for delinquency and
dropping out of school. Some of these factors include issues surrounding anger
management, academic issues, nurturing at school, family situations, school at a
treatment center, hiring teachers, childhood experiences, drug use, obtaining
drugs, crime and drugs, treatment programs, dual diagnosis, communication
and issues surrounding success and failure. The strength of this qualitative
research project lies in the fact that the real voices of students did support the
quantitative literature in this field. / Graduation date: 2004
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College students perceptions of the influence of their black high school educatorsHooper, C. Michelle 29 July 1997 (has links)
The student perspective is a largely ignored element of educational research. This
study used the college student viewpoint to assess the influence Black high school
educators have on their pupils. Given today's reality of racism in this society, the existing
literature addressing this topic is inadequate. Using an open-ended questionnaire, the
responses of 272 students enrolled in speech communication and education courses at a
Northwestern land grant institution were analyzed using a descriptive methodology.
Students having no experience with a Black educator answered the questionnaire from an
imagined standpoint. Results indicated a large majority of the predominately White
subject pool found their Black high school educator(s) to be credible. Aspects of
institutionalized racism emerged when students deemed their Black educator(s) credible by
measuring them against an assumed "White standard of credibility." Findings from this
study provide additional evidence of the racism, albeit covert, in our public school
classrooms. / Graduation date: 1998
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Young adults' beliefs about and use of herbal supplements in relation to their dietary attitudes and behaviorsKoorndyk, Tamberly 14 June 2001 (has links)
Today in the United States, herbal supplements are growing increasingly
popular, however, little is known about the safety and efficacy of these products. This
study contributes to the growing body of information about the prevalence of herbal
supplement use among young adults (18 to 24 years) and the beliefs young adults hold
about herbal supplements in relation to their dietary attitudes and behaviors.
A self-administered, four-part questionnaire was mailed to a geographically
representative sample of 298 young adults (18 to 24 years) residing in Oregon; 205
questionnaires were usable (69% response rate). There was an equal ratio of male and
female respondents, half students and half non-students, the majority being Caucasian
(93%), with a mean age of 21.5 years.
Nearly 60% of the sample reported using herbal supplements (n=122). Thirty-seven
percent were sometime users (less than weekly) and 22% were regular users (at
least weekly). More female respondents reported using herbal supplements (69%) than did male respondents (49%). Respondents who were White or Asian/Pacific
Islander were the only ethnic groups that reported using herbal supplements regularly.
Users were more educated than non-users, however use was very similar among
students and non-students. Herbal supplement use also was very similar between
respondents having different residencies.
Familiarity with different herbs was positively related to level of herbal
supplement use. Regular users were familiar with the greatest number of herbs,
followed by sometime users.
Herbal supplement users tended to have more healthful lifestyle characteristics
than non-users. Frequency of fast food patronage was negatively related to level of
herbal supplement use. The median number of times a fast food restaurant was
patronized was lower among regular users of herbal supplements than among those
who did not use supplements or used them less often. The median number of times
breakfast was eaten also seemed to be slightly higher among regular users than other
groups. Other healthful lifestyle characteristics, such as BMI and drinking in
moderation, did not tend to be more healthful among herbal supplement users. The
results were mixed on smoking behavior. Regular users of herbal supplements were no
more or less likely than non-users to smoke, but non-users were less likely than
sometime users to smoke.
Regular users of herbal supplements tended to think herbal supplements are
useful for certain health parameters more often than sometime users and non-users.
Most regular users of herbal supplements agreed herbs are useful for maintaining good
health (89%) and preventing/treating common illnesses like colds (85%). Almost two-thirds also thought herbs are useful for preventing serious chronic illnesses (61%) and
insuring a well-balanced diet (65%).
Attitudes toward the effectiveness, convenience, and expense of taking herbal
supplements in comparison to eating a balanced diet as ways of staying healthy were
related to herbal supplement use. Herbal supplement users did not appear to have
positive attitudes towards herbs when comparing herbs to a well-balanced diet. Only
11% of users thought that herbs are more effective than diet as ways to stay healthy,
and users were more likely than non-users to think herbs are more expensive ways to
stay healthy. However, both levels of users were more likely to think herbal
supplements are more convenient than diet.
Attitudes about the effectiveness, safety, expense, naturalness, potency, and
personal control of taking herbal supplements in comparison to prescription
medications was related to level of herbal supplement use. In general the trend was
for users to be more likely to have positive attitudes toward herbs and less likely to
give a "don't know" answer.
Eating the recommended number of food guide pyramid servings of fruits and
vegetables as well as eating a greater number of nutrient rich vegetables was not
related to herbal supplement use. However, a somewhat higher percentage of herbal
supplement users tended to meet the fruit and vegetable recommendations than nonusers
of herbal supplements.
Stage of change in relation to vegetable intake was related to herbal
supplement use. As respondents' herbal supplement use increased, so did the
likelihood of classifying themselves into one of the action stages of change for vegetable consumption. Stage of change for fruit consumption was not related to
herbal supplement use.
Choice to stop using herbs if they were pronounced unsafe by a governmental
agency was not related to level of herbal supplement use. However, 17% of sometime
users and 16% of regular users reported that they would continue to use herbs even
after they were pronounced unsafe by a governmental agency.
The results of this study clearly show that there is a high prevalence of herbal
supplement use among young adults in Oregon, and those who are using herbal
supplements seem to have a strong belief in the herbs they are taking. With the
limited knowledge on herbs' safety and efficacy, young adults need to be educated
about the herbs they are using. Hopefully, the information from this study can help
health professionals identify which young adults might be using herbal supplements in
order to educate them on making smart choices about herbs, and smart choices about
their overall health. To inform young adults about the herbs they are using, additional
research on herbal supplements' potential benefits and harmful side effects is needed. / Graduation date: 2002
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Anti-Chinese violence in the American northwest : from community politics to international diplomacy, 1885-1888Dettmann, Jeffrey Alan, 1967- 20 April 2011 (has links)
Not available / text
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