Problem Performance management på individnivå innebär att styra individen utifrån individuella mål som förmedlar organisationens övergripande strategi till medarbetarna. För att förstärka styreffekterna av individuella mål kan en belöning kopplas till måluppfyllelsegrad. Effekten av ett bonussystem ställer stora krav på samarbete mellan chef och anställd då de tillsammans ska ställa upp realistiska mål som syftar till att utveckla den enskilde individen samtidigt som de bidrar till organisationens övergripande mål och resultat. Därmed är det viktigt att undersöka hur medarbetare och chefer påverkas av individuella mål kopplade till bonus och vilka effekter detta får inom företaget. Vilken effekt har målsättnings-, uppföljnings- och utvärderingsarbetet på styrning och motivation bland medarbetare och chefer? Syfte Syftet är att undersöka och öka förståelsen kring hur styrning och motivations-aspekter påverkas då performance management bryts ner till individnivå samt hur en belöningskoppling kan förstärka den eventuella styreffekten. Metod Undersökningen har genomförts i form av en fallstudie där intervjuer använts som främsta empiriinsamlingsmetod. Intervjuverktyget valdes för att få en förståelse för hur performance management påverkar personer inom en organisation utifrån ett styr- och motivations-perspektiv. Det gav möjlighet till att undersöka problemet på en djupare nivå där olika synsätt och åsikter kring ämnet kunde fångas upp under personliga intervjuer. Resultat Undersökningen visar att styrfilosofin inom en organisation inte påverkas i nämnvärd utsträckning av performance management på individnivå. Det som påverkas är hur organisationen väljer att hantera styrningen i form av de svårigheter som uppstår i och med att målen blir individuella. De största svårigheterna med ett individuellt målsättningsprogram är att få en jämvikt mellan finansiella och ickefinansiella mätetal där målen kommuniceras och förankras hos medarbetarna på ett fungerande sätt. Trots att de mjuka målen uppfattas som oerhört viktiga på individnivå så är det dessa mål som skapar de största svårigheterna. Fallstudien har visat att en tydlig målsättning med konkreta och realistiska mål är en förutsättning för att påverka styrningen i positiv riktning. Det framgår även att rättvisa är viktigt i och med att en bonus kopplas till måluppfyllelsegrad varför kvalitén på målsättningsarbete och uppföljningen är av stor vikt. / Problem Performance management helps the organisation clarify the strategy through individual targets. To reinforce the management effect a bonus can be connected to the fulfilment of targets. When a bonus is connected to performance management it is vital that the communication between managers and co-workers is well functioning and that the individual targets support the co-workers learning as well as they support the organizations overall targets. Therefore it is important to investigate how co-workers and managers are affected by individual targets and what consequences it has on the organization. What impact has the target setting-, follow up- and evaluation process on the organisation’s management and the motivation among the staff? Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate and increase the understanding of how management and motivational aspects is affected when performance management is broken down to individual levels and how a reward can enhance the possible control effect. Method This study has been performed through a case study where interviews have been the primary method. Several interviews were conducted to gain an understanding of how performance management influences employees in an organization on the basis of a control and motivational aspect. Interviews made it possible to examine the purpose on a deeper level, where different opinions and approaches to performance management could be collected. Result The control function is not influenced by the fact that performance management is broken down to individual levels. The difficulty with this topic is the problems that arise when targets are made individualized. Individual targets make it hard to find a balance between financial and non-financial measurements and to gain the approval of employees. Non-financial goals cause the biggest problems since these are the hardest goals to measure and reward. Despite problems surrounding the non-financial goals there exist a great confidence in such goals. The case study shows that performance management on an individual level demands a well functioning communication to effect organisational management in a positive direction. It also shows that a bonus connected to targets demands a high quality in the rewarding procedure where justice plays an important part.

Performance measurement has grown in importance within transportation agencies due to decreased and stipulated funding and federal focus on system performance. A shift has occurred in how transportation planning and decision making historically took place including a rise in prominence of the Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO). The public, state and local agencies, and other stakeholders are mutually served by the regional MPO to assure that transportation funding allocation and project selection meet the regional needs and coordinate the transportation planning process to provide a seamless transportation system. The recent Federal transportation funding program MAP-21 establishes performance measures for each MPO in coordination with the State department of transportation (DOT). Small MPOs, those which serve populations of less than 200,000 people, differ vastly from larger MPOs in the amount of funds available and authority to allocate funds as well as the resources that are available to perform a performance measurement program. Small MPOs often lack the resources to identify and use performance measures, even though performance measurement at the MPO level has promoted efficient decision-making in large MPOs. This research strives to find by interviews and surveys of the small Texas MPOs if the use of certain performance measures in small MPOs can be financially upheld with limited resources and budget. This thesis is timely in relation to the MAP-21 performance measurement requirements as it shows that performance measurement is, at this time, difficult to impossible based on small Texas MPOs’ very limited resources. Due to the estimated costs of basic performance measurement programs and the difficulty in quantifying the tangible benefits, the use of performance measurements in small Texas MPOs is unlikely. Small Texas MPOs listed potential performance measurement program benefits such as: project prioritization, funding allocation, and showing the public that professional planning is useful. It was found that any potential benefits of performance measurements are limited when dealing with small communities with fairly obvious transportation problems. The estimated cost of a basic performance measurement program in a small Texas MPO was determined to be around $150,000 per year. This cost exceeded both their abilities to fund a performance measurement program and the perceived benefits of such an effort. This research suggests the following performance measures are most likely to be beneficial when proven cost effective: V/C ratios, travel times, crash rates (safety) and VMT. These measures are often easily accessible and could be beneficial in the long-range planning of a local transportation system. However, fiscal and staffing limitations, along with realities of planning for a small community make the use of performance measures difficult. The results of this study can aid the Secretary of Transportation in understanding the limited technical capacities of small Texas MPOs in regards to performance measurement.

This study developed and applied a field test to evaluate the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)/Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE)/United States Green Building Council (USGBC) Performance Measurement Protocols (PMP) for Commercial Buildings in a case-study office building in central Texas. As the first integrated protocol on building performance measurement, the ASHRAE PMP accomplished its goal of providing the standardized protocols for measuring and comparing the overall performance of a building, including energy, water, thermal comfort, Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), lighting, and acoustics. However, several areas for improvement were identified such as conflicting results from different procedures or benchmarks provided in the ASHRAE PMP; limited guidelines for performing the measurements; lack of detailed modeling techniques, graphical indices, and clear benchmarks; and some practical issues (i.e., high cost requirements and time-intensive procedures). All these observations are listed as the forty issues, including thirteen for energy, five for water, and twenty-two for Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). Recommendations were developed for each issue identified. For the selected high-priority issues, twelve new or modified approaches were proposed and then evaluated against the existing procedures in the ASHRAE PMP. Of these twelve new or modified approaches, the following are the most significant developments: a more accurate monthly energy use regression model including occupancy; a monthly water use regression model for a weather-normalized comparison of measured water performance; a method how to use a vertical temperature profile to evaluate room air circulation; a method how to use LCeq – LAeq difference as a low-cost alternative to estimate low frequency noise annoyance; a statistical decomposition method of time-varying distribution of indices; and a real-time wireless IEQ monitoring system for the continuous IEQ measurements. The application of the forty recommendations and the twelve new or modified approaches developed in this study to the ASHRAE PMP is expected to improve the applicability of the ASHRAE PMP, which aligns the overall purpose of this study. Finally, this study developed a new single figure-of-merit rating system based on the ASHRAE PMP procedures. The developed rating system is expected to improve the usability of the protocols.

Models of R&D account for technical, technological and administrative factors of R&D implementation but underestimate the influence of behavioural and political factors such as power and conflict. They assume that R&D organisation is “well-insulated” from partisan, emotions, political reactions and contextual factors and that decision makers are rational and decisions are taken to best fit the content of R&D programme. The present study explores the effects of rational and irrational factors in the R&D implementation process on the performance of publicly funded research projects in universities. It uses realist and qualitative exploratory semi-structured interviews with 22 active researchers in Sultan Qaboos University provides “depth and detail” of the complexities of R&D implementation effects on its performance. The study discovers 18 measures of success of academic research and 30 effects of R&D implementation of the performance of publicly funded research.The study concludes that the iterative, non-linear and processual nature of R&D implementation is a continuous dynamic system. R&D success builds up the capacity for future success whilst failures decrease the chances of future successes. The integrated effects of implementation (IEI) influence R&D performance through technical and administrative capability of the R&D organisation as well as through behaviours of organisation members. These include leaders’ behaviours, conflict and political skills within individuals. Both success dynamism and IEI suggest contextualism implementation of R&D.

According to the Nobel Prize winner Paul Krugman, “productivity isn’t everything, but in the long-run it is almost everything”. It is unfortunate that the productivity in the construction industry has lagged behind the manufacturing industry for the last several decades. The research presented in this thesis aims to improve productivity in the infrastructure sector of the construction industry by developing and validating Best Productivity Practices Implementation Index (BPPII) for Infrastructure projects. The BPPII Infrastructure is a check list of practices that are considered to have a positive influence on labour productivity at the project level for infrastructure projects. These practices have been identified through a literature review and consultation with industry experts, and have been anecdotally proven to positively affect productivity. These practices have been grouped together into a formalized set of BPPII’s categories, sections, and elements. Each practice and its planning and implementation levels have been completely defined. Each practice in the index has been assigned a relative weight based on its importance in affecting labour productivity. In total, there are 61 elements, 20 sections, and 6 categories. The six categories of the BPPII Infrastructure are: (1) Materials Management; (2) Construction Machinery and Equipment Logistics; (3) Execution Approach; (4) Human Resources Management; (5) Construction Methods; and (6) Health and Safety. The productivity factor defined as a ratio of estimated productivity and actual productivity was used as a metric to collect information about labour productivity. Data were collected for infrastructure projects on the planning and implementation level of practices, on the productivity factor, and on project schedule performance. The research hypothesis tested was that projects that have a high level of implementation of best practices as defined by the BPPII Infrastructure will have a better productivity performance than projects which have a low level of implementation of best practices. The regression analysis confirms that the BPPII score has a strong positive relationship with the productivity factor. ANOVA tests confirm that there is statistically significant difference between the productivity of projects that have a high level of implementation of practices and those that have a low level of implementation. Also, it was found that projects that have a high score on the index perform better in terms of project schedule performance than projects which have a low score on the BPPII Infrastructure.

BACKGROUND Integrated healthcare systems are believed to be enabled by the electronic exchange of clinical information. Canada and other national health systems are making substantial investments in information technology, in order to liberate and share clinical information between providers, improve the quality and safety of care, and reduce costs, yet we currently have no way of measuring these information flows, nor of understanding whether they contribute to the integration of care delivery. METHODS A literature review and consensus development process (nominal group) were used to provide guidance on system integration measures which are enabled by electronic information exchange. In order to conceptualize the components of electronic information exchange, establish a reference vocabulary for terminology, and guide the development of a questionnaire to gather field data, a formal ontology was developed. Validation of a sub-group of the survey data quality was achieved using the ontology and an unrelated database, demonstrating how ontologies may be used to adapt performance measurement methodologies to systems where constraints such as time-compression, lack of resources or access to needed information are prevalent. RESULTS The survey tool gathered cross-sectoral data from a regional health system which populated a summary measure of inter-provider electronic health information exchange (the eHIE), and measured perceptions of system integration from a single health region. The eHIE indicated that 7 -12% of clinical information that could be shared, was being shared electronically in the health region. ANOVA confirmed a significant correlation between the amount of information being exchanged electronically in this system and respondent perceptions of system integration suggesting that the eHIE may be used as a leading indicator for healthcare system integration. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to conceptualize and quantify inter-provider electronic health information exchange. As complex adaptive systems, healthcare systems are dynamic and open to correction; the use of a leading or proximal indicator such as the eHIE may inform effective policy-making and resource allocation in our pursuit of the goal of seamlessly integrated care.

Dieser Bericht ist einzuordnen in das zweite Projektjahr des laufenden Forschungsprojektes EPM-KOMPAS und die bisherigen Dokumentationen über dessen Projektfortschritte. Gerade die intensive Kooperation und die Diskussionen mit den Projektunternehmen erbrachten konstruktive und anwendungsorientierte Kritik und Anforderungen an das EPM-Instrument. Daraus resultieren eine Reihe von Modifizierungen, die in Form von Prototypen in der Praxis Abgleich finden und dargestellt werden. Jedoch ist die Entwicklung des Prototypen und seine Weiterentwicklung kontinuierlich von den Impulsen aus der Praxisarbeit beeinflusst und in einem ständigen Prozess. Der akutelle Forschungs- und Projektstand soll daher skizziert werden.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate how the BSC is used to measure performance by the provider and the users in a municipality. Furthermore, the purpose is also to examine the different views of providers and users of BSC in different departments. Design/methodology/approach – The research on the use of the BSC is based on a single case study in Kristianstad municipality. The case study was performed on three different administrations, culture and recreation, children and education, and care which are representing users of the BSC. The case study was also performed in the city management which presented the provider of the scorecard. Afterwards, the results of the case study have been analyzed from an institutional perspective. Findings - In this case study, it is concluded that the BSC is a useful tool for performance measurement in the municipality of Kristianstad. The providers and users of the scorecard are viewed differently as a performance tool. Research limitations – Due to a small sample size, it is difficult to generalize the results of this single case study. Future research could expand this study by a quantitative study based on a survey including all Swedish municipalities. Another proposal can be comparative case studies of different municipalities. Practical implications – This thesis shows how the BSC is used for performance measurement and how it is viewed from the providers and users. Using the results of this study, managers can use the scorecard in a more efficient way. Originality/value – This single case study examines the use of BSC in Krisitanstad municipality as there have been relatively few studies in this area. With the collection of the empirical evidence we have contributed with literature in this area.

This study assesses how to measure and evaluate performance impacts of IntelligentTransport Systems (ITS) in the transport chain.The importance of transportation in global trade has increased significantly in the lastdecades. Cost pressure, rising customer demand for sophisticated logistics services, sustainabilityand security as well as safety issues have boosted the need for more efficient,effective and differentiated transport operations. Intelligent Transport Systems werefound to have the potential to address these challenges in the transport chain. However,due to the novelty of the technology both ITS developers and users face huge uncertaintyabout the performance impacts of ITS. Evaluating ITS in the transport chain beforethe rollout based on concrete measures is likely to reduce the uncertainty involvedin ITS developments and enhance the adoption rate of the new technology. The increasingnumber of ITS projects, like the Secure Intermodal Transport Systems at VolvoTechnology, create a need for a structured approach to measure and evaluate ITS.A literature review concerning the characteristics of the transport industry, technologyadoption, ITS and performance measurements served as a basis for the empirical studyin which 8 semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders in the transport industrywere conducted in order to find out how the performance impacts of ITS are perceivedin the industry and how they could possibly be assessed. The focus groupmethod was used to validate and apply the findings from the interview study to a GeofencingITS-service.The study has confirmed that the concept of ITS is still an emerging phenomenon in thetransportation industry. There is no common understanding of ITS among researchersand practitioners in the transport industry and still a lack of knowledge regarding theperformance impacts of ITS. Even though it could be found that ITS leverages mainlythe service level that can be offered to the customer and that they increase the efficiencyin the back office, the great variety of ITS-services calls for an individual assessment.Structuring the assessment into the phases of measurement design, implementation anduse of the measures facilitates this process. For the different phases a set of activitiescritical for a successful assessment of ITS have been identified. Despite its usefulnessfor mitigating the uncertainty related to the new technology, the focus group validationuncovered that a comprehensive measurement for ITS is not appropriate from the outset,but should be assessed based on the cost of the measurement, the ITS project priority,the customer relations as well as the hierarchical structure in the provider firm.

The exponential growth in computing capability and use has produced a high demand for large, high-performance storage systems. Unfortunately, advances in storage system research have been limited by (1) a lack of evaluation workloads, and (2) a limited understanding of the interactions between workloads and storage systems. We have developed a tool, the Distiller that helps address both limitations. Our thesis is as follows: Given a storage system and a workload for that system, one can automatically identify a set of workload characteristics that describes a set of synthetic workloads with the same performance as the workload they model. These representative synthetic workloads increase the number of available workloads with which storage systems can be evaluated. More importantly, the characteristics also identify those workload properties that affect disk array performance, thereby highlighting the interactions between workloads and storage systems. This dissertation presents the design and evaluation of the Distiller. Specifically, our contributions are as follows. (1) We demonstrate that the Distiller finds synthetic workloads with at most 10% error for six out of the eight workloads we tested. (2) We also find that all of the potential error metrics we use to compare workload performance have limitations. Additionally, although the internal threshold that determines which attributes the Distiller chooses has a small effect on the accuracy of the final synthetic workloads, it has a large effect on the Distiller's running time. Similarly, (3) we find that we can reduce the precision with which we measure attributes and only moderately reduce the resulting synthetic workload's accuracy. Finally, (4) we show how to use the information contained in the chosen attributes to predict the performance effects of modifying the storage system's prefetch length and stripe unit size.