Competition with weeds decreases crop yields globally. Some traits are known to confer a competitive advantage to spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), but complex relationships between the competitive traits makes breeding for competitive ability difficult. Prairie organic producers use spring wheat cultivars which have been bred for conventional management systems or heritage cultivars released before the widespread use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Breeding spring wheat specifically for organic production has been suggested. The International Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI) population was used to study the genetics of traits associated with competitive ability. Grain yield without weed competition and under experimentally sown cultivated oat competition exhibited similar heritability. Similar heritability estimates between competition treatments suggest that selection in a weed free environment can lead to improvements in a weedy environment, but some high yielding lines under competition would be eliminated during selection. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of the population found QTL associated with vigour, days to heading, anthesis, and maturity, and cultivated oat grain yield suppression on chromosome 5A. The genetic correlations support the idea that early maturity provides a competitive advantage in northern grain growing regions. To investigate the feasibility of organic wheat breeding we used a random population of 79 F6-derived recombinant inbred sister lines from a cross between the Canadian hard red spring wheat cultivar AC Barrie and the CIMMYT derived cultivar Attila. The population, including the parents, was grown on conventionally and organically managed land in 12 environments over three years. Six environments had detailed agronomic data and heritability estimates differed between systems for five of the 14 traits recorded. Direct selection in each management system (10% selection intensity) resulted in 50% or fewer lines selected in common for four of the traits. Over all 12 environments direct selection within management system resulted in three lines retained specific to each system. The results of the management studies suggest that selection differences occur across multi-location tests, and selection for grain yield in organic systems should be conducted within organic systems. However, data garnered from conventional yield trials does have some relevance towards breeding for organic environments. / Plant Science

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-09-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_fc_me_prud.pdf: 2722183 bytes, checksum: 2460d224acf0d67e0e871de7872eb8d7 (MD5) / A chamada modernização da agricultura representou um período de intensificação do processo de degradação ambiental e modificação profunda nas relações de trabalho.Um dos movimentos de resistência a esse novo padrão de produção verticalizada é a agricultura orgânica. No Estado de Santa Catarina, essas experiências têm se desenvolvido amplamente, assumindo características próprias e gerando uma diversidade de relações sociais que tem deflagrado novos movimentos territoriais. No caso chapecoense, a agricultura orgânica desenvolve-se amparada por agricultores, ONG s e Cooperativas, criando uma rede territorial que assume ritmos e tempos diferentes, mas que tem construído um novo território nesse município. Novo justamente porque pensa e organiza os elementos do espaço geográfico seguindo um padrão próprio, construído coletivamente e produto da diversidade cultural, política, econômica e ambiental local. Novas redes e fluxos foram ativados inserindo esses atores sociais de uma forma singular no contexto local. Buscando compreender essas relações lançou-se mão de revisão bibliográfica, revisão de sítios especializados, entrevistas, trabalhos de campo, aplicações de questionários, entre outros, que possibilitaram a coleta de dados para posterior compilação e apresentação em forma de mapas temáticos, tabelas, gráficos e conclusões teóricas a respeito da agricultura orgânica enquanto movimento territorial no município de Chapecó, Oeste catarinense. / The so-called modernization of agriculture exemplified a period of intensification of the process of environmental degradation and profound changes in work relations. One of the resistance movements to this new standard of verticalized production is organic agriculture. In the state of Santa Catarina, these experiments have developed widely taking on their own characteristics producing a variety of social relations that have evolved into new territorial movements. In the case of Chapecó, organic agriculture has developed supported by agriculturalists, NGOs and cooperatives, creating a territorial network that has taken on different times and rhythms, but which has built a new territory in this municipality. It is new exactly because it thinks and organizes the elements of geographic space following its own standard, building collectively, and is a product of cultural, political, economical and local environmental diversity. New networks and currents were activated, inserting these social actors in a singular manner in the local context. Seeking to comprehend these relations, bibliographic revision, specialized farm revisions, interviews, field work, use of questionnaires, among others were employed, which allowed for information gathering for later compilation and presentation in the form of thematic maps, tables, graphics and theoretical conclusions regarding organic agriculture as a territorial movement in the municipality of Chapecó in the western region of Santa Catarina.

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In recent decades the knowledge of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions after the application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in agriculture soil has improved. However the understanding of emissions of N2O from Canadian organic agricultural systems has not been developed. The Glenlea Long Term Crop Rotation is the longest running organic conventional comparison study in western Canada and was used here to compare N2O emissions between the systems. In organic cropping systems forage legumes such as alfalfa are incorporated into the soil as an N source. The amount of N2O that is emitted after the incorporation and during the subsequent crop is not well known. The wheat and legume phases (alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in organic system and soybean (Glycine max L.) in the conventional) of the rotation were monitored for N2O. In 2014, 2015, and spring 2016 (data still being analysed) emissions of N2O were monitored using the vented static chambers method as well, soil conditions (temperature, moisture, inorganic N and extractable carbon) and yields were measured. Typical N2O emissions from spring applied urea were observed after application in the conventional system however no emission episode was seen after the fall alfalfa plough down or during spring thaw in the organic system. Greater NO3- accumulation was observed in the organic treatments however low emissions were observed. The organic system resulted in lower yields for both years, but still resulted in lower emissions per amount of grain produced (yield-scaled emissions) than the conventional system. This study adds to the knowledge that N2O emissions from organic systems do differ from conventional however yields need to be improve to fully exploit the benefits. / February 2017

Sowohl der europäische, als auch der tschechische Markt für Bioprodukte wächst, und mit ihm auch die Anzahl der Kennzeichen, Logos und Versprechen, die im Verbraucher den Eindruck von ökologischer Verträglichkeit oder Nachhaltigkeit erwecken sollen. Diese Arbeit hinterfragt den rechtlichen Rahmen der Bioprodukte und überprüft dementsprechend, welche Regelungen auf dem Gebiet schon bestehen, auf welche Gebiete diese sich beziehen und, ob diese Regelungen in der Praxis wirklich genügen. Gerade, weil auch der tschechische Verbraucher immer mehr Kaufentscheidungen von Kriterien der Nachhaltigkeit und seinem Umweltbewusstsein abhängig macht, ist das Thema rechtswissenschaftlich sehr relevant. Diese Arbeit analysiert die europäische Regelung, hauptsächlich die "Ökologische Landwirtschaftsverordnung", aber auch die nationale tschechische Regelung, das "Ökologische Landwirtschaftsgesetz", da die Gestaltung des Kontrollsystems der Produkte und andere organisatorische Regelungen den Mitgliedstaaten überlassen werden. Näher befasst sich die Arbeit hauptsächlich mit Problemen der ökologischen Landwirtschaft in der Tschechischen Republik und deren rechtlichen Hintergrund. Um zu überprüfen, wie weit der allgemeine rechtliche Rahmen der Bioprodukte den Erwartungen des immer umweltbewusster werdenden Verbrauchers...

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-11-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:03:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jovchelevich_p_dr_botfca.pdf: 226631 bytes, checksum: 65842fb0b46cb608dcd5144550bd8546 (MD5) / A abóbora (Cucurbita moschata Dusch), planta de origem americana, é cultivada em diversos estados do Brasil, principalmente por agricultores familiares que, muitas vezes, produzem suas próprias sementes. Porém, estes agricultores nem sempre aproveitam a variabilidade existente para selecionar as melhores plantas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a produção e a qualidade dos frutos de populações de abóbora obtida a partir de melhoramento participativo e método da seleção massal estratificada em três ciclos de seleção, em uma propriedade biodinâmica familiar no município de Botucatu-SP. Apenas no segundo e terceiro ciclo foi realizada emasculação das plantas fora do padrão comercial através de seleção antes do florescimento. Foram realizados dois experimentos comparando a população original e três ciclos de seleção, com semeaduras em setembro/2009 e agosto/2010. Os ensaios foram realizados em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com sete repetições. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: número de frutos por planta (total, comercial e não comercial), percentagem de frutos comerciais e não comerciais, massa média por fruto, massa dos frutos por planta (total, comercial e não comercial), comprimento do fruto (total, pescoço e bojo), diâmetro do fruto (pescoço e bojo), relação entre comprimento e diâmetro do bojo e do pescoço, comprimento total médio/diâmetro médio, comprimento do pescoço/comprimento do bojo e diâmetro do pescoço/diâmetro do bojo. Os resultados indicaram aumento na frequência de plantas com frutos comerciais e, consequentemente, aumento na produção de frutos comerciais ao longo dos ciclos de seleção, mostrando que... / The squash (Cucurbita moschata Dusch), plant of American origin, is cultivated in many states in Brazil, mainly by familiar farmers. There is a great biodiversity of genetic resource that is not select by this farmers. The aim of this work was to evaluate the yield and the quality of fruits of squash population obtained with the participatory breeding using stratifeid mass selection method in three generations cycles, in a biodynamic familiar farm in the Botucatu city in São Paulo state-Brazil. Only at the second and third cycles was done plant emasculation of plants with no commercial fruits, through the selection before flowering. There were two experiments comparing the original population and three cycles of selection, one in September (2009) and another in November (2009). These assays were conducted in randomized blocks experimental design, with seven replications. It was evaluated the following traits: number of fruits per plant (total, commercial and not commercial); percentage of commercial fruits and not commercial fruits per plant; average weight of fruits; weight of fruits per plant (total. commercial and not commercial ); total length of the neck and the bulge, diameter of the neck and the bulge; ratio of length to diameter of the neck and the bulge; ratio of total length with an average diameter; ratio of the length of the neck to the length of the bulge and ratio of the diameter of the neck to the diameter of the bulge. The results indicate an increase in the frequency of plants with commercial fruits, and show that the practice of participatory breeding and stratified mass selection is feasible for these conditions. The squash population obtained is a potential polinizer of Tetsukabuto squash, bringing new opportunities of gain for the farmer

Resumo: A chamada modernização da agricultura representou um período de intensificação do processo de degradação ambiental e modificação profunda nas relações de trabalho.Um dos movimentos de resistência a esse novo padrão de produção verticalizada é a agricultura orgânica. No Estado de Santa Catarina, essas experiências têm se desenvolvido amplamente, assumindo características próprias e gerando uma diversidade de relações sociais que tem deflagrado novos movimentos territoriais. No caso chapecoense, a agricultura orgânica desenvolve-se amparada por agricultores, ONG’s e Cooperativas, criando uma rede territorial que assume ritmos e tempos diferentes, mas que tem construído um novo território nesse município. Novo justamente porque pensa e organiza os elementos do espaço geográfico seguindo um padrão próprio, construído coletivamente e produto da diversidade cultural, política, econômica e ambiental local. Novas redes e fluxos foram ativados inserindo esses atores sociais de uma forma singular no contexto local. Buscando compreender essas relações lançou-se mão de revisão bibliográfica, revisão de sítios especializados, entrevistas, trabalhos de campo, aplicações de questionários, entre outros, que possibilitaram a coleta de dados para posterior compilação e apresentação em forma de mapas temáticos, tabelas, gráficos e conclusões teóricas a respeito da agricultura orgânica enquanto movimento territorial no município de Chapecó, Oeste catarinense. / Abstract: The so-called modernization of agriculture exemplified a period of intensification of the process of environmental degradation and profound changes in work relations. One of the resistance movements to this new standard of verticalized production is organic agriculture. In the state of Santa Catarina, these experiments have developed widely taking on their own characteristics producing a variety of social relations that have evolved into new territorial movements. In the case of Chapecó, organic agriculture has developed supported by agriculturalists, NGOs and cooperatives, creating a territorial network that has taken on different times and rhythms, but which has built a new territory in this municipality. It is new exactly because it thinks and organizes the elements of geographic space following its own standard, building collectively, and is a product of cultural, political, economical and local environmental diversity. New networks and currents were activated, inserting these social actors in a singular manner in the local context. Seeking to comprehend these relations, bibliographic revision, specialized farm revisions, interviews, field work, use of questionnaires, among others were employed, which allowed for information gathering for later compilation and presentation in the form of thematic maps, tables, graphics and theoretical conclusions regarding organic agriculture as a territorial movement in the municipality of Chapecó in the western region of Santa Catarina. / Orientador: Marcos Aurélio Saquet / Coorientador: Manoel Carlos Franco Toledo de Godoy / Banca: Rosangela Aparecida de Medeiros Hespanhol / Banca: Rosa Maria Vieira Medeiros / Mestre

This master's degree thesis is focused on comparison of legal regulations of organic farming in three countries USA, Czech republic, Slovak republic. Organic agriculture strives to maintain natural resources, spreading biodiversity, protection of environment, and human health as its primary goal. Legal regulations of compared states are built on the same basic principles of organic agriculture, which has originated in the thirties of last century as a response to conventional intensive agriculture. Founder of organic agriculture is philosopher and farmer Rudolf Steiner and his movement. Among basic principles of organic agriculture, there are prohibition of the pesticides, mineral soluble fertilizers, in crop production and welfare in animal production. Variety of species in both fauna and flora causes natural and flourishing look of the environment. It is possible to produce the same amount of food in organic agriculture as in the conventional agriculture, but energetic inputs are much lower. It is permanently sustainable in the long term. There are branches of organic agriculture, which try to be independent from fossil fuels. State budgets of compared states as well as multinational organizations that merge these states support organic agriculture financially or in many other ways.