Le travail présenté dans cette thèse prend pour cadre d'analyse les systèmes d'innovation et vise à étudier les effets et les déterminants des collaborations science-industrie. Notre démarche empirique repose sur la combinaison entre une analyse statistique et économétrique de données nationales, et la réalisation d'enquêtes exploratoires sur un territoire donné. Pour déterminer l'impact de ces collaborations sur l'innovation des firmes, nous considérons deux mesures de l'innovation : le dépôt de brevet et l'intensité d'innovation. En distinguant entre deux types de collaborations académiques que sont les collaborations avec les universités et établissements d'enseignement supérieur et les collaborations avec les organismes publics de recherche ou privés à but non-lucratif, il ressort de ce travail que ces collaborations ont un effet positif et significatif sur l'innovation. Les déterminants des collaborations science-industrie sont, quant à eux, analysés à travers deux enquêtes : l'une portant sur les entreprises d'un technopôle, et l'autre réalisée auprès d'enseignants-chercheurs d'une université. Les deux enquêtes révèlent que les entreprises collaborent avec des organismes académiques principalement pour rechercher des solutions aux problèmes qu'elles rencontrent, alors que les chercheurs s'engagent dans ces collaborations pour rester au courant des problématiques actuelles des acteurs économiques. Les résultats de la première enquête établissent en outre un caractère multiscalaire des collaborations science-industrie, ce qui relativise le poids de la proximité géographique permanente au profit d'une proximité géographique temporaire couplée à d'autres types de proximité. La seconde enquête, qui s'intéresse à la propension des chercheurs à collaborer montre que les déterminants de cet engagement diffèrent selon le type de collaboration. / The works presented in this thesis use systems of innovation as an analytical framework and aims to study the effects and determinants of science-industry collaborations. Our empirical approach relies on a combination of statistical and econometric analysis of national data, and exploratory surveys within a given territory. To determine the impact of these collaborations on firms' innovation, we consider two measures of innovation: patenting and innovative performance. Taking into accounts two types of academic collaboration, including collaborations with universities and establishments of higher education and public and nonprofit research organizations, it appears that these collaborations have a significant and positive effect on innovation. On the other hand, determinants of science-industry collaborations are analyzed through two surveys: one covering firms belonging to a technopole, and the other conducted among researchers from a university. Both surveys show that firms collaborate with academic organizations mainly to find solutions to problems they face, while researchers are involved in these collaborations to stay abreast of current issues of economic agents. The results of the first survey establish a mutliscalar nature of science-industry collaborations, which minimize the importance of permanent geographical proximity in favor of a temporary geographical proximity coupled with other types of proximity. The second survey, which focuses on the determinants of researchers' propensity to collaborate, shows that these determinants are different according to the type of collaboration.

L’évolution du système éducatif et l’apparition de nouveaux lieux de production et de diffusion des savoirs en éducation jouent un rôle dans le développement des pratiques enseignantes en général, mais transforment aussi les conditions de l’action et de la réflexion pédagogiques. C’est à l’étude de ces évolutions et transformations que s’intéresse cette thèse, en prenant comme exemple le Mouvement de l’Ecole Moderne (ICEM, pédagogie Freinet). La recherche, à caractère ethnographique, vise donc à repérer comment ce mouvement pédagogique s’est adapté à ces nouvelles conditions, comment se construisent et se diffusent les actions et les idées pédagogiques novatrices, qui sont les « enseignants Freinet » aujourd’hui et quel est leur degré d’engagement… Un bref retour sur l’histoire du système éducatif et ses transformations éclaire le contexte dans lequel le mouvement Freinet a évolué. On s’interroge ensuite sur la manière dont celui-ci a évolué et s’est adapté en menant une enquête ethnographique dans plusieurs lieux : réunions et conférences départementales, stage régional, congrès national. Cette enquête par observation directe s’accompagne d’une analyse approfondie des échanges sur une liste de diffusion nationale. Enfin, des entretiens auprès d’anciens militants, de nouveaux adhérents, d’enseignants innovants et de chercheurs pédagogues, permet de mieux comprendre l’évolution des formes d’engagement, les nouveaux objets et les nouveaux lieux de construction des savoirs pédagogiques. Au final, après un temps d’agrégation puis de « désagrégation », on peut repérer un phénomène de réagrégation autour de « nouveaux pédagogues », dont l’idéologie et l’engagement militant ne sont pas de même nature que ceux de leurs aînés. / The evolution of the educational system and the emergence of new centers of production and dissemination of knowledge play a vital role in the development of teaching practices in general, and also in transforming the conditions of pedagogical action and thought. The present thesis is interested in studying these developments and transformations, using an example the Modern School Movement – Freinet’s pedagogy. This research is an ethnographic research, therefore, seeks to identify how this pedagogical movement was adapted with the new educational conditions, how to construct and disseminate these actions and innovative teaching ideas, and how are the « Freinet teachers » today and what is their level of commitment. A brief review of the educational system history and its transformations illuminates the context in which the Freinet movement has evolved. We, then inquire the way in which it has evolved and adapted by conducting an ethnographic study in several places : departmental meetings and conferences, regional trainings and national congress. The survey made by a direct observation was accompanied by a depth analysis of the exchange on a Freinet national survey list. Moreover, interviews with old militants, new members, innovative teachers and pedagogues researchers allow a better understanding of the evolution in forms of commitment, new objects and new construction centres of pedagogical knowledge. In conclusion, after a time of turn and aggregation followed by « disintegration », we could identify a phenomenon of reaggregation around « new pedagogues » whose ideology and militant commitment is not the same nature as those of their elders.

[pt] A proposta deste trabalho é apresentar o samba-enredo como objeto de Ensino de História, atuando como componente estruturante para a formulação de questões históricas e percursos de investigação, em sala de aula. Para isso, abordamos o samba-enredo como problema histórico, a partir de sua constituição como gênero musical. Entre os sambas-enredos com temática afro-brasileira, elaborou-se uma amostra representativa das abordagens e tratamentos em momentos chaves, como o início da década de 1960, com os desfiles afros da Acadêmicos do Salgueiro, e o ano de 1988, centenário da Abolição. A análise dos sambas-enredo de temática afro-brasileira tem o potencial de produzir, para a sala-de-aula, questões sobre temas relacionados à escravidão, à condição da população negra no período pós-abolição, assim como na abordagem de trajetórias negras, nas quais o protagonismo desses personagens na História é o mote principal. Um desses sambas mereceu uma especial atenção nesse trabalho, O papel e o mar, da escola de samba Renascer de Jacarepaguá, de 2017. Nessa obra, a escritora Carolina Maria de Jesus e o marinheiro João Cândido travam um diálogo fictício, permeado de representações sobre as relações raciais em nossa sociedade, a invisibilidade social e o dever de memória que paira sobre eles, símbolos da luta contra o racismo. Um conjunto de sambas a serem trabalhados em sala de aula são apresentados ao final desse trabalho, nos quais a produção social do samba e as trajetórias dos dois personagens surgem como construções tangíveis do pós-abolição e da diáspora negra no Brasil. / [en] The purpose of this work is to present the samba-plot as an object of History Teaching, acting as a structuring component for the formulation of historical questions and research paths, in the classroom. For this, we approached the samba-enredo as a historical problem, starting from its constitution as a musical genre. Among the sambas-enredos with an Afro-Brazilian theme, a representative sample of approaches and treatments at key moments, such as the beginning of the 1960s, with African parades, and the year 1988, the centenary of the Abolition. The analysis of the Afro-Brazilian theme sambas-plot has the potential to produce questions on themes related to slavery, the condition of the black population in the post-abolition period, as well as in the approach of black trajectories , in which the protagonism of these characters in history is the main motto. One of these sambas deserved special attention in this work, O papel e o mar, by Renascer de Jacarepaguá, 2017. In this work, the writer Carolina Maria de Jesus and the sailor João Cândido engage in a fictional dialogue, permeated by representations about race relations in our society, social invisibility and the duty of memory that hangs over them, symbols of the fight against racism. A set of sambas to be worked on in the classroom are presented at the end of this work, in which the social production of samba and the trajectories of the two characters emerge as tangible constructions of the post-abolition and black diaspora in Brazil.