With the reliance on information technology and the software that this technology utilizes increasing every day, it is of paramount importance that software developed be of an acceptable quality. This quality can be achieved through the utilization of various software engineering standards and guidelines. The question is, to what extent do these standards and guidelines need to be utilized and how are these standards and guidelines implemented? This research focuses on how guidelines developed by standardization bodies and the unified process developed by Rational can be integrated to achieve a suitable process and version control system within the context of a remote client/contractor small team environment.

Voedseltuisnywerhede (hierna genoem tuisnywerhede) word in 'n toenemende mate van aktuele belang as gevolg van verskeie redes soos die veranderde rol van die hedendaagse vrou en omdat 'n sekere behoefte eie aan vandag vervul word. Bekostigbare voedsel van goeie gehalte is van die uiterste belang. Dit is belangrik om bestanddele van swak gehalte vroegtydig te ontdek voordat produkte van swak gehalte gelewer word en 'n markaandeel verloor word. Tuisnywerhede het 'n verantwoordelikheid teenoor kliente om produkte van goeie gehalte teen bekostigbare pryse te voorsien. Daar word toenemende druk op tuisnywerhede geplaas om produkte van gewenste gehalte te verskaf en om aan kliente se verwagtinge te voldoen. 'n Totalegehaltebestuurprojek kan tuisnywerhede help om hul totale stelsel te ondersoek en te verbeter. In die studie is aile dimensies van die bestuur van gehalte by tuisnywerhede in SuidAfrika ondersoek en geevalueer en 'n TQM model vir tuisnywerhede is ontwikkel. Die probleem is ontleed deur 'n literatuurstudie te doen waarop die empiriese ondersoek gebaseer is. Verskeie inligtingsbronne, in die vorm van artikels, referate en ander geskrewe literatuur oor TQM en tuisnywerhede, is geraadpleeg. 'n Proto-model vir totalegehaltebestuur by tuisnywerhede is uit die literatuur ontwikkel en na die ondersoek aangepas. Die empiriese ondersoek was tweeledig van aard, naamlik op makro- en mikrovlak. Empiriese data is deur middel van posvraelyste aan aile tuisnywerhede in Suid-Afrika verkry. Dieptestudie-ondersoeke deur middel van waarneming, onderhoude en gestruktureerde vraelyste aan tuisnywerheidbestuur, verskaffers en kliente van drie gekose tuisnywerhede is op mikrovlak uitgevoer om hul persepsies oor die gehalte van produkte en bestuur van totale gehalte in tuisnywerhede te ontleed. Die resultate wat uit hierdie studie voortspruit dui daarop dat: • tuisnywerhede wat as 'n handelsko6perasie bedryf word, die meeste voordele bied vir aile partye wat betrokke is. tuisnywerhede met 'n formele gehaltebestuursprogram sonder uitsondering beter resultate toon teenoor die wat nie formele gehaltebestuur toepas nie. • verskaffers se werksfasiliteite nog nooit op enige wyse ge"inspekteer is of vir higieniese praktyke getoets is nie. / Food home industries (hereafter referred to as home industries) are increasingly becoming more important in our society due to several reasons such as the changing role of the modern woman and because a specific need peculiar to today is met. Affordable, high quality food is of the utmost importance. It is essential to identify ingredients of a low standard in good time before poor quality products are supplied and market share is lost. It is the responsibility of home industries to provide the customer with affordable products of a high quality. Home industries are increasingly pressurised to measure up to the customers' expectations and to supply them with top quality products. A total quality management project can assist home industries in examining their total system and can identify areas for improvement. In this study all dimensions of management and quality in home industries were examined and evaluated. A TQM model for home industries was developed. The problem was analysed by means of a literature study on which the empirical investigation was based. Various sources of information such as articles, papers read at conferences and other written literature on TQM and home industries were consulted. A proto model for total quality management for home industries was developed from the literature and was adapted after the investigation. The empirical investigation was executed at both a macro- and a microlevel. Empirical data was obtained through questionnaires distributed to all managers of home industries in South Africa. In-depth studies by means of observation, interviews and structured questionnaires to home industry management, suppliers and customers of three selected home industries were done at microlevel in order to analyse the quality of products and the management of total quality in home industries. The results that emerge from this study indicate that • home industries which are run as trade co-operatives hold more advantages for all parties concerned. home industries which follow a formal quality management programme prove, without exception, to have better results than those which do not implement formal quality management. • the working facilities of suppliers have never been inspected or tested for hygienic practices in any way. / Business Management / DCOM (Sakebestuur)

The aim of this work was to establish a range of suitable process parameters which can be utilized to produce needlepunched nonwoven fabrics for geotextile applications. Nonwoven fabrics were produced from 100% PP, a blend of 50/50% PP/kenaf and 100% kenaf fibres. The depths of needle penetration of 4, 7 and 10 mm, stroke frequencies of 250, 350 and 450 strokes/min and mass per unit area of 300, 600 and 900 g/m2 were utilized for producing the fabrics, on a Dilo loom. The effect of depth of needle penetration, stroke frequency and mass per unit area on the fabric properties, namely, tensile strength, puncture resistance, pore size, water permeability and transmissivity were analysed. In addition, the effect of chemicals, namely, 10% ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), 10% sodium chloride (NaCl) and 3% sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solutions on degradation of the fabric was also studied. The results have shown that density, thickness and nominal weight of the needlepunched nonwoven fabrics were related to each other and they were influenced by stroke frequency, depth of needle penetration and feed rate of the needlepunching process. The increase in nominal weight of the fabrics also increases thickness and density of the fabrics. The tensile strength and puncture resistance of the fabrics increased with the increases in stroke frequency, depth of needle penetration and fabric mass per unit area. However, lower tensile strength and puncture resistance were achieved in the fabrics produced at lower stroke frequency, lower depth of needle penetration and lower mass per unit area. Bigger pores were resulted in the fabrics produced at lower stroke frequency, lower depth of needle penetration and lower mass per unit area, however, pore size decreased with increases in stroke frequency, depth of needle penetration and mass per unit area. Water permeability depends on the pore size, properties of the fibres, stroke frequency, depth of needle penetration and mass per unit area. Higher tensile strength and higher puncture resistance were achieved in the needlepunched nonwoven fabrics produced from 100% PP fibres, therefore, they are suitable for some load-bearing geotextile applications, such as reinforcement and separation. However, higher water permeability was achieved in the fabrics produced from 100% kenaf fibres, therefore, they are ideal for geotextile applications where good water permeability is required. Higher values for transmissivity were obtained in the fabrics produced from a blend of 50/50% PP/kenaf fibres, therefore they are suitable for drainage applications. The fabrics produced from a blend of 50/50% PP/kenaf fibres achieved better values of tensile strength, puncture resistance, pore size and water permeability in comparison to that produced from 100% PP and 100% kenaf fibres. However, better tensile strength and puncture resistance were achieved in the fabrics produced from 100% PP fibres and bigger pore size and higher water permeability were achieved in the fabrics produced from 100% kenaf fibres. Therefore, it can be suggested that the nonwoven fabrics produced from a blend of 50/50% PP/kenaf fibres can fulfil almost all requirements of geotextile applications, such as, filtration, separation, reinforcement and drainage. The fabrics produced from 100% PP fibres were not damaged or deteriorated when treated with all the three chemicals due to chemical inertness of polypropylene. However, the fabrics produced from a blend of 50/50% PP/kenaf and 100% kenaf fibres were damaged and deteriorated when treated with H2SO4.

As utilizações de dados altimétricos, nesse estudo analisados a partir de modelos digitais de terreno (MDT), são as mais variadas assim como as técnicas de obtenção desse tipo de dado. Pode-se obter MDT por radar de abertura sintética que é utilizado para o levantamento de grandes áreas e de difícil acesso. Também pode-se gerar esse tipo de dado por Fotogrametria, por Topografia utilizando estação total com apoio GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System). Uma tecnologia mais atual para a obtenção de dados altimétricos é a utilização de tecnologia Lidar (light detection and ranging) que consiste na medição de distância e coordenadas através de um pulso eletromagnético que interage com os alvos. O produto básico dos sistemas que utilizam a tecnologia Lidar, seja em plataformas aéreas ou terrestres, é denominado de nuvem de pontos. Essas nuvens de pontos possuem coordenadas tridimensionais (X, Y e Z) referenciadas ao centro de fase do sensor. Nesse estudo foram realizados experimentos com dois sistemas de varredura a laser terrestre. O primeiro é um sistema de varredura modelo Optech Ilris 3D e outro Faro Focus 3D, nesse estudo denominados de SVLT Optech e SVLT Faro. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é estimar a qualidade posicional dos dados altimétricos gerados por dois SVLT. Os estudos foram executados em dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento foram realizados escaneamentos num campo de calibração. Nessa etapa foi gerada uma nuvem de pontos de cada sistema de varredura, e esses dados foram georreferenciados e a partir de pontos de checagem medidos no mesmo e assim foi estimada o controle de qualidade posicional. No segundo experimento, os dois SVLT foram utilizados para efetuar um levantamento topográfico planialtimétrico em um percurso de aproximadamente um quilômetro. Os dados gerados pelos SVLT passaram por um processo de registro, que consiste na junção de pares de nuvens de pontos, e foram georreferenciados a partir de pontos de controle medidos no terreno. Nesse percurso foram realizados circuitos de nivelamento cujos vértices foram utilizados para se estimar o controle de qualidade posicional, planimétrico e altimétrico, das nuvens de pontos oriundas dos dois sistemas de varredura. Assim, após a realização de testes estatísticos, no primeiro experimento, obteve-se valores de acurácia altimétrica de 1,5 cm para o SVLT Faro e de 1,3cm para o SVLT Optech e no segundo experimento acurácia altimétrica de 1,9 cm para o SVLT Faro e de 5,9 cm para o SVLT Optech. / The uses of altimetric data, in this study approached from digital terrain models (TDM) are the most varied as well as the techniques for getting this type of data. It can be get DTM by synthetic aperture radar that is used for surveying wide areas and with difficult access. As well it can be this type of data by Photogrammetry, by conventional Topography using total station with GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) support. A more actual technology for obtaining altimetric data is the use of light detection and ranging technology, which consists of measuring distance and coordinates through an electromagnetic pulse that interacts with the targets. The basic product of the systems that use the technology lidar, be it in aerial or terrestrial platforms, is denominated a point cloud. These point clouds have three-dimensional coordinates (X, Y, and Z) referenced to phase center of the sensor. In this study, will be performed experiments with two systems of terrestrial laser scanning (STLS). One STLS of the brand Optech Ilris 3D and another of the brand Faro Focus 3D, in this study called of STLS Faro and STLS Optech. Therefore, the aim of this work is to estimate the positional quality of digital terrain models generated by these two STLS. The studies were executed in two experiments. In the first experiment, scans has been made on a calibration wall. The generated point clouds were georeferenced and from the checkpoints measured in this calibration wall, the positional quality of these data was estimated. In the second experiment, the two STLS were has been made a planialtimetric topographic survey of a course of approximately one kilometer. In this course a leveling network was created and the vertices of this network were used to estimate the positional quality control of the points clouds from the two STLS. Therefore, after realization statistical tests, in the first experiment, it was obtained altimetric accuracy values of 1.5 cm for the STLS Faro and 1.3 cm for the STLS Optech were obtained and in the second experiment, the altimeter accuracy of 1.9 cm for the STLS Faro and 5.9 cm for the Optech STLS.

A atropina é um alcaloide conhecido pela inibição da acetilcolina e como substância antimuscarínica e está presente em folhas de algumas espécies da família Solanaceae, e, em especial, da Atropa belladonna L. A importância da produção de fitoterápicos na indústria farmacêutica tem impulsionado estudos científicos no sentido de desenvolver metodologias analíticas para quantificação de marcadores químicos, presentes em drogas vegetais, e que atendam os parâmetros de controle de qualidade da legislação vigente. Assim, neste trabalho, diferentes metodologias para quantificação da atropina (marcador químico predominante nas folhas de A. belladonna) foram desenvolvidas e validadas. Os métodos propostos por Cromatografia em Camada Delgada de Alta Eficiência (CCDAE), Cromatografia a Líquido de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) e Cromatografia a Líquido de Ultra Eficiência (CLUE) foram validados comprovando ter especificidade/seletividade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão e robustez e adequando-se à legislação vigente. Além disso, diferentes métodos de extração foram propostos. Para o primeiro método de análise (CCDAE), uma extração com ácido diluído (H2SO4 0,5 mol/L), seguida de extração líquido-líquido foi utilizada, resultando em teor médio de 0,2913 % de atropina. Para o segundo (CLAE), uma extração com solvente apolar (metanol p.a.) foi proposta, seguida também de extração líquido-líquido e com teor médio de 0,2660 % do ativo. No terceiro (CLUE), otimização de extração foi realizada através de Desenho Fatorial Fracionado, seguido de Desenho Box-Behnken, resultando em extração realizada pela mistura de solvente apolar e água (metanol 47 %), seguido de uma extração em fase sólida (sílica) e um teor de atropina médio de 0,3343 %. Um extrato otimizado foi analisado nos três métodos, resultando em teores de atropina iguais a 0,2905, 0,3598 e 0,3343 % para CCDAE, CLAE e CLUE, respectivamente. A revisão da monografia do material vegetal, com ensaios de identificação e físico-químicos, juntamente com a metodologia de doseamento por Cromatografia a Líquido de Alta Eficiência foi proposta com o objetivo de atualizar as metodologias que hoje compõe o roteiro de controle de qualidade da espécie na Farmacopeia Brasileira, que está em sua 5° edição. / Atropine is an alkaloid known for acetylcholine inhibition and as antimuscarinic substance and is present in leaves of some species of the family Solanácea, and especially of Atropa belladonna L. The importance of the production of herbal medicines in the pharmaceutical industry has driven scientific studies to develop analytical methods for quantification of chemical markers, present in herbal drugs, and that meet the quality control parameters of the current legislation. Thus, in this work, different methodologies for quantification of atropine (chemical marker predominant in the leaves of A. belladonna) were developed and validated. The methods proposed by High Performance Thin-layer Chromatography (HPTLC), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) were validated proving to have specificity/selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness, and conforming to legislation. In addition, different extraction methodologies were proposed. For the first method of analysis (CCDAE), extraction with dilute acid (H2SO4 0.5 mol/L) followed by liquid-liquid extraction was used, resulting in an average content of 0.2913% atropine. For the second (HPLC), extraction with apolar solvent (methanol p.a.) was proposed, followed also by liquid-liquid extraction and with an average content of 0.2660% of the active. In the third (CLUE), optimization of extraction was done through Fractional Factorial Design, followed by Box-Behnken Design resulting in extraction by the apolar solvent mixture and Water (47% methanol), followed by solid phase extraction (silica) and an average atropine content of 0.3343%. An optimized extract was analyzed in three methods, resulting in atropine levels equal to 0.2905, 0.3598 and 0.3334 % for HPTLC, HPLC and UPLC, respectively. The review of the monograph of the plant material, with identification and physicochemical tests, together with the methodology of determination by HPLC was proposed with the objective of updating the methodologies that today compose the roadmap of quality control of specie in Brazilian Pharmacopoeia, which is in its 5th edition.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-17T15:26:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-06-03. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-09-17T15:45:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000846627_20160603.pdf: 277832 bytes, checksum: 7929d2aee16b712233cb9e7c7ead0ee3 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-06-06T12:04:24Z: 000846627_20160603.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-06-06T12:05:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000846627.pdf: 1718714 bytes, checksum: 5a4cdc638ab82c0241b5da2de887b8d8 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O ácido fusídico é um antimicrobiano esteroide, indicado no tratamento de infecções graves causadas por micro-organismos do gênero Staphylococcus e de outras espécies de bactérias Gram-positivas, incluindo espécies resistentes à penicilina e a outros antimicrobianos. Pesquisas envolvendo o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos mais práticos são relevantes para otimizar as análises de rotina na indústria farmacêutica e garantir a qualidade do produto comercializado. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como principal objetivo o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos mais rápidos, seguros para os operadores, econômicos e de fácil execução, em comparação aos métodos descritos na literatura para a determinação do ácido fusídico na forma farmacêutica de creme dermatológico. O ácido fusídico foi analisado quanto às suas características organolépticas e físico-químicas. Também foi realizada análise qualitativa pelo método de espectrofotometria de absorção na região do visível e por cromatografia em camada delgada. Para quantificação do ácido fusídico, foram desenvolvidos e validados dois métodos: método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência indicadivo de estabilidade, na faixa de concentração de 5,0 a 95,0 μg/mL, utilizando fase móvel composta por acetonitrila e água (72:28, v/v), pH 3,5 ajustado com ácido acético e comprimento de onda de 210 nm, este método apresentou tempo de retenção médio de 8,12 minutos, exatidão de 101,22% e teor de 104%; ensaio microbiológico pelo método turbidimétrico, na faixa de concentração de 0,25 a 2,25 μg/mL, utilizando caldo casoy e 6% do micro-organismo Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, cuja exatidão e percentual médio foram de 101,95% e 104,60%, respectivamente. Os métodos foram validados de acordo com as diretrizes do ICH e da legislação brasileira e mostraram ser precisos, robustos,... / Fusidic acid is an antimicrobial steroid, indicated in the treatment of serious infections caused by microorganisms of the genus Staphylococcus and other Gram-positive bacteria species, including resistant species to penicillin and other antimicrobials. Research involving the development of more practical analytical methods are relevant to optimize the analysis in the pharmaceutical industry and secure the quality of commercialized product. Thus, this study aimed to develop faster analytical methods, safer for operators, economical and easy to perform, compared to the methods described in the literature for the determination of fusidic acid in the pharmaceutical form of dermatological cream. Fusidic acid was analyzed for its organoleptic and physical-chemical characteristics. Qualitative analysis was performed method by spectrophotometric absorption in the visible region and by thin layer chromatography. For quantification of fusidic acid, were developed and validated two methods: stability indicative method by high performance liquid chromatography, in the concentration range from 5.0 to 95.0 μg mL-1, using mobile phase composed by acetonitrile and water (72:28, v/v), pH 3.5 adjusted with acetic acid and at a wavelength at 210 nm, this method presented average retention time of 8.12 minutes, accuracy of 101.22% and content of 104%; microbiological assay by turbidimetric method, in the concentration range from 0.25 to 2.25 μg mL-1, using casoy broth and 6% of the microorganism Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, whose accuracy and mean percentage were 101.95% and 104.60%, respectively. The methods were validated according to ICH guidelines and Brazilian legislation and shown to be accurate, robust, selective, accurate and equivalent to quantify the fusidic acid, at a significance level of 5%. Thus, both methods can be employed in the analysis of fusidic acid in pharmaceutical form of dermatological cream in the pharmaceutical ... / FAPESP: 13/02861-3

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:33:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 agudo_fl_me_bauru.pdf: 1894976 bytes, checksum: 47f9e974260ebf5568bf427b05283af0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A relação entre a ISO 9001 e a inovação é complexa, necessitando assim, de estudos acadêmicos direcionados. Diante disso, esta dissertação verifica em que aspectos e de que forma o Sistema de Gestão da Qualidade ISO 9001 se relaciona com a inovação em empresas industriais de médio e grande porte do Estado de São Paulo, identificando-se e analisando-se a existências de sinergias e antagonismos entre elas, de maneira a se formularem recomendações para potencializar os resultados do seu trabalho conjunto. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi o estudo de casos múltiplos, sendo que todas as empresas participantes desta investigação eram certificadas com a ISO 9001. Como resultado, identificou-se que a relação existente entre a ISO 9001 e a inovação tem aspectos positivos e negativos, uma vez que em determinados pontos a qualidade influencia beneficamente o processo de inovação e em outros, dificulta a criação de ideias novas. Assim, não há predominância de um ponto mais positivo ou negativo, pois a maximização das relações sinérgicas e o encurtamento dos pontos antagônicos dependem da postura adotada por cada empresa e da direção que essas conduzem suas estratégias de desempenho organizacional. Além dos resultados, este estudo contribuiu com o estabelecimento de recomendações para uso conjunto da qualidade e da inovação a fim de buscar ganhos coletivos simultâneos, nas duas estratégias competitivas / The relationship between ISO 9001 and inovation is complex, requiring, thus targeted academic studies. Thus, this dissertation finds that aspects and how the Quality Management System ISO 9001 relaters to inovation in industrial enterprises of medium and large size of the state of São Paulo, identifying and analyzing the existence of synergies and antagonisms between them, so to make recommendations to enhance the results of thei joint work. The research method used was a multiple case study, where all companies participating in this research were certified with ISO 9001. As a result, we found that the relationship between ISO 9001 and innovation has positive and negative aspects, since at certain points the quality beneficially influences the innovation process, and in others, hinders the creation of new ideas. Thus, there is a predominance of one point more positive or negative, for maximizing the synergistic relationships and shortening the points depend on the antagonistic posture adopted by each company and the direction that these strategies lead their organizational performance. Besides the results, this study contributed to the establishment of recommendations for joint use of quality and innovation in order to seek collective gains simultaneous in both competitive strategies

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cervi_afc_me_bauru.pdf: 752756 bytes, checksum: 05739da00470af857c0d8d7f3cdf3889 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O aumento cada vez mais acentuado da competitividade faz com que as empresas busquem formas de se manter no mercado. Esse objetivo muitas vezes é alcançado formando-se clusters industriais que fornecem vantagens competitivas, melhorias no fluxo de informações, cooperação, aprendizagem entre outros. Este trabalho tem por objetivo criar e validar uma proposta para o desenvolvimento de Círculos de Controle de Qualidade em clusters industriais para que os processos sejam melhorados. Desta forma realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica para que os conceitos sobre o tema fossem entendidos e fixados, confeccionou-se a proposta composta por dois focos de atuação, um para o cluster e um para as empresas, de forma a desenvolver os Círculos de controle da qualidade em clusters industriais e realizou-se sua validação. Esta pesquisa é composta pelas seções, introdução, referencial teórico, proposta pré-validação, validação da proposta, proposta para o desenvolvimento de círculos de controle da qualidade em clusters industriais, conclusão, referências e apêndice. Após a realização de todas as modificações feitas com base na experiência dos respondentes, está adequada à realidade de um cluster industrial / The indrease in competitiveness makes companies seek ways to stay in the market. This goal is often achieved by forming industrial clusters that provide competitive advantages, improvements in the flow of information, cooperation, learning, and more. This work aims to create and validate a proposition for the development of Quality Control Circles in clusters for industrial processes to be improved. Thus, we carried out a literatura search to understand the concepts and formulate the proposition that is composed of two focuses, first, on the cluster and second, on companies. This research is composed of the following sections: introdution, theoretical framework, proposition before validation, validation of the proposition, the proposition for the development of quality control circles in industrial clusters, conclusion, references, and appendix. After completion of all stages of this research, is was noted that the proposition is applicable and with subsequence modifications based on the experience of respondents it became adequate to the reality of an indutrial cluster

Orientador: Luiz Augusto do Amaral / Banca: Oswaldo Durival Rossi Junior / Banca: Hinig Isa Godoy Vicente / Resumo: O trabalho objetivou caracterizar a qualidade microbiológica do camarão resfriado e comercializado em feiras-livres na cidade de São Paulo, por meio da contagem de microrganismos mesófilos, psicrotróficos, Staphylococcus coagulase positivo, isolamento de Salmonella spp. e quantificação de coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli. Para isto, selecionou-se 14 feiras do município onde foram realizadas três coletas em momentos distintos. Em cada coleta foram compradas porções do camarão vendido limpo e do camarão inteiro, estas porções deram origem aos três tipos de amostras analisadas: o camarão vendido limpo (CL), o músculo retirado de maneira asséptica a partir do camarão vendido inteiro (M), e a água de enxágue (AE), amostra obtida a partir da lavagem da superfície externa dos camarões inteiros, com água peptonada a 0,1%. Além disso, foi observada a aplicação de pontos específicos de boas práticas de manipulação de alimentos relacionados às condições higiênico-sanitárias das barracas e dos manipuladores. Verificaram-se populações de mesófilos maiores que 106 UFC.g-1 em 7,1% das amostras de M e 34,2% das amostras de CL. Em relação à população de psicrotróficos, 28,6% das amostras de M e 86,8% das amostras de CL estavam inadequadas para o consumo. Na análise de Staphylococcus coagulase positivo, duas amostras de M (4,8%) e cinco de CL (13,2%) atingiram populações maiores que 103 UFC.g-1. A maior parte das amostras de CL e M apresentou NMP de coliformes termotolerantes <3,0 por grama de amostra. A bactéria E. coli foi isolada em 22,9% das amostras de CL e 11,9% das amostras de M. As amostras de CL tendem a ter uma contaminação por mesófilos e psicrotróficos significativamente maior que as amostras de M. As amostras de AE, mostraram que uma unidade de camarão pode veicular populações médias de mesófilos, psicrotróficos e Staphylococcus coagulase ... / Abstract: The objective of this study was to characterize the microbiological quality of refrigerated shrimp commercialized in open market places in the city of São Paulo, through count of mesophilic, psychotrophic and coagulase positive Staphylococcus microorganisms, isolation of Salmonella spp., and quantification of thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli. Fourteen county open market places were selected for three different sample collections obtained in distinct ocasions. Each time, amounts of "clean" shrimp (deveined and peeled) and whole shrimp were purchased, generating the three types of samples analysed: clean shrimp (CL), the muscle asseptically removed from whole shrimp (M), and rinsing water (AE), which was obtained by washing the exterior of whole shrimps with 0,1% peptone water. Furthermore, specific standards of good practice in food manipulation related to hygienic and sanitary conditions of stalls and workers manipulating the shrimp were evaluated. Mesophilic populations higher than 106 UFC.g-1 were observed in 7,1% of M samples and 34,2% of CL samples. Regarding psychotrophic populations, 28,6% of M samples and 86,8% of CL samples were inadequate for consumption. Analysis of coagulase positive Staphylococcus microorganism demonstrated that two M samples (4,8%) and five CL samples (13,2%) had reached population levels higher than 103 UFC.g-1. Most CL and M samples showed thermotolerant coliforms MPN <3,0 per gram of sample. Bacteria E. coli was isolated in 22,9% of CL samples and 11,9% of M samples. CL samples tend to have significant higher mesophilic and psychotrophic contamination levels than M samples. AE samples demonstrated that one shrimp unit can spread mean population levels of mesophilic, psychotrophic and coagulase positive Staphylococcus microorganisms equivalent to 5,4 x 107, 1,1 x 1011 and 2,0 x 104 UFC.g-1, respectively. E. coli was isolated in 50% of AE samples ... / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-07-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000735871.pdf: 2684577 bytes, checksum: 729cf2eef0f45e5bc928bb4e1cfad1c3 (MD5) / O trabalho objetivou caracterizar a qualidade microbiológica do camarão resfriado e comercializado em feiras-livres na cidade de São Paulo, por meio da contagem de microrganismos mesófilos, psicrotróficos, Staphylococcus coagulase positivo, isolamento de Salmonella spp. e quantificação de coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli. Para isto, selecionou-se 14 feiras do município onde foram realizadas três coletas em momentos distintos. Em cada coleta foram compradas porções do camarão vendido limpo e do camarão inteiro, estas porções deram origem aos três tipos de amostras analisadas: o camarão vendido limpo (CL), o músculo retirado de maneira asséptica a partir do camarão vendido inteiro (M), e a água de enxágue (AE), amostra obtida a partir da lavagem da superfície externa dos camarões inteiros, com água peptonada a 0,1%. Além disso, foi observada a aplicação de pontos específicos de boas práticas de manipulação de alimentos relacionados às condições higiênico-sanitárias das barracas e dos manipuladores. Verificaram-se populações de mesófilos maiores que 106 UFC.g-1 em 7,1% das amostras de M e 34,2% das amostras de CL. Em relação à população de psicrotróficos, 28,6% das amostras de M e 86,8% das amostras de CL estavam inadequadas para o consumo. Na análise de Staphylococcus coagulase positivo, duas amostras de M (4,8%) e cinco de CL (13,2%) atingiram populações maiores que 103 UFC.g-1. A maior parte das amostras de CL e M apresentou NMP de coliformes termotolerantes <3,0 por grama de amostra. A bactéria E. coli foi isolada em 22,9% das amostras de CL e 11,9% das amostras de M. As amostras de CL tendem a ter uma contaminação por mesófilos e psicrotróficos significativamente maior que as amostras de M. As amostras de AE, mostraram que uma unidade de camarão pode veicular populações médias de mesófilos, psicrotróficos e Staphylococcus coagulase... / The objective of this study was to characterize the microbiological quality of refrigerated shrimp commercialized in open market places in the city of São Paulo, through count of mesophilic, psychotrophic and coagulase positive Staphylococcus microorganisms, isolation of Salmonella spp., and quantification of thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli. Fourteen county open market places were selected for three different sample collections obtained in distinct ocasions. Each time, amounts of “clean” shrimp (deveined and peeled) and whole shrimp were purchased, generating the three types of samples analysed: clean shrimp (CL), the muscle asseptically removed from whole shrimp (M), and rinsing water (AE), which was obtained by washing the exterior of whole shrimps with 0,1% peptone water. Furthermore, specific standards of good practice in food manipulation related to hygienic and sanitary conditions of stalls and workers manipulating the shrimp were evaluated. Mesophilic populations higher than 106 UFC.g-1 were observed in 7,1% of M samples and 34,2% of CL samples. Regarding psychotrophic populations, 28,6% of M samples and 86,8% of CL samples were inadequate for consumption. Analysis of coagulase positive Staphylococcus microorganism demonstrated that two M samples (4,8%) and five CL samples (13,2%) had reached population levels higher than 103 UFC.g-1. Most CL and M samples showed thermotolerant coliforms MPN <3,0 per gram of sample. Bacteria E. coli was isolated in 22,9% of CL samples and 11,9% of M samples. CL samples tend to have significant higher mesophilic and psychotrophic contamination levels than M samples. AE samples demonstrated that one shrimp unit can spread mean population levels of mesophilic, psychotrophic and coagulase positive Staphylococcus microorganisms equivalent to 5,4 x 107, 1,1 x 1011 and 2,0 x 104 UFC.g-1, respectively. E. coli was isolated in 50% of AE samples ...