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Searching for the Output GapLongbrake, Mark William 10 September 2008 (has links)
No description available.
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Lze považovat produkční mezeru za vhodný ukazatel inflace? / Can We Consider Inflation as a Suitable Indicator of Inflation?Kloudová, Dana January 2011 (has links)
Output gap belongs to standard indicators of inflationary pressures used in central banks. The aim of this paper is to find the answer to the question, whether we can consider output gap as a suitable indicator of inflation for the Czech economy. First hypothesis, which we analysed is that we can estimate output gap only with uncertainty. For confirmation or refutation of this hypothesis we used ten models of estimation of output gap. The second hypothesis is that output gap can be used as suitable indicator of inflation. For testing of this hypothesis we chose gap model from Coe, McDetmott (1997) -- with the level of output gap and the change (difference) of output gap. All tests confirmed, that central bank can use inflation as a useful indicator of inflation.
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Jaká je predikční schopnost metodik zjišťování produkční mezery pro vývoj nezaměstnanosti? / What is the Predicative Ability for Unemployment Rate of Different Methodologies for Output Gap Estimation?Holá, Martina January 2010 (has links)
The submitted diploma thesis is dedicated to the calculation of the estimation of output gap by three estimating techniques (Hodrick-Prescott filter, Kalman filtering, and Cobb-Douglas production function) for the Czech Republic during the years 1995-2009, and, consequently, to their usefulness for testing the Okun's law as a suitable predicative tool. In other words, which of the mentioned methods is the most appropriate one for an accurate prediction of the rate of unemployment. To achieve this, the Box-Jenkins methodology is used for modelling and designing the cyclical unemployment forecasts and dynamic version of the Okun's law. The results indicate that, for the given period, there is relatively strong and unstable relationship between changes in output gap and changes in cyclical unemployment in the Czech Republic. The most suitable technique for the estimating of the future development of unemployment gap seems to be the Cobb-Douglas production function approach. This is namely based on the quantity of gained forecast errors and Granger causality.
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Estimação estrutural do hiato do produto : uma análise para o BrasilOliveira, Leandro Padulla da Cruz January 2013 (has links)
O presente trabalho estima o hiato do produto para o Brasil através das principais metodologias estudadas na literatura e apresenta uma forma alternativa de extração do mesmo, ainda não realizada para o caso brasileiro. Esta abordagem estima o hiato do produto através de um modelo de equilíbrio geral dinâmico estocástico (DSGE). O hiato do produto via modelo DSGE apresentado conseguiu identificar os períodos de recessão datados pela FGV. Contudo, além dos episódios relatados pela FGV, foram identificados mais dois períodos de crise. Este tipo de abordagem possui algumas vantagens como a possibilidade de conseguir decompor o hiato do produto estimado nos choques presentes no modelo. A partir da decomposição dos choques observou-se que a maior contribuição para a variação do hiato do produto é dada pelos choques de demanda. Ainda com relação à decomposição dos choques, foi possível identificar que os choques nos preços das commodities podem ser entendidos como choques de demanda e não de oferta. Verificou-se que o hiato do produto estimado por um modelo DSGE possui melhor poder preditivo para a inflação dos preços livres de longo prazo, quando comparado às demais metodologias apresentadas. Dessa forma, o hiato do produto via modelo DSGE pode ser uma ferramenta adicional para a condução da política monetária. / This paper estimates the output gap to Brazil through the main methodologies studied in the literature and presents an alternative way, not yet realized for the Brazilian case. This approach estimates the output gap using a standard dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE). The output gap via DSGE model presented was able to identify recessions dated by FGV. However, were identified over two periods of crisis. This approach has some advantages such as the possibility of decompose the output gap estimated with the shocks presents in the model. From the decomposition of shock was observed the largest contribution to the variation in the output gap is given by the demand shocks. Also with respect to the decomposition of shocks, we found that the shocks in commodity prices can be understood as demand shocks rather than supply. It was found that the output gap estimated by a DSGE model has better predictive power for inflation of free prices of long-term, when compared to other methodologies presented. Thus, the output gap via DSGE model can be an additional tool for conducting monetary policy.
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Estimação estrutural do hiato do produto : uma análise para o BrasilOliveira, Leandro Padulla da Cruz January 2013 (has links)
O presente trabalho estima o hiato do produto para o Brasil através das principais metodologias estudadas na literatura e apresenta uma forma alternativa de extração do mesmo, ainda não realizada para o caso brasileiro. Esta abordagem estima o hiato do produto através de um modelo de equilíbrio geral dinâmico estocástico (DSGE). O hiato do produto via modelo DSGE apresentado conseguiu identificar os períodos de recessão datados pela FGV. Contudo, além dos episódios relatados pela FGV, foram identificados mais dois períodos de crise. Este tipo de abordagem possui algumas vantagens como a possibilidade de conseguir decompor o hiato do produto estimado nos choques presentes no modelo. A partir da decomposição dos choques observou-se que a maior contribuição para a variação do hiato do produto é dada pelos choques de demanda. Ainda com relação à decomposição dos choques, foi possível identificar que os choques nos preços das commodities podem ser entendidos como choques de demanda e não de oferta. Verificou-se que o hiato do produto estimado por um modelo DSGE possui melhor poder preditivo para a inflação dos preços livres de longo prazo, quando comparado às demais metodologias apresentadas. Dessa forma, o hiato do produto via modelo DSGE pode ser uma ferramenta adicional para a condução da política monetária. / This paper estimates the output gap to Brazil through the main methodologies studied in the literature and presents an alternative way, not yet realized for the Brazilian case. This approach estimates the output gap using a standard dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE). The output gap via DSGE model presented was able to identify recessions dated by FGV. However, were identified over two periods of crisis. This approach has some advantages such as the possibility of decompose the output gap estimated with the shocks presents in the model. From the decomposition of shock was observed the largest contribution to the variation in the output gap is given by the demand shocks. Also with respect to the decomposition of shocks, we found that the shocks in commodity prices can be understood as demand shocks rather than supply. It was found that the output gap estimated by a DSGE model has better predictive power for inflation of free prices of long-term, when compared to other methodologies presented. Thus, the output gap via DSGE model can be an additional tool for conducting monetary policy.
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Estimação estrutural do hiato do produto : uma análise para o BrasilOliveira, Leandro Padulla da Cruz January 2013 (has links)
O presente trabalho estima o hiato do produto para o Brasil através das principais metodologias estudadas na literatura e apresenta uma forma alternativa de extração do mesmo, ainda não realizada para o caso brasileiro. Esta abordagem estima o hiato do produto através de um modelo de equilíbrio geral dinâmico estocástico (DSGE). O hiato do produto via modelo DSGE apresentado conseguiu identificar os períodos de recessão datados pela FGV. Contudo, além dos episódios relatados pela FGV, foram identificados mais dois períodos de crise. Este tipo de abordagem possui algumas vantagens como a possibilidade de conseguir decompor o hiato do produto estimado nos choques presentes no modelo. A partir da decomposição dos choques observou-se que a maior contribuição para a variação do hiato do produto é dada pelos choques de demanda. Ainda com relação à decomposição dos choques, foi possível identificar que os choques nos preços das commodities podem ser entendidos como choques de demanda e não de oferta. Verificou-se que o hiato do produto estimado por um modelo DSGE possui melhor poder preditivo para a inflação dos preços livres de longo prazo, quando comparado às demais metodologias apresentadas. Dessa forma, o hiato do produto via modelo DSGE pode ser uma ferramenta adicional para a condução da política monetária. / This paper estimates the output gap to Brazil through the main methodologies studied in the literature and presents an alternative way, not yet realized for the Brazilian case. This approach estimates the output gap using a standard dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE). The output gap via DSGE model presented was able to identify recessions dated by FGV. However, were identified over two periods of crisis. This approach has some advantages such as the possibility of decompose the output gap estimated with the shocks presents in the model. From the decomposition of shock was observed the largest contribution to the variation in the output gap is given by the demand shocks. Also with respect to the decomposition of shocks, we found that the shocks in commodity prices can be understood as demand shocks rather than supply. It was found that the output gap estimated by a DSGE model has better predictive power for inflation of free prices of long-term, when compared to other methodologies presented. Thus, the output gap via DSGE model can be an additional tool for conducting monetary policy.
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Three essays on macroeconomicsSantos, Fernando Siqueira dos 04 March 2013 (has links)
Submitted by Fernando Siqueira dos Santos (fsiquei@gmail.com) on 2013-04-09T23:28:58Z
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-04 / This thesis is composed of 3 empirical studies on macroeconomics. The first essay studies the persistence of inflation in Brazil. The second essay studies the concepts and measures of potential output and neutral interest rate, two fundamental pillars in the conduct of monetary policy. The third essay studies the parity of local and foreign interest rates. The first essay measures the neutral real interest rate for Brazil during 1997-2012 using different methodologies. The results show some difference in the estimates of the natural interest rate in Brazil depending on the specification of the IS curve and its explanatory variables. Measurement of the output gap is not a source of divergence among our estimation of natural rate as different methodologies yields similar values for the output gap. Joint estimation of the inflation and output cycles leads only to small difference in the output gap estimates and hence on natural interest rate. Finally, our results indicate that the impact of monetary policy on output gap increased during the last years. The second essay analyzes inflation persistence in Brazil. Both aggregate and disaggregated inflation persistence are computed. We also compare inflation persistence in Brazil with estimates for other emerging countries with a long history of high inflation. The results indicate that inflation persistence in Brazil is higher than in other emerging markets. Core inflation presents more inflation persistence than headline inflation, particularly due to the exclusion of the low persistence food items. Despite the large persistence in Brazilian inflation, disaggregated data are more sensible to expected inflation than lagged inflation and thus indicates a major role for forward looking behavior. The third essay studies the difference between interest rates in Brazil and other countries, particularly US, and evidence of arbitrage investments aiming at exploring this difference. Our results indicate that there is important evidence of foreign investment inflows to Brazil but the impact of these flows are not sufficient to reduce local interest rates substantially. Both country and currency risk are important determinants of the interest rate difference between Brazil and other countries but exchange rate risk, particularly exchange rate volatility, plays a major role in avoiding full interest rate convergence. Despite the large BRL volatility, a simple strategy of going long BRL + local rate (similar to buy BRL forward contracts) would have generated large Sharpe ratios, closer or higher than Sharpe ratios generated from more complex strategies involving long position on high yield currencies and short position on low yield currencies. / Esta tese é composta por 3 estudos empíricos sobre macroeconomia. O primeiro ensaio discute a persistência da inflação no Brasil. O segundo estudo analisa o produto potencial e, principalmente, a questão taxa neutra de juros no Brasil, tema fundamental para a condução da política monetária. O último trabalho discute a questão da paridade entre os juros no Brasil e no exterior. O primeiro ensaio desta tese estima a taxa real de juros de equilíbrio no Brasil durante o período 1997-2012 usando diversas metodologias. Os resultados mostram alguma diferença nas estimativas da taxa de juros de equilíbrio dependendo da especificação utilizada, principalmente na modelagem da Curva IS. A mensuração do hiato do produto não é o principal responsável pelos resultados encontrados para a taxa de juros de equilíbrio. A estimação conjunta do PIB potencial e taxa neutra de juros não leva a resultados muito diferentes dos obtidos estimando a taxa neutra isoladamente. Independente do modelo utilizado, os resultados indicam redução na taxa de equilíbrio no Brasil nos últimos anos. O segundo ensaio estima a persistência da inflação no Brasil tanto em termos agregados quanto desagregados. O trabalho ainda compara a persistência da inflação no Brasil com a persistência em outros países emergentes. Os resultados indicam que a persistência da inflação no Brasil é maior do que em outros países, mas este resultado não é obtido para todos os métodos de estimação utilizados. A persistência no núcleo da inflação é maior do que na 'inflação cheia'. Apesar da persistência elevada, nossos resultados indicam que a expectativa de inflação é uma variável mais importante na determinação da inflação corrente do que a inflação passada. O terceiro ensaio analisa a diferença entre as taxas de juros no Brasil e no exterior, particularmente nos EUA, e evidências de fluxos de investimentos locais ou estrangeiros para explorar o diferencial de juros. Os resultados indicam que os fluxos de investimento estrangeiro tiveram pouco impacto nas taxas de juros no Brasil. Medidas de risco-país e risco cambial são importantes para explicar o diferencial de juros sendo que as medidas de risco-país parecem ter sido mais importante no início de nossa amostra enquanto as medidas de risco cambial foram mais importantes nos últimos anos. Medidas de risco cambial, particularmente a volatilidade do câmbio ajudam a explicar a falta de convergência dos juros no Brasil com os juros praticados no exterior. Apesar da elevada volatilidade da taxa de cambio, uma simples estratégia de comprar Real (BRL) e investidor no mercado local de juros (estratégia similar a aplicar no contrato futuro de Real) teria gerado um índice de Sharpe tão elevado ou maior do que o observado em estratégias mais sofisticadas envolvendo diversas moedas.
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Hledání nejvhodnější metody odhadu produkční mezery pro českou ekonomiku / Search of the most suitable method of estimation of output gap for the czech economyKloudová, Dana January 2011 (has links)
By monetary policy decisions, central banks use output gap to keep macroeconomic variables at their natural levels. A substantial disadvantage of this variable is the fact that it is an unobservable variable which is very problematic to measure, although it is possible to estimate it with various methods of estimation. This thesis aims to find the most suitable method of estimation for Czech economy. Thirteen methods have been chosen for this aim: linear trend, quadratic trend, HP filter, band-pass filters, robust trend, univariate unobserved component model, two types of production function, two SVAR models, multivariate HP filter and multivariate unobserved component model. Own estimations have shown that estimated trajectories of unobservable states were not identical. For own selection of the most suitable method of estimation, quantitative (ability to forecast inflation ,a growth of product and data revisions by selected national and international organisations) and qualitative criterions (qualities of methods of estimation, transparency and easy application) have been selected, where emphasis was put on quantitative criterions. Results of this thesis will show that the most suitable method of estimation output gap for Czech economy is multivariate unobserved component model.
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Odhad potenciálního produktu v ČR a jeho vztah k hospodářskému cyklu / Estimating of potential output in the Czech Republic and its relationship to the business cycleSvatošová, Ludmila January 2013 (has links)
Potential output is used as the indicator of the business cycle. The aim of this study is to compare the results of different methods used for estimating potential output and verify the hypothesis that potential output or rather the output gap can serve as a reliable indicator to determine the phase of the business cycle in the Czech Republic in the years 1996-2012. 6 different methods - linear trend, Hodrick-Prescott filter, Baxter-King filter, Butterworth filter, Kalman filter and the production function have been used to estimate potential output. The output gap was determined based on the estimated potential output. The comparison of the results of all methods has confirmed the same development trend of potential output. All the methods for estimating potential output, except Butterworth filter, have showed that their results are good indicators of the business cycle in the Czech Republic.
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En utvärdering av inflationsmålets effekter i välutvecklade länder - betydelsen av inflationsmål / An evaluation of the effects of inflation targeting in well-developed countries - the importance of inflation targetsKlarén, David, Frisén, Jonathan January 2020 (has links)
Inflationsmålets historia sträcker sig drygt 30 år tillbaka i tiden. En förutsägbar centralbank skapar möjligheter för marknadsaktörerna att sätta upp inflationsförväntningar i linje med det uppsatta målet som bidrar till att prisstegringstakten följer den önskade nivån. I dag har en stor majoritet av de mest ekonomiskt utvecklade länderna valt att införa ett inflationsmål som ett riktmärke för landets centralbank att rikta penningpolitiken mot. Samtidigt som inflationsnivåerna har sjunkit har också stora delar av länderna idag låga räntenivåer. Det innebär att centralbankens ammunition kan vara förbrukad ifall inflationen skulle behövas tryckas upp om inflationsnivån är under sitt mål. Syftet är att försöka förklara om inflationsmålet har haft någon betydelse avseende att minska inflationsvariansen samt om det även har haft en påverkan på BNP-gapet. För att undersöka inflationsmålets betydelse har vi undersökt flera ekonomiskt välutvecklade länder från inflationsmålets introduktion fram tills nu. Relevansen och legitimiteten i studien grundas på ett flertal tidigare studier. Studien ger en historisk överblick över inflationsnivån och dess stabilitet för länderna sedan 80-talet. Resultaten visar en stadig nedgång samt stabilisering på inflationen för samtliga länder. Däremot finner vi inga stöd för att det enbart skulle vara inflationsmålets förtjänst. Vi kan inte heller observera någon skillnad för BNP-gapet med eller utan inflationsmål. Även om vi inte kan hitta bevis på skillnader av att ha ett inflationsmål eller inte, så tror vi att det har haft en betydelse för de stabiliseringar som inflationen fått tack vare att aktörer lättare kan anpassa sina förväntningar mot målet. / The inflation target's history stretches back over 30 years. A predictable central bank creates opportunities for the market participants to set inflation expectations in line with what is set to be made at the price increase that follows the desired level. Today, a large majority of the most economically well-developed countries have chosen to introduce an inflation target as a benchmark for the country's central bank to target its monetary policy. At the same time as inflation levels have fallen, large proportion of the countries today also have low interest rates. This means that the central bank's ammunition can’t be used in case a rise of inflation is needed if the level of inflation is below its target. The purpose of the thesis is to explain whether the inflation target has had any significance in reducing the inflation variance and whether it has had an impact on the output-gap. To investigate the significance of the inflation target, we have examined several economically well-developed countries from the introduction of the inflation target until now. The relevance and legitimacy of the study is based on a number of previous studies in the field of inflation targeting. The study provides a historical overview of inflation levels and stability for countries since the 1980s. The results show a steady decline and stabilization of inflation for all countries. We find no support for it being solely the merit of the inflation target. Nor can we observe any difference for the GDP gap with or without inflation targets. Although we cannot find evidence of differences in having an inflation target or not, we believe that it has had an impact on the stabilizations that inflation has gained due to the fact that actors can more easily adjust their expectations to the target.
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