Magister Artium - MA / In a developing country like South Africa plagued by historical racial scars, attitudes pertaining to race, ethnicity and language, can be described as considerably problematic. Images used for advertising (ads) and the media form part of the foundation through which audience’s structure ideas about the normality and fluidity of race and ethnicity. Physical appearance is especially important in the media and influences the minds of many young people, especially young women and contributes to the way they feel about themselves. This magnitude of influence reinforces the importance of analyzing these images and assessing the implications it has on the South African society. Through a systemic functional multimodal discourse analysis (SF-MDA), this thesis explores the way in which earlier (2004) and more recent ads (2015) by Brutal Fruit have characterized and (re)characterised the ‘ideal’ South African woman. Particular attention is placed on the concept of racialized bodies- skin colour, hair, clothing and body types of the models employed during both periods when the ads were published. The language(s) used in the ads are analysed which creates a platform for engaging in issues related to transformation and inclusivity in society, as it is performed in the ads. The literature focuses on the revolution of South African society, group representation, race and the female body. The findings suggest that alcohol adverts largely use semiotics that reinforce antifeminist rhetoric. However, in more recent ads there is an attempt to compensate for the roles that have become available to women in the public sphere. Women are shown to have more agency in that they are depicted in leading roles and the narratives created about them relate that they are now in charge of their own sexuality. The positive depiction of alcohol especially in relation to masculinity affects the number of people who consume it. Alcohol consumption is linked to masculinity and power, however, in society women are still expected to remain feminine. This is especially relevant for women who aim to challenge dominant stereotypes about their position in society- and the use of alcohol is an avenue that is used to achieve this. However, women consume ‘pink drinks’ and not beer because ciders are still considered to be feminine by society, which is why many men refuse to consume it. Finally, a true representation of real women in society needs to become more popular in the media and a fresh approach to advertising alcohol especially to women needs to be re-evaluated because these ads could be positive for women instead of reiterating the usual derogatory stereotypes that society holds about women who do not conform to dominant patriarchal conventions.

Compiled by: David P. Speech/y in fulfilment of an MSc(MED) degree Department of Physiology University of the Witwatersrand Medical School Johannesburg, SOUTH AFRICA. / Our study comprised of a two fold investigation into i. the comparing of physiological function in a performance-matched (running 42.2km) group of females (n=10) and males (n=10), and ii. the analysis of the performance changes over four different distances. The female group ran an average of 3:36 ± 0:42 hours, and the male group an average of 3:39 ± 0:47 hours for a standard marathon. After matching the two groups we measured physical characteristics, maximal aerobic capacity (V02max), fitness level (lactate accumulation), energy cost of running (running economy), and muscle function (isokinetic dynamometry). The female group had a significantly lower (P<0.05) relative V02max (48.3 ± 2.8mlQ2• min'1 • kg"1 vs 51.3 ± 3.3ml02*min'1-kg'1) , lower absolute peak muscle torque for quadriceps at all angular velocities investigated (60-; 180-; and 240°-sec'1), but only at 240° • sec'1 for the hamstrings (29.0 ± 15.1Nm vs 46.6 ± 15.3Nm). However, females had lower (P<0.05) relative peak torques (expressed relative to the lean thigh volume) than males only for the quadriceps group of muscles at 180°-sec'1 (12.19 ± 4.75Nm-2'1 vs 18.87 ± 7.01Nm*l"1) The females had a greater (P<0.05) percentage body fat than the males (22.0 ± 3.2% vs 16.1 ± 3.0%). / IT2018

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Published Article / A descriptive observational study was conducted among undergraduate medical students to determine whether the knowledge of Anatomy influenced their body image perceptions. The perception of some students regarding their body image and appearance was different after the course, and also their view of other peoples' bodies. The findings of the study support the literature that males are more concerned with muscularity and developing muscles, whereas females are more preoccupied with thinness. The study showed that a course in Anatomy might have an influence on students' perceptions of their own and other peoples' physical appearance.

Appearance-related self worth occupies a central role in the self-structure of many individuals. While many social psychological theories may be employed to understand the role of appearance in individuals' self-structures, thus far developmental theories have not been widely used to understand how these structures come to be and how they change throughout development. The current project integrates social and developmental theories of self to understand the role that important domains may play in the development of self-structure. Participants between the ages of 9 and 21 completed a set of questionnaires assessing various self-concept and self-esteem related variables to address these questions, allowing a cross-sectional view of the development of self-structure. In addition, multiple regression analyses were used to address several research questions, and five clear patterns emerged. First, connections between domains of self increase developmentally, a finding which replicates and adds depth to previous self research. Second, discrepancies between how individuals see themselves and how they would ideally like to be are positively related to how connected that domain is within the self-structure. Third, malleability of self worth is negatively related to domain connectedness such that higher levels of connectedness are associated with decreased malleability of self feelings in response to challenges to self-esteem. Fourth, domain importance does not play a strong role in the development of self-structure. Connectedness of domains increases developmentally regardless of individual beliefs about domains. Finally, development of self-structure differs according to the universality of the self domain that is being considered. Universally important cultural areas, such as appearance, show markedly different developmental associations than do domains that are not as universally stressed. Implications of these findings for prevention programs aimed at decreasing centrality of appearance and future directions for research are discussed. / Dissertation

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Texas at Dallas, 2007. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 38-41)

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This dissertation takes an employee-centred approach to explore the power that employers have to regulate the physical appearance of their employees in the Canadian workplace. Specifically, it analyzes the limitations and potential of existing human rights instruments for protecting the appearance interests of employees in Canada, with primary focus on British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec. Appearance matters a great deal in the North American context. Scholars of sociology have established that as a social and identity marker, as well as a powerful means of expression, appearance should be considered as fundamental to an employee’s identity, sense of self, and personhood. In particular, these studies show that appearance choices (such as tattoos, piercings, grooming practices, and clothes) are important to an employee’s sense of self; they are therefore worthy of legal protections. Yet, under the current state of law in Canada, workplace appearance regulation is legal, with limits for the most part dependent on whether or not employees are unionized. This dissertation takes up the question of how to address employees’ appearance in the workplace as a human rights issue by offering two frameworks of analysis—the anti-discrimination approach and the fundamental rights at work approach. Physical appearance is not a protected ground of discrimination in Canada. As such, approaching the question of workplace appearance policies and practices through an anti-discrimination lens offers some considerable challenges for employees in a private employment relationship in most Canadian provinces. In Quebec, the Quebec Charter of human rights and freedoms protects a wide range of fundamental rights and freedoms applicable to private employment relationships, including the right to dignity, the right to privacy, and the right to freedom of expression. Quebec employees have successfully raised these rights in order to challenge workplace appearance regulation. Quebec employers are thus more limited regarding appearance policies than their counterparts in the rest of Canada, because of the fundamental rights at work framework, which offers a balanced approach to employers’ and employees’ competing interests. With a careful review of both frameworks, I argue that legislative changes could enable shifts in cultures of work, and I conclude with some modest proposals to achieve better protections for employees broadly, and more specifically with respect to the importance of appearance in the workplace. / Graduate / 2021-08-14

The purpose of this study is fourfold: (1) to determine the relationship between sociometric status and specific physique types; (2) to determine the relationship between personal appearance and sociometric status; (3) to determine the relationship between sociometric status and physical defects; (4) to determine the relationship between sociometric status and chronic absenteeism.