In order to understand the dynamic characteristics of an ultrasonic motor stator, we proposed a modified two- dimensional axisymmetric finite element model to analyze the three-dimensional vibrational problem of piezoelectric annular and circular plates. In this work, displacement fields are properly assumed and the electric effect is included. Following the finite element method, analyses of axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric vibration of circular and annular plate, and also the stator of ultrasonic motors can be conducted in a convenient way. Natural frequency, location of contact point and elliptic locus of the stator are then calculated. Effects by different geometry design and selected circumferential wave number are discussed. Comparisons of some typical examples are made between the present work and those available in the literature.

In this thesis, the study focuses on the antenna design for integrated passive devices. By using the substrate of piezoelectric material with high permittivity and introducing the fractal structures, the size reduction is obtained. Part of the research analyzes the influences of the surrounding environment on the antenna performances, including the effects of external formations, internal components, and interconnections. The results can provide the design rules for developing IPD antennas. The other part of the research emphasizes the design of IPD antenna itself, involving the investigations on the characteristics of substrate and fractals. The trade-off between compactness and radiation efficiency is pointed out, and then a design of modified ground plane is presented. When the modified design is placed on the system ground plane that exists in real system, the radiation efficiency can be improved significantly. Therefore, the concept of the compact IPD antenna is achieved.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:55:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lagoin_tg_me_ilha.pdf: 875839 bytes, checksum: 9e1bca2b5d2aff33da2301dc0a8a877b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As vibrações mecânicas tem se mostrado uma forma efetiva de geração de energia através da deformação de materiais piezelétricos ou movimentação de bobinas eletromagnética. As técnicas de energy harvesting estudam o processo de extração e armazenamento deste tipo de energia até um nível utilizável. Neste caso que a estrutura piezelétrica é deformada devido à condição de operação gerando uma tensão/corrente que pode ser usada como uma fonte natural de energia, principalmente, para operar dispositivos eletrônicos de baixa potência. Entretanto, a energia gerada através do efeito piezelétrico usualmente não é suficiente para operar diretamente a maioria dos circuitos eletrônicos. Assim, o desenvolvimento e implementação de métodos para acumular e armazenar a energia capturada nestes sistemas (materiais inteligentes) até um nível utilizável é a chave para o sucesso desta tecnologia. Este trabalho discute o estudo e avaliação da modelagem teórica-experimental de uma estrutura do tipo viga com PZTs submetida à deformação causada por vibrações mecânicas, buscando avaliar o comportamento do acoplamento eletromecânico do sistema bem como quantificar a eficiência, não só da quantidade de energia gerada pelo material, mas também o seu armazenamento em dispositivos do tipo capacitor. A modelagem da estrutura piezelétrica foi realizada por elementos finitos com o programa ANSYS e validada com testes experimentais. Em seguida foi feito um estudo paramétrico das variáveis do modelo através de um conjunto de simulações numéricas efetuadas para avaliar o potencial elétrico gerado. Para finalizar foram realizados testes experimentais de dois circuitos eletrônicos utilizados para extrair energia de um material piezelétrico / Mechanical vibrations have been shown an effective form of generating energy through deforming piezoelectric materials or moving electromagnetic coil. The energy harvesting techniques studies the processes of extracting and storing this kind of energy until an usable level. In the case that piezoelectric structure is deformed due operation condition it generates a voltage/current that can be used like a natural source of energy, mainly, for operating electronic devices of low power. However, the energy generated through piezoelectric effect usually is not enough to operate directly the most electronic circuits. Therefore, the development and implementation of methods to accumulate and store the energy captured in these systems (smart materials) until an usable level is the key for the success of this technology. This work discusses the study and evaluation of a theoretical-experimental modeling of a beam structure with bounded PZTs submitted to mechanical vibration, aiming at evaluating the behavior of the electro-mechanical coupling of the system, as well as, to quantify the amount of energy generated by the material and the storage of this energy in a capacitive type device. The modeling of piezostructure was performed by finites elements with the program ANSYS and validated with experimental tests. Then a parametric study of model variables was made through a set of numerical simulations carried out to evaluate the electrical potential generated. For finished were performed experimental tests of two electronic circuits used to extract energy from a piezoelectric material

Orientador: João Antonio Pereira / Banca: Walter Katsumi Sakamoto / Banca: Giuliano Pierre Estevam / Resumo: As vibrações mecânicas tem se mostrado uma forma efetiva de geração de energia através da deformação de materiais piezelétricos ou movimentação de bobinas eletromagnética. As técnicas de energy harvesting estudam o processo de extração e armazenamento deste tipo de energia até um nível utilizável. Neste caso que a estrutura piezelétrica é deformada devido à condição de operação gerando uma tensão/corrente que pode ser usada como uma fonte natural de energia, principalmente, para operar dispositivos eletrônicos de baixa potência. Entretanto, a energia gerada através do efeito piezelétrico usualmente não é suficiente para operar diretamente a maioria dos circuitos eletrônicos. Assim, o desenvolvimento e implementação de métodos para acumular e armazenar a energia capturada nestes sistemas (materiais inteligentes) até um nível utilizável é a chave para o sucesso desta tecnologia. Este trabalho discute o estudo e avaliação da modelagem teórica-experimental de uma estrutura do tipo viga com PZTs submetida à deformação causada por vibrações mecânicas, buscando avaliar o comportamento do acoplamento eletromecânico do sistema bem como quantificar a eficiência, não só da quantidade de energia gerada pelo material, mas também o seu armazenamento em dispositivos do tipo capacitor. A modelagem da estrutura piezelétrica foi realizada por elementos finitos com o programa ANSYS e validada com testes experimentais. Em seguida foi feito um estudo paramétrico das variáveis do modelo através de um conjunto de simulações numéricas efetuadas para avaliar o potencial elétrico gerado. Para finalizar foram realizados testes experimentais de dois circuitos eletrônicos utilizados para extrair energia de um material piezelétrico / Abstract: Mechanical vibrations have been shown an effective form of generating energy through deforming piezoelectric materials or moving electromagnetic coil. The energy harvesting techniques studies the processes of extracting and storing this kind of energy until an usable level. In the case that piezoelectric structure is deformed due operation condition it generates a voltage/current that can be used like a natural source of energy, mainly, for operating electronic devices of low power. However, the energy generated through piezoelectric effect usually is not enough to operate directly the most electronic circuits. Therefore, the development and implementation of methods to accumulate and store the energy captured in these systems (smart materials) until an usable level is the key for the success of this technology. This work discusses the study and evaluation of a theoretical-experimental modeling of a beam structure with bounded PZTs submitted to mechanical vibration, aiming at evaluating the behavior of the electro-mechanical coupling of the system, as well as, to quantify the amount of energy generated by the material and the storage of this energy in a capacitive type device. The modeling of piezostructure was performed by finites elements with the program ANSYS and validated with experimental tests. Then a parametric study of model variables was made through a set of numerical simulations carried out to evaluate the electrical potential generated. For finished were performed experimental tests of two electronic circuits used to extract energy from a piezoelectric material / Mestre

The aim of this thesis is to develop and investigate impact-based frequency up-conversion mechanisms to enhance the performance of the piezoelectric energy harvesters. Five different mechanisms are designed that use cantilever type piezoelectric transducers, and for each of them, mathematical models of the piezoelectric transducer are constructed by applying the discontinuous dynamics theory. The constructed mathematical models are analyzed to provide a deep understanding of the mechanical and electrical performance of the piezoelectric energy harvester, which enables us to optimize the system parameters to generate the maximum power. The numerical investigation illustrates that the impact-based frequency up-conversion mechanism can significantly improve the performance of the energy harvester.

Energy harvesting is a technology for generating electrical power from ambient or wasted energy. It has been investigated extensively as a means of powering small electronic devices. The recent proliferation of devices with ultra-low power consumption - devices such as RF transmitters, sensors, and integrated chipsets - has created new opportunities for energy harvesters. There is a variety of ambient energies such as vibration, thermal, solar, stray current, etc. Depending on energy sources, different kinds of energy conversion mechanism should be employed. For energy harvesters to become practical, their energy conversion efficiency must improve. This efficiency depends upon advances in two areas: the system or structural design of the energy harvester, and the properties of the materials employed in energy conversion. This dissertation explores developments in both areas. In the first area, the role of nano-, micro-, and bulk structure of the energy conversion materials were investigated. In the second area, piezoelectric energy harvesters and a magneto-thermoelectric generator are treated from the perspective of system design. In the area of materials development, PbTiO3 (PTO) nanostructures consisting of nanofibers and three-dimensional (3-D) nanostructure arrays were hydrothermally synthesized. The growth mechanism of the PTO nanofibers and 3-D nanostructures were investigated experimentally and theoretically. The PTO nanostructures were composed of oriented PTO crystals with high tetragonality; these arrays could be promising candidates for nanogenerators. Different designs for energy harvesters were explored as a means of improving energy conversion efficiency. Piezoelectric energy harvesters were designed and constructed for applications with a low frequency vibrational energy and for applications with a broadband energy spectrum. A spiral MEMS piezoelectric energy harvester design was fabricated using a silicon MEMS process and demonstrated to extract high power density at ultra-low resonance frequencies and low acceleration conditions. For a broadband energy harvester, a magnetically-coupled array of oscillators was designed and built that broadened the harvester's effective resonance frequency with considerably improved output power. A new design concept for thermal energy harvesting that employs a magneto-thermoelectric generator (MTG) design was proposed. The MTG exploits a thermally-induced second order phase transition in a soft magnetic material near the Curie temperature. The MTG harvested electric power from oscillations of the soft magnet between hot and cold sources. For the MTG design, suitable soft magnetic materials were selected and developed using La0.85Sr0.15MnO3-Ni0.6Cu0.2Zn0.2Fe2O4 magnetic composites. The MTG was fabricated from a PVDF cantilever and a gadolinium (Gd) soft magnetic material. The feasibility of the design for harvesting energy from the waste heat was demonstrated by attaching an MTG array to a computer CPU. / PHD / Energy harvesting is a technology for generating electrical power from ambient or wasted energy. It has been investigated extensively as a means of powering small electronic devices. The recent proliferation of devices with ultra-low power consumption – devices such as RF transmitters, sensors, and integrated chipsets – has created new opportunities for energy harvesters. There is a variety of ambient energies such as vibration, thermal, solar, stray current, etc. Depending on energy sources, different kinds of energy conversion mechanism should be employed. For energy harvesters to become practical, their energy conversion efficiency must improve. This efficiency depends upon advances in two areas: the system or structural design of the energy harvester and the properties of the materials employed in energy conversion. This dissertation explores developments in both areas. In the first area, the role of nano-, micro-, and bulk structure of the energy conversion materials were investigated. In the second area, vibration energy harvesters using piezoelectric materials (mechanical to electrical energy conversion) and thermoelectric generator employing magnetic phase transition are treated from the perspective of system design.

O chatter é o principal problema de instabilidade nos processos de usinagem, e é causado pelas ondulações deixadas na superfície durante cortes sucessivos, ou chamado processo de regeneração, e é caracterizado pelo ruído e qualidade superficial ruim nas superfícies usinadas. Portanto, a comunidade científica tem se preocupado em desenvolver ações, tanto para a predição do fenômeno, como para desenvolver estratégias para sua redução. Neste trabalho avalia-se numérica e experimentalmente, a utilização de pastilhas piezelétricas acopladas no suporte da ferramenta, e aplicando estratégias de controle passivo e ativo, procurando a redução do chatter em processos de torneamento. A solução passiva consiste em conectar os terminais das pastilhas piezelétricas a um circuito elétrico dissipador de energia. A solução ativa propõe usar uma das pastilhas como sensor e a outra como atuador para aplicar leis de controle de realimentação. Na avaliação numérica foi considerado um modelo eletromecânico de parâmetros distribuídos usando a teoria de viga engastada de Euler-Bernoulli, e as equações constitutivas elétricas e mecânicas do material piezelétrico. A comparação das funções de resposta em frequência (FRFs) do sistema, obtidas numericamente, mostra uma adição de amortecimento ao sistema quando é usado um circuito de dissipação com uma resistência e uma indutância como solução passiva. A avaliação numérica da solução ativa indica que o controle de realimentação de velocidade adiciona amortecimento do sistema. A melhora da estabilidade no processo de torneamento destas duas estratégias é comprovada num diagrama de lóbulos de estabilidade. Na parte experimental foram obtidas as funções de resposta em frequência do sistema suporte da ferramenta, usando um sistema de aquisição de dados, com o fim de comparar as magnitudes da resposta, e foram feitos testes de torneamento com o fim de comparar qualitativamente as qualidades superficiais obtidas nas peças usinadas. A medição das FRFs com circuitos de dissipação indicou uma atenuação da resposta para um sistema com circuito em série, estratégia que foi avaliada em testes de torneamento, e mostrando uma melhora no acabamento superficial. / Chatter is the main problem of instability in machining processes, caused by the modulations left on the surface during the successive cuts, called regeneration process, and is characterized by violent vibrations, noise and poor surface quality on machined surfaces. Thus, the scientific community has been concerned with developing actions for both the phenomenom prediction, and developing strategies to reduce them. This work evaluates numerically and experimentally the use of piezoelectric layers embedded to the tool-holder, and applying active and passive strategies trying to reduce the chatter in turning processes. For the passive case, the conductive electrode pairs of the piezoelectric layers are connected to a shunt circuit which modifies the system dynamics. The active solution proposes to use one of the piezoelectric layers as sensor an the other one as actuator, in order to apply feedback control laws. A numerical evaluation considers an electromechanical distributed parameter model based on Euler- Bernoulli cantilever beam theory, and the electrical and mechanical constitutive equations of the piezoelectric material. A comparison of the system frequency response functions (FRFs), numerically obtained, shows an increase of system damping when a resistive-inductive shunt circuit is used as a passive solution. The numerical evaluation of the active solution shows that the velocity feedback control increases the system damping. The turning process stability improvement using both strategies, is shown in a stability lobe diagram. Frequency response functions of the tool-holder system were obtained experimentally using a data acquisition system, in order to compare the response amplitudes. Turning tests were performed in order to compare surface qualities obtained of machined parts. Measurement of FRFs using series resistive-inductive shunt circuits shows a system response attenuation, later this strategy was evaluated in turning tests, showing an improvement in surface finish.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a estimativa de funções de resposta em freqüência angulares (FRFAs). Trata-se de uma técnica que utiliza transdutores piezelétricos (PZT) do tipo bimorph para a medição da curvatura local da estrutura através do potencial elétrico induzido pela extensão e compressão do sensor. A partir da estimativa da curvatura, a rotação pode ser obtida diretamente através de várias técnicas de interpolação (polinomial, formas modais, etc). Apresenta-se a modelagem téorica da qual se deriva as equações que governam a dinâmica de estruturas uni-dimensionais, do tipo viga, e estruturas bidimensionais, do tipo placa, ambas isotrópicas, onde se incorpora o sensor bimorph. Modelos em elementos finitos foram propostos no intuito de avaliar a utilização destes sensores (bimorphs) aplicados à estimativa das FRFAs. Apresentam-se também resultados numéricos e experimentais considerando-se uma viga engastada-livre (cantilever) e resultados numéricos considerando-se uma placa simplesmente apoiada. Um algoritmo genético foi ainda desenvolvido no intuito de determinar a posição e dimensão ótimas dos bimorphs em estruturas do tipo viga. / The present work aims to perform the development of an attractive approach for accurate measurement of angular frequency response functions (AFRFs). It uses bimorph piezoceramic patches to measure the structure\'s local curvature through the measurement of the electric potential induced by the extension and compression of the patch\'s top and bottom stripes, respectively. From this curvature, rotation can be obtained directly by several interpolation techniques (single polynomial, modes basis). Theoretical modeling of the vibration incorporating piezoelectric bimorph sensor is presented and equations governing the dynamics for one-dimensional structures, like a beam, and for two-dimensional structures, like a plate, are derived for isotropic structures. Finite element model for the dynamic analysis were proposed to evaluate bimorphs patches applied to the measurement of angular FRFs. Numerical and experimental results are presented considering a cantilever beam and numerical results for a simply supported plate as tested structured. Also, in this work, a genetic algorithm was used as an adaptive heuristic search algorithm for optimal placement and sizing of the bimorph sensor into beam like structures.

The eight-node solid-shell finite element models have been developed for the analysis of laminated composite pate/shell structures with piezoelectric actuators and sensors. To resolve the locking problems of the solid-shell elements in laminated materials and improve accuracy, the assumed natural strain method and hybrid stress method are employed. The nonlinear electric potential distribution in piezoelectric layer is described by introducing internal electric potential. The developed finite element models, especially, electric potential node model, have the advantages of simpler modeling and can obtain same effect that exact solution described. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

Due to the complexity of electro-elastic coupling characteristics in piezoelectric material, some of the elastic, dielectric and piezoelectric parameters are difficult to be measured. Usually, these parameters are determined by assuming that all offer parameters are remained constant during the measurement. However, the interactive effect between material properties makes this assumption be not always true. In this study, the measured natural frequencies of the specified circular piezoelectric plate are used to extract these parameters simultaneously. In other words, all these parameters are determined with considering the interactive electro-elastic coupling effect. The analytic model of free-free circular piezoceramic plate was derived and solved to establish the relationship between natural frequencies and its material parameters, to cover most all the parameters, the out-of-plane(non-symmetric transverse) and in-plane(symmetric extensional) modes are considered. The genetic algorithm is employed to determine most all elastic, dielectric and piezoelectric parameters from a least square error between the calculated and measured natural frequencies. Numerical results derived from the parameters proposed in this work reveal a good agreement with the measured data. In other words, the proposed method to extract the piezoelectric parameters is feasible and effective.