No description available.

As a consequence of the widespread use of computers coupled to high-quality printers and different types of papers, forgery, counterfeiting, change of wills, anonymous letter writing and felonious use of the documents have become serious problems. Forensic analysts are always seeking methods that can provide reliable information on whether a specimen collected at the crime scene is linked to the crime or to a source of known origin. Sensitive methods that can provide more detailed characterization of natural or man-made materials or even provide information not previously available to forensic examiners. Recent advances in rapid solid sampling of materials using laser ablation (LA) coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) have led to this analytical method to be regarded as the “gold standard” in the field of elemental analysis for trace level components in solids. Another, emerging, analytical technique that uses the same laser pulse to generate a plasma that can be interrogated with spectroscopy is laser induced break down spectroscopy (LIBS). The analysis of ink and paper is also possible because of the surface removal effect of laser interactions with the samples. In the present study, printing inks were analyzed using LIBS, LA-ICP-MS and both of them in tandem mode. In the tandem setup, the light generated during the relaxation of the excited species (LIBS) was used to create a spectral signature of the elements, and the mass-to-charge ratio of the ejected particles (ICP-MS) was used to create a mass spectrum. For a set of 319 printing ink samples, LA-ICP-MS alone provided discrimination greater than 99%. A subset of 43 printing inks, having a very similar elemental profile, was analyzed by tandem LIBS/LA-ICP-MS. The fusion of LIBS and LA-ICP-MS provided additional discrimination through the detection of elements like Ca, Si, Fe, and K by LIBS, that are difficult to detect and confirm using standalone ICP-MS because of the spectral interferences (isobaric and polyatomic) involved. The combination of these two sensors was found to minimize the individual limitations and provide a more complete and representative chemical characterization of printing inks.

The aim of this work was focused on the determination of pesticides concentration in water solution. Pesticides are indissoluble in aqueous solutions and impedance or voltametric/amperometric response of the pure water and water with pesticides is identical. Therefore was necessary find a way how rapidly, effectively and economically measure the pesticides concentration. One way is measurement of conductivity with electrochemical microsensors after enzymatic reaction.

[pt] O Princípio da Postergação, quando inicialmente apresentado por Alderson (1950), propunha que o momento do embarque, e o local da configuração final do produto na distribuição, fossem adiados até que um pedido do cliente fosse recebido. Embora diversos autores tenham estudado as condições que levam à postergação da configuração final do produto e os benefícios da diferenciação de produtos e processos, poucos estudos foram feitos sobre a operacionalização da teoria da postergação em uma cadeia de suprimentos específica, que retrate os benefícios identificados pelos executivos. A revisão literária abrangeu mais de 50 anos de estudos sobre o princípio da postergação, o que resultou na proposta de um arcabouço integrativo. O foco do estudo está no ambiente upstream da cadeia de suprimentos específica de maneira que retrate os benefícios identificados pelos executivos, i. e. entre fábricas - distante do consumidor final. O estudo teve como objetivo investigar aplicação do Princípio da Postergação na cadeia de suprimentos das tintas para impressão, por meio de três dimensões: as condições que levaram à prática da postergação de forma; o local onde a configuração final deve ocorrer; os benefícios identificados diante desse tipo de postergação das tintas para impressão. Para atender a este objetivo, a pesquisa teve características exploratória e confirmatória, quando foram desenvolvidos sete estudos de caso, sendo seis fabricantes de embalagens gráficas e um fabricante de tintas para impressão. Foram realizadas entrevistas pessoais em cada empresa, com executivos diretamente envolvidos em decisões de configuração da tinta. A análise identificou padrões de comportamento nos estudos de caso. Os resultados propiciaram uma avaliação dos pressupostos existentes na literatura, permitindo a confirmação de alguns já existentes e a formulação de novos a serem testados em futuras pesquisas. / [en] The Principle of Postponement, early presented by Alderson (1950), proposes that the time of shipment and the location of product final configuration in the distribution of a product be delayed until a customer order is received. Although many authors have studied when form postponement is justified and the benefits of products and processes differentiation, few substantial efforts have been made to operationalize the theory of postponement in a specific supply chain in order to describe the benefits identified by the executive managers. The literature review has covered over 50 years of postponement research what resulted in a proposed integrative framework. Focus is placed on the upstream part of the supply chain, i.e. between factories - far from the consumer. The objective of this study was to investigate the Principle of Postponement in the press ink supply chain, through three dimensions: The conditions when postponement is justified; the place in the supply chain where final configuration should occur and the benefits of form postponement identified by the managers. To attend this objective, the research was classified as exploratory and confirmatory since seven case studies were developed. Six of them were packaging manufacturers and one was in a press ink manufacturer. Interviews were made with executive managers involved with decisions about ink configuration. The analysis identified patterns in the case studies. The results enabled evaluation of existing propositions in the literature, allowing the confirmation of some and the formulation of new proposition to be tested in future researches.

This diploma thesis deals with material printing using roll to roll material printer. Several kinds of printing inks were prepared and their parameters, like viscosity and homogeneity were optimized. Corona treated PET foil was used as the flexible substrate. Thin layers of function material were prepared by coating by using the smooth cylinder and slot die method. Layers homogeneity was characterized by optical density. Layer thickness was measured by profilometer.