As Soluções Parenterais de Grande Volume (SPGV´s) são definidas como solução estéril e apirogênica destinada à aplicação parenteral em dose única, na qual o plástico é o material de acondicionamento primário utilizado. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas da solução fisiológica de cloreto de sódio 0,9% (m/v), bem como as propriedades químicas e físicas da embalagem primária. Foram utilizadas amostras de solução injetável de cloreto de sódio 0,9% m/v de 500 mL em diferentes apresentações comerciais e tipo de embalagem primária (Grupos A, B, C e D), após armazenamento em câmara climática. Foi realizada avaliação físico-química e microbiológica da solução contida nas diferentes embalagens, antes e após armazenamento de 90 e 180 dias em câmara climática, mantida a temperatura de 40ºC e umidade relativa de 25% conforme estabelecido pela International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) e 75%, conforme preconizado pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Realizou-se a determinação dos ensaios químicos e físicos para a embalagem primária em contato com a solução. Além disso, foram avaliados os cuidados de conservação das SPGV´s em instituições hospitalares. Verificou-se a influência da umidade relativa (UR) nas taxas de permeabilidade ao vapor de água, as quais foram estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05) para todos os Grupos. Em todas as comparações, a perda de peso realizada a 25% de UR foi sempre maior que a 75% UR, sendo o Grupo B o que apresentou menor perda de peso comparado aos demais grupos. Foram encontrados volumes abaixo do especificado pela Farmacopéia Americana para o Grupo D em todos os tempos de armazenamento. Falhas de integridade e ruptura das embalagens primárias foram observadas nos Grupos C e D, o que propiciam vazamento da solução e permite a entrada de microorganismos. As propriedades de tração foram avaliadas e o Grupo A apresentou maior valor de ruptura e menor valor de alongamento, quando comparados aos Grupos C e D. Estes apresentaram diferença significativa entre si com relação à resistência máxima à tração, sendo o Grupo C o que apresentou maiores valores deste parâmetro. Os resultados mostram a influência e particularidade de cada tipo de embalagem para acondicionamento primário, além da importância da adequação do ambiente de estocagem do medicamento após a fabricação para que não ocorra o comprometimento da estabilidade e utilização das soluções parenterais. / The Large Volume Parenteral Solutions (LVP´s) are defined as an apyrogenic and sterile solution used in a single dosage in parenteral application, in which the plastic is the primary packaging material used. This study aimed to evaluate physicalchemical and microbiological characteristics of physiological sodium chloride solution 0,0% m/v, as well as the chemical and physical properties of the primary packaging material. In this work, samples of sodium chloride solution injection of 0,9% m/v of 500 mL in many different commercial primary packing (Groups A, B, C and D) were used, after being stored in a climatic chamber. An evaluation of the physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the solution was performed by storing the different packages in a climatic chamber during the period of 0, 90 and 180 days, under conditions of 40ºC of temperature and 75% of humidity, as established by the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) and 25% RH, according to the specific legislation of the Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). An assessment was carried out to determine the chemical and physical tests for the primary packaging in contact with the solution. In addition, was evaluated the conservation of care in hospitals LVP\'s. The results confirmed the influence of relative humidity (RH) in the rate of permeability to water vapor, which was statistically significant (p<0,05) for all groups. In all comparisons, the weight loss performed at 25% RH was always higher than 75% RH, and Group B showed the lowest weight loss compared to other groups. Group D presented results for volume that are different from the specification of United States Pharmacopoeia, at all storage times. Integrity failures and rupture of the primary packages were observed in Groups C and D, which provide leakage of the solution and allows entry of microorganisms. The tensile properties were evaluated and Group A showed higher breakdown and lower elongation as compared to Groups C and D. These Groups presented significant difference between them related to maximum tensile strength and Group C showed the highest values of this parameter. The evaluation results show the influence and particularity of each packing type and also showed the importance of an adequate product storage environment after manufacturing so the use and stability of the parenteral solutions is not jeopardized.

As Soluções Parenterais de Grande Volume (SPGV´s) são definidas como solução estéril e apirogênica destinada à aplicação parenteral em dose única, na qual o plástico é o material de acondicionamento primário utilizado. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas da solução fisiológica de cloreto de sódio 0,9% (m/v), bem como as propriedades químicas e físicas da embalagem primária. Foram utilizadas amostras de solução injetável de cloreto de sódio 0,9% m/v de 500 mL em diferentes apresentações comerciais e tipo de embalagem primária (Grupos A, B, C e D), após armazenamento em câmara climática. Foi realizada avaliação físico-química e microbiológica da solução contida nas diferentes embalagens, antes e após armazenamento de 90 e 180 dias em câmara climática, mantida a temperatura de 40ºC e umidade relativa de 25% conforme estabelecido pela International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) e 75%, conforme preconizado pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Realizou-se a determinação dos ensaios químicos e físicos para a embalagem primária em contato com a solução. Além disso, foram avaliados os cuidados de conservação das SPGV´s em instituições hospitalares. Verificou-se a influência da umidade relativa (UR) nas taxas de permeabilidade ao vapor de água, as quais foram estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05) para todos os Grupos. Em todas as comparações, a perda de peso realizada a 25% de UR foi sempre maior que a 75% UR, sendo o Grupo B o que apresentou menor perda de peso comparado aos demais grupos. Foram encontrados volumes abaixo do especificado pela Farmacopéia Americana para o Grupo D em todos os tempos de armazenamento. Falhas de integridade e ruptura das embalagens primárias foram observadas nos Grupos C e D, o que propiciam vazamento da solução e permite a entrada de microorganismos. As propriedades de tração foram avaliadas e o Grupo A apresentou maior valor de ruptura e menor valor de alongamento, quando comparados aos Grupos C e D. Estes apresentaram diferença significativa entre si com relação à resistência máxima à tração, sendo o Grupo C o que apresentou maiores valores deste parâmetro. Os resultados mostram a influência e particularidade de cada tipo de embalagem para acondicionamento primário, além da importância da adequação do ambiente de estocagem do medicamento após a fabricação para que não ocorra o comprometimento da estabilidade e utilização das soluções parenterais. / The Large Volume Parenteral Solutions (LVP´s) are defined as an apyrogenic and sterile solution used in a single dosage in parenteral application, in which the plastic is the primary packaging material used. This study aimed to evaluate physicalchemical and microbiological characteristics of physiological sodium chloride solution 0,0% m/v, as well as the chemical and physical properties of the primary packaging material. In this work, samples of sodium chloride solution injection of 0,9% m/v of 500 mL in many different commercial primary packing (Groups A, B, C and D) were used, after being stored in a climatic chamber. An evaluation of the physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the solution was performed by storing the different packages in a climatic chamber during the period of 0, 90 and 180 days, under conditions of 40ºC of temperature and 75% of humidity, as established by the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) and 25% RH, according to the specific legislation of the Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). An assessment was carried out to determine the chemical and physical tests for the primary packaging in contact with the solution. In addition, was evaluated the conservation of care in hospitals LVP\'s. The results confirmed the influence of relative humidity (RH) in the rate of permeability to water vapor, which was statistically significant (p<0,05) for all groups. In all comparisons, the weight loss performed at 25% RH was always higher than 75% RH, and Group B showed the lowest weight loss compared to other groups. Group D presented results for volume that are different from the specification of United States Pharmacopoeia, at all storage times. Integrity failures and rupture of the primary packages were observed in Groups C and D, which provide leakage of the solution and allows entry of microorganisms. The tensile properties were evaluated and Group A showed higher breakdown and lower elongation as compared to Groups C and D. These Groups presented significant difference between them related to maximum tensile strength and Group C showed the highest values of this parameter. The evaluation results show the influence and particularity of each packing type and also showed the importance of an adequate product storage environment after manufacturing so the use and stability of the parenteral solutions is not jeopardized.

La centralisation de la préparation des médicaments injectables à la pharmacie permet d’assurer un haut niveau de qualité mais nécessite une stabilité du médicament dans le conditionnement choisi et une capacité de production suffisantes. Aseptic Technologies a développé un système de remplissage automatisé de conditionnement primaire utilisant un flacon en copolymères d’oléfines cycliques (COC) clos, stérile et prêt à l’emploi appelé « flacon Crystal® ». Ce flacon est rempli à travers le bouchon et est re-scellé par laser, réduisant ainsi le risque de contamination microbiologique.Nous avons évalué les risques liés à l’utilisation du flacon Crystal® :• Le risque de sorption est corrélé à la lipophilie de la substance conditionnée. Pendant 3 mois, nous avons évalué l’évolution de la concentration de 8 molécules cytotoxiques (de coefficients de partage octanol/eau différents) par CLHP/MS. Une méthodologie identique a permis le suivi des concentrations, pendant 24 heures de 3 molécules dérivées du platine par RMN.• Concernant le risque de perméation, nous avons évalué l’évolution des concentrations en phénol et métacrésol dans une solution à 1UI/mL d’insuline conditionnée dans des flacons Crystal® conservés droits et retournés pendant 50 jours par CLHP/UV. Deux formulations différentes de bouchons ont été testées.• Les solutions de pH extrêmes peuvent conduire à la présence de particules dans la solution injectable. L’impact sur la contamination particulaire du conditionnement de ces solutions dans les flacons Crystal® a été étudié et les particules caractérisées.• Les plastifiants peuvent migrer du conditionnement primaire vers la préparation parentérale. Après extraction par reflux à l’isopropanol sur le corps en COC et le bouchon en élastomère, les éventuels plastifiants ont été identifiés et dosés par RMN.Enfin, les stabilités de solutions de céfuroxime, midazolam et noradrénaline conditionnées en flacon Crystal® ont été déterminées et comparées à la seringue en polypropylène (PP).Les concentrations moyennes des 8 molécules cytotoxiques étaient comprises entre 90% et 110% à J62 sans corrélation avec le coefficient de partage. L’absence d’interaction a aussi été démontré pour le carboplatine et l’oxaliplatine par RMN. La précision de la quantification par RMN du cisplatine n’était pas suffisante.Il existe un risque de perméation du métacrésol lors du stockage à 25°C/60%RH pendant 50 jours (perte de 19,7% et de 20,3% pour les flacons Crystal® droits et retournés respectivement). La seconde formulation du bouchon permet de maîtriser le phénomène (perte de 2,6% à J50).Une contamination particulaire importante a été observée lors du conditionnement d’une solution basique et d’un contact avec le bouchon pendant 7 jours (6820 particules 3; 10µm dans un flacon Crystal® de 20mL) Les particules sont fibreuses et composées essentiellement de molécules inorganiques.Les analyses RMN mettent en évidence la présence de plastifiants dans le corps en COC et le bouchon à des concentrations largement en-dessous de la limite de 1000µg/g définie par la réglementation REACH.La solution de céfuroxime (1mL à 10mg/mL) était stable 365 jours à -20°C. Les solutions de midazolam (50mL à 1mg/mL) et de noradrénaline (20mL et 50mL à 0,2mg/mL ; 50mL à 0,5mg/mL) étaient stables 365 jours à 5°C. Des résultats similaires ont été obtenus lors de la conservation en seringue PP.Les flacons Crystal® ne sont pas sujets aux phénomènes de sorption. Il n’y a pas de risque de migration de plastifiants. Le risque de perméation du métacrésol est contrôlé par l’utilisation du nouveau bouchon. Le conditionnement de solutions basiques doit être surveillé. Les solutions de céfuroxime (à -20°C), de midazolam et de noradrénaline (à 5°C) sont stables 1 an. Par rapport à la seringue PP, le flacon Crystal® pourrait être préféré de par son système de remplissage aseptique automatisé ainsi que pour des considérations logistiques, en particulier le gain de place. / Centralized preparation of parenteral products in the pharmacy can ensure a higher quality but requires a stability of the drugs in the chosen primary packaging and a sufficient production capacity. Aseptic Technologies has developed an automated primary packaging filling system using a closed, sterile and ready-to-use cyclic olefin copolymer vial called ‘‘Crystal® vial’’. This vial is filled through the elastomeric septum and then immediately re-sealed by laser, thus reducing the risk of microbial contamination.We have evaluated risks linked to the use of Crystal® vials:- Sorption risk is correlated with substance lipophilicity. During 3 months, we have evaluated concentration evolution of 8 cytotoxic drugs (with different water/octanol partition coefficients) by HPLC/MS. Same methodology was used to measure concentration evolution of 3 platinum-derived drugs by NMR during 24 hours.- About the permeation risk, we have evaluated concentration evolution of phenol and metacresol in a 1UI/mL insulin solution during 50 days by HPLC/UV in Crystal® vials stored upright and upside down. Two stoppers formulations exist and were tested.- Extreme pH solutions can lead to the presence of particles in the parenteral product. Impact of these solutions in Crystal® vials on particles contamination was studied and particles characterized.- Plasticizers may migrate from the primary packaging to the parenteral products. After isopropanol reflux extraction on the COC body and thermoplastic elastomer stopper, potential plasticizers were identified and quantified using NMR.Finally, stabilities of ready-to-use cefuroxime, midazolam and noradrenaline solutions in Crystal® vials were determined and compared to polypropylene syringes.The 8 cytotoxic drugs mean concentrations were between 90% and 110% at day 62 with no correlation with partition coefficient. Lack of interactions was demonstrated too for the oxaliplatin and carboplatin solution by NMR. Accuracy of NMR cisplatin quantification was not sufficient.Studies performed on preservatives highlighted a metacresol permeation risk during storage at 25°C/60%RH for 50 days (loss of 19.7% and 20.3% respectively for Crystal® vials stored upright and upside down). Use of the second formulation stopper allowed a large decrease of permeation (loss of 2.6% at day 50).An important particles contamination was observed only with extrem alkaline pH and contact with the stopper (6820 particles 10µm in a 20mL Crystal® vials stored upside down during 7 days). Particles are fibrous and essentially composed by non-organic substances.NMR analysis highlighted presence of plasticizers in both COC body and elastomer stopper but concentrations were below the 1000µg/g threshold described by the REACH regulation.Cefuroxime solution (1mL at 10mg/mL) was stable 365 days at -20°C. Midazolam solution (50mL at 1mg/mL) and noradrenaline solution (20mL and 50mL at 0.2mg/mL ; 50mL at 0.5mg/mL) were stable 365 days at 5°C. Same results were achieved in polypropylene syringes.Crystal® vials were not subject to sorption phenomena. There was no risk of plasticizer migration. Metacresol permeation risk was controlled using the new stopper. Packaging of alkaline solution must be monitored. Solutions of cefuroxime (-20°C), midazolam and noradrenaline (5°C) are stable 1 year. In regards to storage in polypropylene syringes, Crystal® vials could be prefered for their automated aseptic filling process and for logistic considerations particularly taking into account the space gains.

[pt] As embalagens de medicamentos acondicionam e protegem os fármacos, sendo que alterações nos materiais de embalagem têm impacto crítico no desempenho do produto. Os blisters, que consistem de um tipo de embalagem primária de filmes poliméricos, entram em contato direto com o medicamento. A caracterização dos materiais de embalagens primárias é o principal meio de garantir a adequação dos mesmos ao uso pretendido. Reconhecendo essa necessidade, a nova farmacopeia dos Estados Unidos, que entrará em vigor em 2020, amplia suas considerações para caracterização de embalagens. Contudo, o novo documento ainda apresenta limitações de abrangência das recomendações técnicas e não considera filmes multicamadas, os quais são amplamente utilizados na indústria. No presente trabalho, cinco tipos de filmes para embalagem foram caracterizados por meio da Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial e Espectroscopia no Infravermelho, ambas mencionadas nas farmacopeias; e também, para determinar os limites térmicos dos materiais avaliados, pela Análise Termogravimétrica. Com a inexistência de referências para filmes em multicamadas, os resultados foram comparados com divergentes valores publicados na literatura. Identificou-se, nos cinco materiais analisados, a existência de um plastificante não informado pelos fabricantes. O estudo realizado confirma a importância da caracterização dos blisters, apontando para a necessidade tanto da ampliação das recomendações da farmacopeia para inclusão de novos materiais e filmes multicamadas, quanto da produção de materiais de referência para os polímeros empregados nas embalagens. / [en] Pharmaceutical packaging wraps and protects drugs, and changes in packaging materials have a critical impact on product performance. Blisters, which consist of one type of primary packaging of polymer films, come into direct contact with the drug. The characterization of the primary packaging materials is an essential strategy for ensuring that they are suitable for the intended use. Recognizing this need, the new United States Pharmacopeia, which will come into effect in 2020, expands its considerations for characterization of packaging. However, the new document still contains limitations on the scope of the technical recommendations and does not consider multilayer films, which are widely used in industries. In the present work, five types of packaging films were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Infrared Spectroscopy, both mentioned in the pharmacopeias; and also, to determine the thermal limits of the evaluated materials, by the Thermogravimetric Analysis. With the lack of references for multilayer films, the results were compared with divergent values published in the literature. It was identified, in the five materials analyzed, the existence of a plasticizer not identified by the manufacturers. This study confirms the importance of the characterization of the blisters, pointing to the need to not only expand the recommendations of the pharmacopeia, but also to include new materials and multilayer films, and the production of reference material for the polymers used in packages.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:16:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarolinaMC_DISSERT.pdf: 2312881 bytes, checksum: 468e37b11a049ed173243a8574567f3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / All medicine, whether allopathic or homeopathic, must go through strict quality control, which must ratify their characteristics throughout the period of validity. During the time of preparation and storage, solutions of the drugs are in permanent contact with packaging materials that can release undesirable substances to the solution. Several factors may influence the release of packing materials, and factorial design (FD) is a useful tool for analyzing the phenomenon. The aim of this study was the determination of quality parameters for Homeopathic solid (globules) and liquid (drops) dosage forms. It was carried out analysis in homeopathic globules for weight variation, mechanical strength, and moisture content uniformity. For liquid preparations, standard solutions were prepared from natural rubber bulbs, which were subjected to exhaustive extraction with two ethanol solutions (30 and 70%) in the ultrasonic bath for 20 minutes at 25?C and 50?C in three successive cycles. Studies of transfer have been made within five days, by spectrophotometric analysis in the UV region at 312 nm with &#955;m?x and 323 nm for samples in 70% ethanol and 30% respectively. PH values were analyzed. We also conducted two FD studies, where the first, the three-level variables were solvent (chloroform, ethanol and nhexane), sample mass (30, 60 and 90mg), particle size (large disk, small disk and powder sample). In the second study, the solvent level variables were different ethanolic degrees (EtOH 30%, 70% and pure). The percentage of lending in the solutions was 5.5%, 12.4%, 24.2% and 41% of the total estimated in the reference solution. The values of rate constants of transfer were determined in the order of 0.0134 days-1 and 0.0232 days-1 in absorbance values, the solutions in ethanol at 30% and 70% respectively. These results suggest that the speed of transfer of materials from rubber is affected both by the nature of the vehicle as by the temperature / Todo medicamento, quer seja alop?tico ou homeop?tico, deve passar por rigoroso controle de qualidade, o qual deve ratificar as suas caracter?sticas ao longo de todo o per?odo de validade. Durante o tempo de preparo e armazenamento, as solu??es dos medicamentos est?o em contato permanente com os materiais de embalagem que podem liberar subst?ncias indesej?veis para a solu??o. V?rios fatores podem influenciar a libera??o de materiais da embalagem, e planejamento fatorial (PF) ? uma ferramenta ?til para analisar o fen?meno. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a determina??o de par?metros de qualidade para Formas Farmac?uticas Homeop?ticas s?lidas (gl?bulos) e liquidas (gotas). Foi efetuada a avalia??o dos gl?obulos homeop?ticos no que diz respeito ? sua varia??o de peso, testes de resist?ncia mec?nica, uniformidade de conte?do e umidade. Para as prepara??es liquidas, preparamos solu??es de refer?ncia a partir de bulbos de borracha natural, os quais foram submetidos ? extra??o exaustiva com duas solu??es de etanol (30 e 70%), em banho de ultrassom durante 20 minutos a 25?C e 50?C, em tr?s ciclos sucessivos de 24 horas. Os estudos de ced?ncia foram efetuados num tempo de cinco dias, atrav?s de an?lise espectrofotom?trica na regi?o UV com &#955;m?x em 312 nm e 323 nm para as amostras em etanol a 70% e 30%, respectivamente. Foram verificados valores de pH. Foram tamb?m realizados dois estudos de PF, onde no primeiro, as tr?s vari?veis de n?vel foram solvente (clorof?rmio, etanol e n-hexano), massa de amostra (30, 60 e 90mg), a forma de amostra (grande disco, disco pequeno, a amostra em p?). No segundo estudo, as vari?veis de n?vel solvente foram gradua??es etan?licas diferentes (EtOH 30%, 70% e puro). O percentual de ced?ncia nas solu??es foi de 5,5%, 12,4%, 24,2% e 41% do total estimado na solu??o de refer?ncia. Os valores das constantes de velocidade de ced?ncia foram determinados na ordem de 0,0134 dia-1 e 0,0232 dia-1, em valores de absorb?ncia, nas solu??es em etanol a 30% e 70%, respectivamente. Esses resultados sugerem que a velocidade de ced?ncia de materiais a partir da borracha ? afetada tanto pela natureza do ve?culo como pela temperatura