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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Syglia Regina de Almeida Said.pdf: 382738 bytes, checksum: 7772ff1a485200447ca233c8a8db06bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-29 / Não informada / The organic agriculture or organic farming is the term often used for food production of animal and vegetable products that do not make use of synthetic chemicals or genetically modified food, and generally adheres to the principles of sustainable agriculture. The base is holistic and puts emphasis on the ground. The principle of organic production is the establishment of the balance of nature by using natural methods of fertilization and pest control. In general, you can say that in Brazil, in the 1980s, started the great interest of the public for environmental issues and the accession of some researchers to the alternative movement, especially in light of the adverse effects of conventional methods, which had some important developments within the science and technology that, given the maturity and significance of the organic sector, with the main focus to environmental preservation and bring health to humanity, was regulated the law of organic agriculture in the country. In this context, a study of the growth of organic production in Brazil, beyond their limitations, are the objectives of this work. In the specific plan, aims to (a) identify the regions and states that most stood out in the production of organic, in the period 2001-2006, (b) to verify the technical and economic constraints that prevent the expansion of organic production; (c) identify the profile of consumers for organic products. The conceptual framework of the proposition brings organic agriculture as a management system's total agricultural production, to promote a healthy environment, preserve biodiversity, biological cycles and soil. In this sense, organic farming emphasizes the use of management practices in opposition to the use of elements foreign to the rural areas. The methodology for the analysis staff in a row investigative documentary while analytical, to establish a comparative analysis of organic and conventional farming as a sustainable way of occupation of soil, setting the man on the field and preserve the environment. The certification process for organic products is the guarantee of quality organic product. In Brazil, on 17 May 1999 accustom the Normative Instruction 07/99 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Supply, with the objective of establishing standards of production, characterization, processing, packaging, distribution, identification and certification of quality for organic products of animal and plant, whose standards were regulated in 2007, coming strengthen this sector. To this end, the data were obtained by bibliographic searches, documents, studies resulting from meetings, conferences and testimony of people who engage in organic agriculture and people that live in traditional agriculture. The results show that the organic segment is growing worldwide. In Brazil, the evolution of this type of agriculture has been developing slowly, but promising, given the awareness of global environmental preservation, despite the economic and technical limitations, because production costs are expensive. It concludes that despite difficulties in the production of organic, this activity tends to develop, overcoming all obstacles, making it increasingly strengthened this segment, which will provide a healthy food to humanity, will bring environmental benefits to the whole universe. / A Agricultura orgânica ou agricultura biológica é o termo frequentemente usado para a produção de alimentos e produtos animais e vegetais que não faz uso de produtos químicos sintéticos ou alimentos geneticamente modificados, e geralmente adere aos princípios da agricultura sustentável. A base é holística e põe ênfase no solo. O princípio da produção orgânica é o estabelecimento do equilíbrio da natureza utilizando métodos naturais de adubação e de controle de pragas. De modo geral, é possível afirmar que no Brasil, na década de 1980, iniciou-se o grande interesse da opinião pública pelas questões ambientais e a adesão de alguns pesquisadores ao movimento alternativo, sobretudo em função dos efeitos adversos dos métodos convencionais, que tiveram alguns desdobramentos importantes no âmbito da ciência e tecnologia que, diante da maturidade e da importância do setor orgânico, tendo como foco principal a preservação ambiental e levar saúde à humanidade, foi regulamentada a legislação da agricultura orgânica no país. Neste contexto, realizar um estudo do crescimento da produção orgânica no Brasil, além de suas limitações, são os objetivos deste trabalho. No plano específico, objetiva-se (a) identificar as regiões e os estados que mais se destacaram na produção de orgânicos, no período 2001-2006; (b) verificar as limitações técnicas e econômicas que impedem a expansão da produção orgânica; (c) identificar o perfil dos consumidores em relação aos produtos orgânicos. O marco conceitual parte da proposição de que a agricultura orgânica é um sistema de gerenciamento total da produção agrícola, com vistas a promover um meio ambiente saudável, preservar a biodiversidade, os ciclos e as atividades biológicas do solo. Nesse sentido, a agricultura orgânica enfatiza o uso de práticas de manejo em oposição ao uso de elementos estranhos ao meio rural. A metodologia de análise pauta-se numa linha investigativa documental e ao mesmo tempo analítica, no sentido de estabelecer uma análise comparativa da agricultura orgânica e convencional, como forma sustentável de ocupação do solo, fixação do homem no campo e preservação do meio ambiente. O Processo de Certificação de produtos orgânicos dá garantia à qualidade orgânica do produto. No Brasil, em 17 de maio de 1999 entra em vigor a Instrução Normativa 07/99 do Ministério da Agricultura e Abastecimento, com o objetivo de estabelecer normas de produção, tipificação, processamento, envase, distribuição, identificação e certificação de qualidade para produtos orgânicos de origem animal e vegetal, cujas normas foram regulamentadas em 2007, vindo fortalecer esse setor. Para este fim, os dados foram obtidos por meio de pesquisas bibliográficas, documentos, estudos resultantes de encontros, congressos e depoimentos de pessoas que praticam a agricultura orgânica e de pessoas que vivem da agricultura tradicional. Os resultados mostram que o segmento dos orgânicos vem crescendo em todo o mundo. No Brasil, a evolução desse tipo de agricultura vem se desenvolvendo de forma lenta, porém promissora, haja vista a conscientização mundial da preservação do meio ambiente, apesar das limitações técnicas e econômicas, pois os custos de produção são onerosos. Conclui-se que apesar das dificuldades no processo de produção de orgânicos, essa atividade tende a se desenvolver, superando todos os entraves, tornando cada vez mais fortalecido esse segmento, que além de proporcionar uma alimentação saudável à humanidade, trará benefícios ambientais a todo universo.

The paper is to explore a model of supply chain management organic coffee in San Martin Region, which was by a long-term research project for organic coffee supply chain management in Peru. The investigation was consolidated with items of researchers who have experiences in the evaluation and analysis of the supply chain of agricultural products worldwide; on the other hand, it is also taken into account the risks affecting the development and fluency through whole supply chain. The contributions here is proposed model of supply chain management organic coffee is suitable for exploring external and internal problems encountered decrease the efficiency of the supply chain. The model is important to analyze and require observations of specialists to collaborate to perform basic modeling that can help solve the problems that improving processes and organizations in the coffee farmers’ cooperatives in the domestic and foreign market, and achieve recognition for their quality and sustainability in Peru.

No description available.

L’agriculture biologique (AB) est classiquement comparée à l’agriculture conventionnelle. Elle est alors souvent considérée comme plus favorable à la biodiversité que l’agriculture conventionnelle, même si certaines études montrent un effet négatif ou une absence d’effet de l’AB par rapport à l’agriculture conventionnelle pour certains taxons(Bengtsson et al. 2005; Garratt et al. 2011; Hole et al. 2005; Winqvist et al. 2011). Cela peut s’expliquer par le fait que l’AB ne se différencie pas seulement par le remplacement des produits phytosanitaires de synthèse par des produits autorisés en agriculture biologique mais aussi par la mise en œuvre d’autres pratiques comme l’implantation d’un couvert végétal.L’AB dispose d’une large gamme de pratiques visant à limiter les ravageurs et/ou à favoriser leur contrôle biologique via leurs ennemis naturels. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont :(i) d’établir un état des lieux de la diversité des stratégies de protection mises en place parles producteurs en AB pour lutter contre les deux ravageurs majeurs en vergers de pommiers,le carpocapse des pommes et le puceron cendré et d’identifier les pratiques permettant une diminution de l’usage des pesticides ;(ii) d’évaluer si ces pratiques ont un effet sur les communautés des prédateurs généralistes présentes dans la couronne ;(iii) d’estimer le rôle fonctionnel des prédateurs généralistes en mesurant la fonction de prédation en vergers de pommiers. En prenant comme cas d’étude les vergers de pommiers du Sud-Est de la France, nous avons dans un premier temps réalisé un état des lieux de la diversité des pratiques de protection mises en place en agriculture biologique à l’échelle de l’exploitation. Suite à une série d’enquêtes chez les producteurs, quatre stratégies de protection avec différentes combinaisons de pratiques ont été définies. Un suivi des ennemis naturels dans des parcelles types a permis de mettre en évidence des communautés d’ennemis naturels différentes selon les stratégies de protection.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié le lien entre la diversité des prédateurs généralistes et la régulation biologique (ici, la prédation des œufs de carpocapse). Cette étude a été réalisée sur 20 parcelles en AB caractérisées par différents usages de pesticides biologiques. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence des taux de prédation différents et une variabilité des communautés d’ennemis naturels selon les parcelles et d’identifier les ennemis naturels corrélés à la prédation des œufs. Dans un troisième temps, notre étude s'est portée sur une modification particulière de l'habitat, l’enherbement de l’inter-rang, une pratique mise en place par les producteurs et facile à gérer, notamment via l'intensité de fauche. Nous avons voulu déterminer, à l’aide d’une approche expérimentale en verger, si cette modification était un levier efficace pour augmenter l'abondance et la diversité des ennemis naturels et donc la régulation, soit au niveau de la canopée (prédation des œufs de carpocapse) soit au niveau du sol (prédation des larves de carpocapse). La communauté d’ennemis naturels dans l’arbre est apparue peu impactée par la hauteur d’enherbement ; seul Forficula pubescens est plus abondant lorsque le couvert végétal est haut (1m20). La prédation des œufs est quant à elle plus forte, aux mois de juillet et août, lorsque le couvert végétal est ras (5cm). La prédation des larves n’est pas différente selon la hauteur du couvert végétal.Cette thèse a permis de mettre en évidence une diversité des stratégies de protection en vergers de pommiers en AB. Elle a montré une variabilité des communautés d’ennemis naturels au sein de l’AB. Elle illustre la complexité du lien entre pratiques agricoles, ennemis naturels et prédation des bioagresseurs. / Organic agriculture is assumed to achieve more sustainable practices by reducing the negativeenvironmental impacts of intensive agriculture, such as biodiversity decline. While positivelinks between organic agriculture and natural enemy abundance and/or diversity have oftenbeen reported, this was not always the case (little or no difference between the systems, orsometimes in favor of the conventional system) and it appears to be variable depending on thespecies considered (Bengtsson et al. 2005; Garratt et al. 2011; Hole et al. 2005; Winqvist et al.2011). The benefits to biodiversity from organic agriculture are likely to stem primarily fromprohibition of synthetic chemicals but also from the adoption of various other managementpractices (cultural practices, ground cover management, presence of hedgerows). Indeed,organic management strategies are thus defined by a combination of different practices(Zehnder et al. 2007) that can have a different effect on the natural enemy community (Hole etal. 2005; Simon et al. 2007).The objectifs of this thesis are :(i) caracterized the diversity of crop protection strategies on organic agriculture andidentifed the practices led to reduced pesticide usage;(ii) investigated whether these practices have an impact on the natural enemy abundanceand diversity in the canopy;(iii) assess the natural enemy predation activity in apple orchard.First, we identified four crop protection strategies, which were characterized by aspecific combination of different types of practices. We showed that natural enemycommunities and their efficacy were influenced by these strategies.Second, we examined the relationships between the abundance of generalist predatorsand the level of pest control under natural conditions (predation of codling moth eggs). Weused a set of organically farmed commercial orchards with various protection strategies andshowed that the predation rate and the natural enemy communities were different but variableamong the organic apple orchard. We identified the natural enemy correlated with thepredation rate.!Finally, we managed the ground cover and compared the effect of three heights, tall(no cutting), medium (mean height of 20 cm) and short (mean height of 5 cm), of aspontaneous grass cover in an experimental orchard on natural enemy abundance andpredation rates on the canopy (predation of codling moth egg) and on the ground (predation ofcodling moth larvae). The natural enemy community on the canopy was little impact by theheight of the ground cover ; only Forficula pubescens was more abundant in the no cuttingthan in the short ground cover. The egg predation was higher in the short ground cover than inthe two other modalities. The larvae predation was not impacted by the ground cover height.We caracterized a diversity of crop protection strategy on organic agriculture in appleorchard. We identified a variability of the natural enemy communyties on organic appleorchard. This thesis illustrated the complexity of the relationship between agriculturalpractices, natural enemies and predation of pests.

The objective of this research was to determine the effects of conventional inputs on soil chemical and biological properties compared to organic systems in a four year vegetable rotation. Tillage and cover crops were the same in all treatments to avoid confounding factors often present in similar research. Additional experiments investigated plant gene expression in organic and conventional management systems and in soils with decreased microbial diversity. Experimental plots were prepared in the spring of 2004; four replications of three management treatments, organic, low-input and conventional, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. The rotation consisted of edamame soybean, sweet corn, fallow (pastured poultry in organic plots), and potatoes. Soil samples were taken in the spring and fall of each year, along with data for pest damage, weed control, yield and quality. Soil samples were analyzed for enzyme activity (maximum activity under substrate saturation) and basic soil chemical properties. Treatments were compared over time using 2-Way ANOVA. Multiplex terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (M-TRFLP) profiles of the soil microbial community were compared using Multiple Response Permutation Procedures (MRPP). Multi-way ANOVA detected significant treatment effects over time in total carbon, nitrogen, Mehlich III K, Exchangeable K and exchangeable Na (p=0.05). Many significant changes in soil properties over time could not be attributed to treatment effects. All treatments produced similar yields, indicating that successful organic production of these vegetables is possible in Kentucky. Input costs for organic were 37% higher than conventional, due to the cost of organic fertilizer. The organic system required nearly 50% more labor hours than conventional or low-input. The low-input system was the most cost effective, with 58% less input expenses than the conventional system. Microarray analysis of approximately 37,500 Glycine max transcripts did not show significant differences in the gene expression between plants grown organically and conventionally, in plots with significant soil chemical and microbial differences. An experiment in progress is investigating changes in plant gene expression using real time RT-PCR in tomatoes grown in autoclaved soil and native field soil.

There are currently numerous alternative food production models that may have potential to contribute substantially to improved environmental sustainability. However, such alternatives are not well studied, particularly within the context of the Canadian Prairies. To increase knowledge in this area, this thesis performed a preliminary agronomic trial for food grain production in intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), investigating the effects of legume intercropping and residue management. Mean grain yields were 520 and 447 kg/ha in 2014 and 2015, respectively, and a significant yield increase was observed following grazing with sheep. A series of farm case studies were also conducted in order to characterize ecological farming approaches on the Canadian prairies. The most consistent strategy among the farms was to increase diversity in multiple facets for both environmental and economic benefit, including more crop and livestock species, system and landscape components, and marketing strategies. / October 2016

The theoretical part of this diploma thesis deals with the history of organic agriculture, organic agriculture in the world, in Europe and in the Czech Republic. In terms of the Czech Republic, it focuses on the development and the current state of organic agriculture, legislative background, supervision and certification, state subsidy and the labelling of organic food. The last chapter of the theoretical part answers questions: Why should people buy organic food, and why should they prefer local organic food to the imported one? It is also concerned with the distribution of organic food. In the practical part the main problems in terms of securing the sale of organic food in the Czech Republic are detected by the means of questionnaire examination. Two types of questionnaires were created for the purpose of the research. The first type is for organic producers and the second one for the sellers of organic food and healthy food products. At the end of this diploma thesis there is a summary of the recognized problems and the forshadowing of the future of organic agriculture in the Czech Republic.

Along with the organic food market development, two directions within the industry has appeared, the traditional organic farming and the biodynamic organic farming. The thesis aimed to derive at which organic certification of organic food in the Swedish food market is most appropriate to the organic movement, based on customer perceptions of Swedish University students. The thesis looked at KRAV, a certifier of traditional organic farming, and Demeter, a certifier of biodynamic organic farming. A quantitative method was used to gain a deeper understanding of the consumer perceptions of organic certification standards and the comparison of KRAV and Demeter, and which certification consumers preferred. A survey was distributed in order to find out the consumer perceptions. The findings of the thesis were split into two parts, each answering one research question. The first part showed that people adhered to the standards of Demeter, with average means skewed towards their side of the scale. The second part identified five hypotheses to be tested against each other, and found customer confusion to be the main impacting factor of consumer perceptions of organic food standards.

A Agricultura Orgânica oferece, ao mercado consumidor, produtos isentos de agentes químicos. Os produtores que fazem uso do sistema convencional e estiverem interessados em adotar a tecnologia orgânica de produção deverão se credenciar junto ao Ministério da Agricultura através de uma certificadora de produtos orgânicos. A certificação pode ser por auditoria ou participativa, mas para recebê-la o agropecuarista deve seguir as normas e procedimentos estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira de produtos orgânicos. Um dos procedimentos é o processo de conversão ou transição, pelo qual a atividade agrícola em manejo convencional muda para o manejo orgânico. O tempo de transição pode variar de 12 a 18 meses, no mínimo, de acordo com a espécie vegetal ou animal e pelo histórico da unidade produtiva. No caso do café, a conversão do sistema convencional para o orgânico pode trazer consigo, entre outros benefícios, a independência de insumos externos, menor risco para a saúde e pode proporcionar maior lucro ao produtor. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo desenvolver um planejamento de produção do café para o processo de conversão da técnica convencional para a orgânica no Sítio Terra Verde em Espírito Santo do Pinhal no estado de São Paulo. Utilizou-se a metodologia de programação linear para maximizar o lucro e minimizar o custo de produção do café em seis cenários. O plano de conversão foi de oito anos, respeitando a bienalidade do cafeeiro, passando por três fases de manejo: substituição de insumos, conversão e produção orgânica. Foram realizadas três análises sobre o planejamento de conversão. Os resultados da primeira análise mostraram que a adoção da técnica orgânica proporcionou ao cafeicultor lucros superiores aos do sistema convencional no final do período de conversão, quando ocorre aumento sobre o preço da saca. Os cenários da segunda análise identificaram uma situação de prejuízo ao cafeicultor no 4º ano do planejamento e uma condição econômica desvantajosa em relação ao sistema convencional, pois o lucro geral foi inferior, devido à redução da produtividade até o final da conversão. A terceira análise apresentou uma situação em que o produtor não recebe o incremento sobre o preço da saca de café quando em manejo orgânico, o que levou à obtenção de resultado desvantajoso ao produtor, no qual o lucro geral do sistema orgânico foi muito baixo em relação ao do sistema convencional. Conclui-se que especificamente para o Sítio Terra Verde, pode ser economicamente viável a adoção da produção orgânica na cultura do café, mas é com extrema dependência do diferencial do preço entre os sistemas convencional e orgânico. / Organic agriculture offers products to the consumer market free of chemicals. Producers who use the conventional system and are interested in adopting organic production technology must be certified by the Ministry of Agriculture through a certification of organic products. Certification may be obtained by auditing or participatory, but in order to receive it, the rural producers must follow the rules and procedures established by the Brazilian laws for organic products. One example is the process of conversion or transition, through which the agricultural activity is converted from conventional farming to the organic one. The transition time may vary from 12 to 18 months, at least, according to the vegetal or animal species and the farm history. In the case of coffee, the conversion from conventional to the organic system can bring some benefits, for example, the independence of external inputs, risk lower to health and can provide more profit to the producer. Thus, this research aims carry out a coffee a plan of partial conversion to organic production technology for a rural property called Sítio Terra Verde at Espírito Santo do Pinhal, São Paulo State, which uses the conventional system. It was used linear programming to maximize profit and minimize costs of coffee production in six scenarios. The conversion planning was established to occur in eight years, respecting the twice yearly harvesting, with three stages: input substitution, conversion and organic production. Were held three analysis on the conversion plan. The results of the first analysis showed that the adoption of organic technique provided greater profits for the producers than the conventional system at the end of the conversion period, when the coffee bag\'s price raises. The second analysis scenarios identified a prejudice situation for the producer in the 4th year of planning and a disadvantage economic condition compared to the conventional system, because the overall profit was lower due to the reduction in productivity by the end of conversion time. The third analysis showed a situation where the producer does not receive a higher price due to the organic management, with a disadvantageous result for the producer, since the overall profit of the organic system was much lower compared to the conventional system. It was concluded that specifically for Sítio Terra Verde the adoption of organic management for the coffee farming can be economically viable, but it is extremely dependent on price differential between conventional and organic systems.

Com o objetivo de avaliar as características, as produções e os comportamentos das diferentes cultivares de feijão de inverno irrigado em sistema de produção orgânico, conduziu-se um experimento na área experimental pertencente à Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz/Universidade de São Paulo, localizada na Fazenda Areão e no núcleo experimental do Grupo de Agricultura Orgânica Amaranthus. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: a produtividade, número de flores por planta, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem, o índice de área foliar bem como o teor de nutrientes para cada variedade. As variedades analisadas foram do Grupo Carioca: BRS-Pérola, BRS-Aporé, IAC- Votuporanga e IPR- Juriti, e do Grupo Preto: IAC-Tunã e BRS-Valente. De acordo com o que foi analisado, os resultados permitem concluir que: (i) não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos, (ii) todas as cultivares avaliadas apresentaram ótimo desempenho sob manejo orgânico. / The goals of this study were to evaluate the characteristics, productivities and behaviors of different cultivars of common bean in an irrigate organic management system in the winter. The experiment was carried out at the experimental area of the Group of Organic Agriculture Amaranthus from Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\"/University of São Paulo, in Fazenda Areão, in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. The following agronomic parameters related to common bean crop were used for statistical analysis: grain yield, number of flowers per plant, number of pods per plant and grains per pod, leaf area index, as well as leaf nutrient content for each cultivar. It were tested the following varieties from Carioca Group: BRS-Pérola, BRS-Aporé, IACVotuporanga and IPR- Juriti, and from Black Group: IAC-Tunã and BRS-Valente. The results showed that: (i) there were no statistical differences between the treatments, (ii) all the tested varieties had great productivity under organic management system.