Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-102).

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Abstract The aim of this technologically oriented study was to develop an evaluation method for post-completion audits of investment projects in paper production lines. The development work was based on the constructive research approach. The objectives of the method were practical applicability, a comprehensive framework, and measures of project performance. The evaluation method developed here is based on an adapted Malcolm Baldrige self-assessment framework, which has been embedded with three evaluation perspectives: project Targets (T), Risk management (R), and company Strategy (S). The compositions of these perspectives i.e. TRS perspectives, serve as the fundamental basis for a value added project. The evaluation criteria have been designed to fulfil the requirements of the paper industry and demanding projects. Scoring guidelines are used as a basis for evaluation results. Furthermore, supportive evaluation tools were developed to improve the accuracy and comparability of evaluation results. Evaluation is conducted by a group which consists of qualified tutors, project experts and facilitators. The latter are used especially to increase objectivity. The method was tested with two cases studies which were applied in a greenfield paper machine project. The first case study focused on technology choices. The second case study was a full-scale study of the whole project scope. The evaluation results were relatively accurate, and feedback results were particularly positive. Usage of the TRS perspectives can produce information which benefits decision-making. The method is capable of measuring both technical facts and subjective opinions. Moreover, the method is applicable in practice and can improve the investment process in general.

This study examines the hypothesis that coniferous wood fibre origin is maintained even when purified pulps are subjected to severe mechanical (beating) and chemical (decrystallizing) treatments. Four to five intra-incremental sulphate pulps obtained from each of three species, eastern larch (Larix lariaina (Duroi) K. Koch), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziessii (Mirb.) Franco) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill), were purified and machined to one or three levels EL (170 ± 45 ml Csf), DF (615 + 90 ml Csf; 328 + 43 ml Csf; 168 ± 62 ml Csf) and BF (190 + 30 ml Csf). Thereafter, cellulose supermolecular structures were altered by monoethylamine swelling, with changes (48 ± 2% vs. 68 ± 2%) quantified as fibre crystallinity index measured by X-ray diffractometry. Paper sheet apparent densities and tensile parameters (maximum strength, "stretch," modulus of elasticity and rupture energy) were determined. Fibre surface areas and sheet bonded states were estimated by light scattering coefficient measurements. The effects of wood origin on paper sheet physical-mechanical properties reported by other researchers were reaffirmed in this study, with all factors decreasing progressively across growth increments. The differences of wood intra-incremental, as well as species origins, were not removed by conventional pulping and papermaking processes, or additional treatments such as severe beating or major alteration of the basic cellulose structures as practiced in the study. Paper sheet tensile properties were related directly to sheet apparent density. Correlation coefficients as high as 0.979 and 0.989 were obtained for 00% and 82% monoethylamine decrystallized fibre sheets, respectively. Sheet density was inversely related to wood specific gravity and was found to be independent of wood species, degree of beating and decrystallization treatments. It is shown that fibre bonding potential is not the only factor influencing paper sheet strength. Intrafibre characteristics, such as cellulose supermolecular structures, have a highly significant effect on paper sheet strength as well. In addition, specific energy of "bond failure" (irreversible energy consumed per unit sheet surface formed as result of tensile straining) was higher for earlywood than for latewood sheets. This energy quantity depends on beating degree and differs according to species, as well as intra-incremental origin. The paper sheet light scattering coefficient (L.S.C.)-density relationship also depended on wood fibre origin. Earlywood sheet L.S.C. decreased with increased beating and sheet density, but latewood sheet L.S.C. remained almost unaffected. This observation explains why whole-wood fibre sheet L.S.C.-density relationships vary with pulp types as recorded in the literature. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

The SAPPI Ngodwana mill is the largest integrated pulp and paper mill in Africa and is situated in the Elands River catchment in the Mpumalanga province. A need has arisen at the mill to reduce effluent volumes requiring discharge. The combined mill effluent is currently irrigated onto pastures and over the years percolation of attenuated effluent has resulted in elevated chloride levels in the Elands River. Elevated chloride levels in the river have in turn impacted on the tobacco farmers downstream of the mill. Reclamation of Kraft Liner Board effluent was identified as a means of reducing the hydraulic load onto the irrigation pastures and at the same time reduce the intake of fresh water into the mill. Two possible uses for the reclaimed effluent, namely washing of bleached or unbleached pulp, were identified. The major reclaimed water quality variables of concern for re-use are; biodegradable organic material, colour and suspended solids. Approximately 9 months of pilot-scale activated sludge treatment of the effluent demonstrates that sufficient organic material can be removed for re-use, as wash water. Removal of the organic material was not influenced by sludge age in the range 2 to 8 days. A high degree of colour removal was achieved, which is contrary to reports in the literature. Even with the high colour removal achieved, however, insufficient colour was removed to allow washing of bleached pulp. Pulp and paper effluents are often reported to result in filamentous bulking activated sludges. This was confirmed in the testwork. Severe sludge settleability problems were experienced throughout the pilot-scale testwork. Filamentous bulking was identified as the cause of poor sludge settleability and preventative or control strategies would have to be implemented on full-scale. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. / The design of a waste handling system is closely related to the functioning of the manufacturing system that it serves. The study considered the design of a waste handling system at the factory Printpak Gravure in Industria. The system in use was considered cost inefficient, The system was examlned, operating variables were determined, A model of the system was constructed so that the effectiveness of alternative systems could be compared. The replacement system selected reduced machine downtime and resulted in a lower yearly operating cost. / Andrew Chakane 2019

Three 14 day trials were used to compare granulated paper(GP) to pine pellets(PP) and wood shavings(WS) as bedding for horses. During days 1 through 5 stalls were cleaned daily of feces only, and stalls were cleaned of both feces and saturated areas from days 6 to 14. For stall cleanliness, PP was cleaner than both GP and WS. Initial pH was greater for both GP and WS compared to PP. The water holding capacity for WS was greater than PP and GP. On day 5 there was ammonia detected for WS during trial 1. GP and WS emitted more ammonia than PP when air flow was restricted. Bacteria found in the nasal cavity were not different among bedding types. GP had more fungal growth. Minerals were found within the maximum tolerance of horses. Results indicate the use of GP as a bedding material for horses has potential.

Die folgende Arbeit betrachtet, wie Pen-and-Paper-Rollenspiele in deutschen Öffentliche Bibliotheken in die Veranstaltungsarbeit eingebracht werden können und welche positiven Aspekte, aber auch Barrieren und Probleme damit einhergehen. Zunächst wird der Begriff der Pen-and-Paper-Rollenspiele definiert und auf die Begriffe „Immersion“ und „Alibi“ im Kontext von Rollenspielen Bezug genommen. Auch die Möglichkeiten und Barrieren, die im Pen-and-Paper-Rollenspiel generell relevant sind, werden betrachtet. Zudem wird ein kleiner Exkurs in die Pen-and-Paper-Rollenspielszene mit speziellem Fokus auf die Umstände in Deutschland gemacht. Danach wird das Veranstaltungsangebot von Pen-and-Paper-Rollenspielen in Öffentlichen Bibliotheken anhand von Beispielen der Stadtbibliothek Saarbrücken und der Stadtbibliothek München beleuchtet und durch Fachliteratur weiterer Input gegeben Mit Hilfe der Erfahrungswerte dieser Interviews werden mehrere Veranstaltungen für die Zentralbibliothek Dresden geplant und durchgeführt. Mit Beobachtungen und Feedback durch Teilnehmende wird die Veranstaltung evaluiert und mit den Erfahrungswerten aus Saarbrücken und München abgeglichen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 2 Abbildungsverzeichnis 4 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 5 1 Einführung 6 2 P&P-Rollenspiele in der wissenschaftlichen Theorie 7 2.1 Was ist P&P-Rollenspiel? 7 2.1.1 Arten von P&P-Rollenspielen 10 2.1.2 Immersion als Konzept im Rollenspiel 12 2.1.3 Alibi als Konzept im Rollenspiel 13 2.2 Vor- und Nachteile von P&P-Rollenspielen 15 2.2.1 Positive Effekte von P&P-Rollenspiel 16 2.2.2 Mögliche Probleme und Barrieren im P&P-Rollenspiel 18 3 Die P&P-Rollenspiel-Szene: ein Überblick 22 3.1 Verlagslandschaft in Deutschland 22 3.2 Spielende von P&P-Rollenspielen 23 3.3 Medien um und über P&P-Rollenspiele 24 4 Öffentliche Bibliotheken als Ort für P&P-Angebote 25 4.1 P&P-Rollenspiele in der Veranstaltungsarbeit 26 4.1.1 Benötigte Ressourcen 28 4.1.2 Organisation und Veranstaltungsablauf 30 5 Durchführung einer Veranstaltungsreihe in der Zentralbibliothek Dresden 33 5.1 Der Informationstag 35 5.1.1 Vorbereitung 35 5.1.2 Durchführung und Evaluation 36 5.2 Die Spielrunden 41 5.2.1 Vorbereitung 42 5.2.2 Durchführung und Evaluation 44 5.3 Die Zukunft von P&P-Rollenspielen in der Zentralbibliothek Dresden 49 6 Grenzen und Möglichkeiten beim Angebot von P&P-Rollenspielen in ÖBs 50 6.1 Das Spielen von P&P-Rollenspielen in Öffentlichen Bibliotheken 50 6.2 Organisation einer Veranstaltung 52 6.3 Die Zielgruppe 55 6.4 Annahme des Angebots 56 7 Fazit 57 Literaturverzeichnis 59 Literaturquellen 59 Zeitschriftenquellen 61 Internetquellen 62 Interviews 65 Persönliche Mitteilungen 65

Bacteriophages are promising biosensing systems in bioactive paper application due to their specific detection of bacteria. Different chemicals including wet strength resins were used to improve paper properties. This work investigated the influence of wet strength resins (PAE and PVAm) on bacteriophage activity, and proposed another method of using Poly NIP AM microgel to separate bacteriophage from paper surface. Compared with filter paper, the cationic polymer PAE and PVAm treated paper exhibited high phage binding efficiency but low phage activity due to the electrostatic interaction. PVAm had strong phage adsorption and almost completely deactivated the phage particle. Streptavidin was coupled to PolyNIPAM microgel in the presence of EDC, and T4 bacteriophage genetically modified with biotin was immobilized to microgel particle which resulted in a 10-fold improvement in attachment when compared with T4 wild-type phage. The microgel-phage coupling efficiency was very low, there were more than 10^6 micro gel particle for every active phage. And micro gel supported phages were deactivated after coating on the PAE/PVAm treated paper. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Fumigation before strawberry (<i>Fragaria×ananassa</i> Duchesne) planting was a common practice as they are susceptible to numerous pests. Methyl bromide, the colorless, odorless gas, was the chosen fumigant for growers until it was classified as an ozone-depleting substance and its use was gradually restricted and legally phased in 2015. Fumigant use has constraints and thus research on other preplant alternatives for soil sterilization of strawberry annual plasticulture production is necessary. This research focused on soil solarization, products including paper pellets, mustard seed meal, and corn gluten meal. Two studies were conducted at the Virginia Tech Hampton Road AREC (Agricultural Research and Extension Center), and follow-up studies at the Flanagan Farm in Virginia Beach. The first study at the AREC evaluated three-week soil solarization with and without pelleted products. The second study evaluated different rates of paper pellets, paper pellets plus mustard seed meal, mustard seed meal alone and fumigated plots. The purpose of each study was to evaluate the sterilization-mulching effects on weeds, plant health and stand count, yield and fruit parameters (as size and sweetness). A container-grown plant study determined if there was any phytotoxic effect of paper pellets and mustard seed meal on pansies (Viola tricolor). Another study evaluated the effect of paper pellets and mustard seed meal on germination of different weed species. The paper pellet and soil solarization treatments showed decreased early season weeds but season-long weed control was not provided by the same treatment. In the study one, paper pellet improved yield in the first season but not the second season. Paper pellet and mustard seed meal increased yield compared to the black plastic control in the second study. No phytotoxicity was observed on pansies in response to paper pellet and mustard seed meal rates. In the grower farm study, weed biomass was higher under the clear tarp than the black tarp perhaps due to more light transmission under the clear tarp. A new locally available paper pellet product was used at the grower farm and the plants in plots treated with this product, had lower health rating and yield compared to other treatments. / PHD / The strawberry fruit is not a typical fruit but develops from the receptacle and is well known for the bright red color, fleshy fruit and characteristic aroma. Growing strawberries is challenging as they are susceptible to soil-borne pests. Preplant fumigation was commonly accomplished by the use of methyl bromide (MB) to ensure the soil-borne pests are adequately controlled; until MB use as a fumigant was phased out by the Montreal Protocol Act. Use of fumigants require maintaining a fumigant management plan, a buffer zone between the treatment area and high population zone areas, and worker safety practices. There is a need to evaluate alternative preplant pest control strategies as soil solarization and mulching treatments that would not compromise on berry yield and quality. Two experiments were conducted at the Virginia Tech Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Beach. One experiment conducted in 2014-15 and 2015-16 evaluated soil solarization (a method where moistened soil is covered with a clear tarp, traps solar radiation, and thereby heats up the soil), and mulching treatments (paper pellet mulch, mustard seed meal, and corn gluten meal) used alone or in combination with soil solarization and their effect on weed control, crop growth, crop yield, and fruit quality. In the second study rates of paper pellets, mustard seed meal (alone or in combination of these), and fumigated plots were evaluated to study the effect on strawberry plants. The most effective treatments from the two studies were used in an experiment at a grower’s farm. A shorter duration of soil solarization (three week) with paper pellet showed lower early weed density than black plastic control, but overall solarization did not have consistent beneficial effect on yield. Paper pellets disintegrate over time and the pellets being porous to water; they were not an effective tool for weed control. However, combination of paper pellets and mustard seed meal showed a beneficial effect on yield compared to the black plastic control treatments. The plots covered with black tarp had less weed biomass than those covered with clear tarp in the grower farm study