Fumigation before strawberry (<i>Fragaria×ananassa</i> Duchesne) planting was a common practice as they are susceptible to numerous pests. Methyl bromide, the colorless, odorless gas, was the chosen fumigant for growers until it was classified as an ozone-depleting substance and its use was gradually restricted and legally phased in 2015. Fumigant use has constraints and thus research on other preplant alternatives for soil sterilization of strawberry annual plasticulture production is necessary. This research focused on soil solarization, products including paper pellets, mustard seed meal, and corn gluten meal. Two studies were conducted at the Virginia Tech Hampton Road AREC (Agricultural Research and Extension Center), and follow-up studies at the Flanagan Farm in Virginia Beach. The first study at the AREC evaluated three-week soil solarization with and without pelleted products. The second study evaluated different rates of paper pellets, paper pellets plus mustard seed meal, mustard seed meal alone and fumigated plots. The purpose of each study was to evaluate the sterilization-mulching effects on weeds, plant health and stand count, yield and fruit parameters (as size and sweetness). A container-grown plant study determined if there was any phytotoxic effect of paper pellets and mustard seed meal on pansies (Viola tricolor). Another study evaluated the effect of paper pellets and mustard seed meal on germination of different weed species. The paper pellet and soil solarization treatments showed decreased early season weeds but season-long weed control was not provided by the same treatment. In the study one, paper pellet improved yield in the first season but not the second season. Paper pellet and mustard seed meal increased yield compared to the black plastic control in the second study. No phytotoxicity was observed on pansies in response to paper pellet and mustard seed meal rates. In the grower farm study, weed biomass was higher under the clear tarp than the black tarp perhaps due to more light transmission under the clear tarp. A new locally available paper pellet product was used at the grower farm and the plants in plots treated with this product, had lower health rating and yield compared to other treatments. / PHD / The strawberry fruit is not a typical fruit but develops from the receptacle and is well known for the bright red color, fleshy fruit and characteristic aroma. Growing strawberries is challenging as they are susceptible to soil-borne pests. Preplant fumigation was commonly accomplished by the use of methyl bromide (MB) to ensure the soil-borne pests are adequately controlled; until MB use as a fumigant was phased out by the Montreal Protocol Act. Use of fumigants require maintaining a fumigant management plan, a buffer zone between the treatment area and high population zone areas, and worker safety practices. There is a need to evaluate alternative preplant pest control strategies as soil solarization and mulching treatments that would not compromise on berry yield and quality. Two experiments were conducted at the Virginia Tech Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Beach. One experiment conducted in 2014-15 and 2015-16 evaluated soil solarization (a method where moistened soil is covered with a clear tarp, traps solar radiation, and thereby heats up the soil), and mulching treatments (paper pellet mulch, mustard seed meal, and corn gluten meal) used alone or in combination with soil solarization and their effect on weed control, crop growth, crop yield, and fruit quality. In the second study rates of paper pellets, mustard seed meal (alone or in combination of these), and fumigated plots were evaluated to study the effect on strawberry plants. The most effective treatments from the two studies were used in an experiment at a grower’s farm. A shorter duration of soil solarization (three week) with paper pellet showed lower early weed density than black plastic control, but overall solarization did not have consistent beneficial effect on yield. Paper pellets disintegrate over time and the pellets being porous to water; they were not an effective tool for weed control. However, combination of paper pellets and mustard seed meal showed a beneficial effect on yield compared to the black plastic control treatments. The plots covered with black tarp had less weed biomass than those covered with clear tarp in the grower farm study

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Orientador: Sueli dos Santos Freitas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T22:05:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Donzeli_VanessaPolon_D.pdf: 754794 bytes, checksum: 0d25f60426155f9e9b87dd4c334befa8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A solarização do solo vem se destacando como um método promissor para o controle de fitopatógenos; no entanto, as mudanças nas populações e atividades microbianas após o processo de solarização são ainda pouco estudadas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: estudar parte da comunidade e atividades microbianas em solo solarizado em comparação a solo não solarizado; selecionar isolados de rizobactérias promotoras de crescimento em alface em substrato comercial, visando à produção de mudas, e verificar os possíveis benefícios da solarização do solo à promoção de crescimento de plantas de alface por esses isolados microbianos. Para a avaliação do efeito da solarização sobre a microbiota do solo, os tratamentos foram: solarização em coletor solar (substrato solarizado e não solarizado) e amostragens no tempo (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias após a solarização). As parcelas foram vasos com 2L de substrato (mistura de solo e substrato orgânico cama-de-frango), mantidos com plantas da variedade de alface crespa Verônica. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: carbono, nitrogênio e relação entre C e N da biomassa microbiana; liberação de CO2; quociente metabólico; microrganismos amonificadores, nitrificadores, celulolíticos, amilolíticos e proteolíticos; Pseudomonas spp. fluorescentes e bactérias não fluorescentes no substrato e na rizosfera de plantas de alface; número de folhas, matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes de alface e emergência de plantas invasoras. Para avaliar a promoção de crescimento de mudas de alface utilizaram-se um substrato comercial para hortaliças, com metade da adubação recomendada, solarizado e não solarizado e 50 isolados de Pseudomonas spp. da coleção do IAC. Os isolados foram escolhidos de acordo com um pré-teste e resultados de Freitas et al.(2003) e Sotero (2003) . O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 10 repetições, totalizando 1000 vasos. Vinte e cinco dias após a semeadura, as mudas de alface foram coletadas e realizou-se a contagem do número de folhas e avaliação da massa de matéria seca da parte aérea. A solarização do substrato causou uma redução da microbiota logo após ser realizada, refletida pela diminuição do carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, microrganismos amonificadores, nitrificadores, celulolíticos, amilolíticos e bactérias não fluorescentes. O aumento da relação C/N da biomassa microbiana na primeira amostragem e a redução da liberação de CO2 pela respiração de microrganismos do solo e aumento do quociente metabólico aos 30 dias após a solarização também foram indicativos da alteração na microbiota. No entanto, com o tempo, a microbiota do substrato solarizado se restabeleceu, sendo que aos 30 dias após a solarização alguns grupos de microrganismos, como os amonificadores e amilolíticos, já haviam tido seu número igualado aos do substrato não solarizado e outros grupos como os nitrificadores e celulolíticos apresentaram-se em maior número no substrato solarizado nessa amostragem. Nem todos os grupos de microrganismos foram imediatamente afetados pela solarização, como os microrganismos proteolíticos, que tiveram o seu número diminuído apenas na amostragem feita aos 60 dias, as também se restabeleceram nas amostragens seguintes. As Pseudomonas spp. do grupo fluorescente foram positivamente influenciadas pela solarização, tendo seu número aumentado aos 60 dias no substrato e 120 dias na rizosfera. Assim, aos 90 dias, a maioria dos grupos microbianos funcionais já havia voltado ao equilíbrio, com exceção apenas dos nitrificadores e Pseudomonas spp. fluorescentes que se apresentaram em número maior no substrato solarizado na amostragem seguinte. As plantas de alface cultivadas em substrato solarizado tiveram maior crescimento na primeira amostragem após a solarização e nesse tratamento houve uma redução média de 92,3% na emergência de plantas invasoras. A solarização do substrato favoreceu o efeito benéfico de 17 isolados de Pseudomonas spp. fluorescentes na promoção de crescimento de mudas de alface e favoreceu também o efeito deletério de dois isolados. Dezoito isolados foram capazes de promover o crescimento de mudas de alface, independente da solarização, e a solarização também foi responsável pelo maior crescimento das plantas, independente da inoculação de rizobactérias / Abstract: Soil solarization has been reported as an efficient soil disinfestations method for controlling soil borne pathogens; however few studies about changes in microbial activity and populations after soil polarization have been published. The present work was carried out to study the microbial activity and part of the microbial community in solarized soil; selected plant growth promoting rhizobacteria strains in commercial substrate to seedling yield and verify the possible contribution of soil solarization to promotion of lettuce seedling growth by these microbial strains. To evaluate the effect of solarization on the soil microorganisms, the treatments were: solarization in solar collector (solarized and non solarized substrate) and time sampling (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after solarization). The plots bowls (2L) were maintained with lettuce plants of cultivar Verônica. The following parameters were evaluated: carbon, nitrogen and C/N in the microbial biomass; basal respiration; metabolic quotient; number of ammonifying, nitrifying, cellulolytic, amylolytic, proteolytic microorganisms and fluorescent and non fluorescent bacteria grown in B King media, in bulk substrate and lettuce rhizosphere; number of leafs, shoot and root dry matter and weed emergence. To evaluate promotion of seedling lettuce growth a substrate for production of vegetable seedlings was used, with half-full fertilizer, solarized and non solarized, and fifty pseudomonads strains of the IAC collection. The experiment had a completely randomized design in 1000 plots. Twenty five days after sowing the number of leafs and the shoot dry matter lettuce were evaluated. The substrate solarization immediately reduced the microbial groups as showed by carbon and nitrogen in microbial biomass, ammonifying, nitrifying, cellulolytic, amylolytic microorganisms and fluorescent bacteria decrease. The increase of the C/N in microbial biomass ratio in the first sampling and decrease of the CO2 evolved rate and higher metabolic quotient rate at 30 days after substratesolarization indicated changes in microbial community. However, after some time, the functional microbial groups were reestablished. Thirty days after solarization the number of some groups of microorganisms ¿ as ammonifying and amylolytic microorganisms ¿ were similar in solarized and non solarized substrate, and others ¿ as nitrifying and cellulolytic microorganisms ¿ ad higher numbers in solarized substrate in this sampling. Proteolytic microorganisms were not affected immediately by solarization and decreased only in the samplings 60 days after solarization. In the samplings 90 and 120 days after solarization the number of proteolytic were similar in the treatments. Fluorescent pseudomonads were positively affected by solarization: the number of these bacteria was higher in the bulk solarized substrate in third sampling and in the rhizosphere in fifth sampling. Thus, at 90 days, most of functional microbial groups were reestablished, except nitrifying and fluorescent pseudomonads, that were in higher number in solarized substrate. The solarization contributed to increase the growth of lettuce plants in first sampling and provided effective weed control that were reduced 92,3% over the untreated control. Solarization propitiated the beneficial effect of 17 fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. strains, that promoted seedling lettuce growth, and deleterious effect of 2 strains on lettuce seedlings. Eighteen Pseudomonas spp. Strains promoted plant growth, independent of solarization, and solarization promoted plant growth, independent of bacteria inoculation / Doutorado / Microbiologia / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

The Calaveras River is a unique riparian habitat in San Joaquin County, influenced by both tidal water from the San Francisco Bay and impounded rainwater from the New Hogan Dam. The Calaveras River is one of the few river systems in California that does not benefit from snowpack melt. This dynamic system has changed dramatically in both its species composition and hydrodynamic regime due to years of human influences. What was once a thriving population of native plant species has become an environment dominated almost completely by aggressive exotic invasive species. The goal of this project was to remove the nonnative plant habitat by the most cost effective and least labor intensive means. The study area was along a section of river that bisects the University of Pacific campus in Stockton, California. From years of invasive species presence a deep seedbank has developed within the soil which acts to reduce the effectiveness of native plant reintroductions. A technique known as "solarization" was used to eliminate the seedbank and to facilitate the survival of native plants. Tarps were used to eradicate existing plants followed by disturbance of the soil and watering to induce germination of subsoil weed seeds. As the new plant seedlings emerge, tarps are reapplied to eliminate that generation of seedbank plants. After four time series of tarping and watering, a significant difference was found between control plots and treatments utilizing the solarization technique. Treatment 2, which consisted of tarping without weight, was determined to best target the seedbank after four repetitions and resulted in reducing invasive species in the seed bank.

A alface é a hortaliça folhosa mais consumida no Brasil. Seu cultivo vem sendo severamente afetado pelo fungo Thielaviopsis basicola, que ocasiona podridão radicular e subdesenvolvimento de plantas. Não existem maiores estudos sobre o controle desse patógeno nas condições brasileiras. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a determinação da ocorrência de T. basicola em plantios comerciais de alface e outras folhosas do Estado de São Paulo, do efeito da temperatura sobre a patogenicidade in vitro dos isolados obtidos e a avaliação da viabilidade de seu controle através do emprego de cultivares de alface resistentes, de fungicidas e da solarização, com e sem incorporação de matéria orgânica. Quatorze isolados de T. basicola foram obtidos de raízes necróticas de alface, chicória e rúcula. O efeito da temperatura sobre a patogenicidade in vitro dos isolados foi determinado, inoculando-se sementes de alface semeadas em agar-água. Foram realizados dois ensaios. No primeiro, quatorze cultivares de alface foram inoculadas com o isolado L1, a 21 e 30ºC. No segundo, a cv. Elisa foi inoculada com os quatorze isolados de T. basicola, a 21 e 27ºC. O isolado L1 foi mais agressivo a 21ºC do que a 30ºC, ocasionando maiores severidade da doença e restrição do comprimento de plântulas em todas as cultivares. Todos os isolados causaram podridão radicular e reduziram o comprimento de plântulas a 21 e 27ºC, destacando-se o isolado A2 como o mais agressivo. De modo geral, os isolados foram mais agressivos a 27 que a 21ºC, exceto L1 e L2. A reação de cultivares de alface a três isolados de T. basicola foi avaliada in vivo. Primeiramente, treze cultivares foram confrontadas com o isolado L1 e, posteriormente, seis dessas cultivares foram inoculadas com os isolados A2 e CH. As cultivares do tipo lisa foram suscetíveis e as do tipo crespa, resistentes, exceto a cv. Verônica. Quanto às cultivares do tipo americana, houve variação na reação ao patógeno. O efeito de fungicidas sobre o crescimento micelial e a esporulação in vitro foi determinado para três isolados de T. basicola. Nove fungicidas foram testados para o isolado L1 e sete para os isolados A2 e CH, nas concentrações de 0; 0,1; 1, 10 e 100 ppm de ingrediente ativo. O fungicida carbendazim foi o mais efetivo. A eficiência de sete fungicidas foi avaliada no controle de T. basicola in vivo. Todos os produtos testados foram eficientes, destacando-se o tebuconazole e o triadimenol. O controle de T. basicola através da solarização, associada ou não à incorporação de 10 ton / ha de torta de mamona ou de cama de frango, também foi avaliado. A solarização do solo com e sem incorporação de matéria orgânica controlou efetivamente o patógeno. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a incorporação da torta de mamona seguida de solarização, que permitiu a produção de plantas com maiores comprimento e massa fresca e evitou o aparecimento de qualquer sintoma de necrose radicular. / Lettuce is the most used leafy vegetable in Brazil. Its crop is being severely affected by Thielaviopsis basicola, fungus which causes root rot and stunting in plants. There are no control studies about this pathogen for the brazillian conditions. This research aimed: to determine the T. basicola occurence in São Paulo State commercial lettuce and other leafy vegetables crops, the temperature effect on isolates pathogenicity in vitro and control viability evaluation by lettuce resistant varieties, fungicides and solarization with and without organic matter amendments. Fourteen T. basicola isolates were got from lettuce, chicory and arugula necrotic roots. Temperature effect on the isolates pathogenicity in vitro was determined in inoculated seeds sown on the surface of water agar medium. Two trials were carried out. In the first one, fourteen lettuce varieties were inoculated with L1 isolate at 21 and 30ºC. In the second, only cv. Elisa was inoculated with fourteen T. basicola isolates, at 21 and 27ºC. The isolate L1 was the most aggressive at 21ºC than 30ºC, causing higher disease severity and seedling length restriction of all varieties. All isolates induced root rot and reduced seedlings length at 21 and 27ºC, but A2 isolate was the most aggressive one. All isolates were more aggressive at 27 rather than 21ºC, except L1 and L2 isolates. Lettuce varieties reactions to three T. basicola isolates were evaluated in vivo. First about thirteen varieties were challenged with L1 isolate and later, six of them were inoculated with A2 and CH isolates. Butterhead types were susceptible and Grand Rapids types were resistant, except cv. Veronica. Iceberg type varieties varied in their reaction to pathogen. Fungicide effect on mycelial growth and sporulation in vitro was determined for three T. basicola isolates. Nine fungicides were tested for L1 isolate and seven for A2 and CH isolates, at concentrations of 0; 0,1; 1; 10 and 100 ppm of active ingredient. Carbendazim was the most effective. Seven fungicides efficacy was evaluated to control of T. basicola in vivo. All tested products were efficient, but tebuconazole and triadimenol were the best ones. The control of T. basicola through soil solarization with and without chicken litter and coarse castor bean meal amendments, at 10 ton / ha, also was evaluated. Soil solarization alone and combined with organic matter amendments were both effective ways to control the pathogen. The best results were got with incorporation of coarse castor bean meal followed by solarization, which allowed increase in fresh weight and length of plants, and avoided root rot symptoms.

A alface é a hortaliça folhosa mais consumida no Brasil. Seu cultivo vem sendo severamente afetado pelo fungo Thielaviopsis basicola, que ocasiona podridão radicular e subdesenvolvimento de plantas. Não existem maiores estudos sobre o controle desse patógeno nas condições brasileiras. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a determinação da ocorrência de T. basicola em plantios comerciais de alface e outras folhosas do Estado de São Paulo, do efeito da temperatura sobre a patogenicidade in vitro dos isolados obtidos e a avaliação da viabilidade de seu controle através do emprego de cultivares de alface resistentes, de fungicidas e da solarização, com e sem incorporação de matéria orgânica. Quatorze isolados de T. basicola foram obtidos de raízes necróticas de alface, chicória e rúcula. O efeito da temperatura sobre a patogenicidade in vitro dos isolados foi determinado, inoculando-se sementes de alface semeadas em agar-água. Foram realizados dois ensaios. No primeiro, quatorze cultivares de alface foram inoculadas com o isolado L1, a 21 e 30ºC. No segundo, a cv. Elisa foi inoculada com os quatorze isolados de T. basicola, a 21 e 27ºC. O isolado L1 foi mais agressivo a 21ºC do que a 30ºC, ocasionando maiores severidade da doença e restrição do comprimento de plântulas em todas as cultivares. Todos os isolados causaram podridão radicular e reduziram o comprimento de plântulas a 21 e 27ºC, destacando-se o isolado A2 como o mais agressivo. De modo geral, os isolados foram mais agressivos a 27 que a 21ºC, exceto L1 e L2. A reação de cultivares de alface a três isolados de T. basicola foi avaliada in vivo. Primeiramente, treze cultivares foram confrontadas com o isolado L1 e, posteriormente, seis dessas cultivares foram inoculadas com os isolados A2 e CH. As cultivares do tipo lisa foram suscetíveis e as do tipo crespa, resistentes, exceto a cv. Verônica. Quanto às cultivares do tipo americana, houve variação na reação ao patógeno. O efeito de fungicidas sobre o crescimento micelial e a esporulação in vitro foi determinado para três isolados de T. basicola. Nove fungicidas foram testados para o isolado L1 e sete para os isolados A2 e CH, nas concentrações de 0; 0,1; 1, 10 e 100 ppm de ingrediente ativo. O fungicida carbendazim foi o mais efetivo. A eficiência de sete fungicidas foi avaliada no controle de T. basicola in vivo. Todos os produtos testados foram eficientes, destacando-se o tebuconazole e o triadimenol. O controle de T. basicola através da solarização, associada ou não à incorporação de 10 ton / ha de torta de mamona ou de cama de frango, também foi avaliado. A solarização do solo com e sem incorporação de matéria orgânica controlou efetivamente o patógeno. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a incorporação da torta de mamona seguida de solarização, que permitiu a produção de plantas com maiores comprimento e massa fresca e evitou o aparecimento de qualquer sintoma de necrose radicular. / Lettuce is the most used leafy vegetable in Brazil. Its crop is being severely affected by Thielaviopsis basicola, fungus which causes root rot and stunting in plants. There are no control studies about this pathogen for the brazillian conditions. This research aimed: to determine the T. basicola occurence in São Paulo State commercial lettuce and other leafy vegetables crops, the temperature effect on isolates pathogenicity in vitro and control viability evaluation by lettuce resistant varieties, fungicides and solarization with and without organic matter amendments. Fourteen T. basicola isolates were got from lettuce, chicory and arugula necrotic roots. Temperature effect on the isolates pathogenicity in vitro was determined in inoculated seeds sown on the surface of water agar medium. Two trials were carried out. In the first one, fourteen lettuce varieties were inoculated with L1 isolate at 21 and 30ºC. In the second, only cv. Elisa was inoculated with fourteen T. basicola isolates, at 21 and 27ºC. The isolate L1 was the most aggressive at 21ºC than 30ºC, causing higher disease severity and seedling length restriction of all varieties. All isolates induced root rot and reduced seedlings length at 21 and 27ºC, but A2 isolate was the most aggressive one. All isolates were more aggressive at 27 rather than 21ºC, except L1 and L2 isolates. Lettuce varieties reactions to three T. basicola isolates were evaluated in vivo. First about thirteen varieties were challenged with L1 isolate and later, six of them were inoculated with A2 and CH isolates. Butterhead types were susceptible and Grand Rapids types were resistant, except cv. Veronica. Iceberg type varieties varied in their reaction to pathogen. Fungicide effect on mycelial growth and sporulation in vitro was determined for three T. basicola isolates. Nine fungicides were tested for L1 isolate and seven for A2 and CH isolates, at concentrations of 0; 0,1; 1; 10 and 100 ppm of active ingredient. Carbendazim was the most effective. Seven fungicides efficacy was evaluated to control of T. basicola in vivo. All tested products were efficient, but tebuconazole and triadimenol were the best ones. The control of T. basicola through soil solarization with and without chicken litter and coarse castor bean meal amendments, at 10 ton / ha, also was evaluated. Soil solarization alone and combined with organic matter amendments were both effective ways to control the pathogen. The best results were got with incorporation of coarse castor bean meal followed by solarization, which allowed increase in fresh weight and length of plants, and avoided root rot symptoms.