Harvesting only 4 % of light striking the Earth could possibly fulfill present energy demands of a mankind. Chlorosome of green sulfur bacteria is re- garded as suitable light-harvesting system for photosynthesis imitation. This work presents comparison of absorption and hole burning spectra of artificially prepared aggregates similar to chlorosomes with different compositions in order to verify the proposed role of quinones in excitation quenching and its redox de- pendence. Absorption spectra at room and helium temperature showed a resem- blance between artificial aggregates and chlorosomes. Hole burning experiments verified the role of quinones in excitation quenching under aerobic conditions. Even more pronounced excitation quenching was observed under anaerobic con- ditions. Significant improvements of the original experimental set-up provided better experimental data which raised many further question that are worth trying to answer in the future.

Highly energetic jets are considered to be a direct probe of hot and dense QCD medium created in heavy ion collisions. Jet measurements performed both at the LHC and RHIC indicate a presence of the jet quenching phenomenon. This thesis summarizes ATLAS jet heavy ion measurements and it reports the first exploratory study of properties of the multi-jet production in heavy ion collisions presented in terms of yield of neighbouring jets. The work is expected to shed a light on the process of the parton energy loss. The measurement is performed using the Pb+Pb collision data collected by ATLAS detector during the 2011 LHC runs at the nucleon-nucleon center of mass energy of 2.76 TeV. 1

Title: Study of jet fragmentation and inclusive jet production in heavy-ion colli- sions with the ATLAS experiment Author: Mgr. Radim Slovák Institute: Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics Supervisor: Mgr. Martin Spousta, Ph.D., Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Charles University Abstract: This thesis presents two measurements - measurement of the jet frag- mentation functions and inclusive jet production in heavy-ion collisions. The frag- mentation functions are measured in Pb+Pb and pp collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The distributions are measured as a function of jet trans- verse momentum and rapidity. The analysis utilises an integrated luminosity of 0.14 nb−1 of Pb+Pb data and 4.0 pb−1 of pp data collected in 2011 and 2013, respectively, at the same centre-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV. Modest but signif- icant centrality-dependent modifications of fragmentation functions in Pb+Pb collisions with respect to those in pp collisions are seen. Measurements of the yield and nuclear modification factor, RAA, for inclusive jets are performed us- ing 25 pb−1 of pp data at √ s = 5.02 TeV and 0.49 nb−1 of Pb+Pb data at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV. The jets are measured over the transverse momentum range of 100-1000 GeV in six rapidity intervals covering |y| < 2.8. The magnitude of the RAA...

In this study, we synthesized small-molecule, water-soluble, fluorescein-containing ureido compounds 6 and 8 as target receptors for cytosine free bases and then investigated the binding of cytosine free bases with the receptors using 15N NMR spectroscopy and partially labeled cytosine-2,4-13C-1,3,4-15N-cytosine. Binding with the receptor 6a (the disodium form of 6) caused the chemical shift of the nitrogen atom of the amino group of cytosine to move downfield; binding of the receptor 8a (the disodium form of 8), which is possessing no corresponding aryl nitrogen atom, had no effect on this signal. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that binding of cytosine and its derivatives led to quenching of the fluorescence of receptor 6a; in contrast, the quenching of receptor 8a was only slightly affected by cytosine. Because the fluorescence of 6a was not quenched by either deoxycytidine or uracil, it appears that this receptor is a specific for cytosine among the DNA bases. We used the fluorescence of 6a to measure the apparent binding constants for various cytosine derivatives, including the anticancer prodrug 5-fluorocytosine. Receptor 6a is the first small-molecule, water-soluble fluorescent receptor for the specific binding of cytosine free bases in aqueous solution.

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Austenitization followed by quenching is a well-known conventional heat-treating procedure which is widely used on carbon steels with the aim to obtain high strength in as-quenched condition. Such quenching is usually done by immersing a steel product into the cooling medium which provides a uniform cooling of the surface. The cooling rate can be adjusted to a certain degree on a “component” length-scale by using different cooling mediums such as water, oil, polymer solution, etc. However, certain steel products such as beams, pillars in automobile industry or different machinery parts in agriculture require a proper and controllable cooling gradient and thus mechanical property gradient within the product. It is difficult to control the cooling rates locally on the length-scale smaller than the product only by replacing the quenching medium. In addition, quenching by immersing the product into the cooling medium is accompanied by thermal stresses due to the different cooling rates of the surface and the core, and also accompanied by transformation stresses due to the volume change during phase transformations. These stresses may lead to negative effects such as undesired residual stresses or even cracks. Therefore, cooling must be properly optimized and controlled to eliminate these drawbacks. Such a controllable cooling can be performed by several impingements of the water jets onto a hot austenitized surface at certain locations. By controlling the water flow, number of jets, their locations and other parameters, the global and the local cooling rates can be optimized for a specific industrial application later on.  This thesis demonstrates the potential and capability of the water Impinging Jet Quenching Technique (IJQT) to provide a flexible and controllable cooling for both differential and for uniform quenching cases. The test rig of IJQT was developed in the University of Gävle and was used to perform quenching experiments in this study: differential cooling of thick sheets and uniform quenching of bars to different depths. Differential cooling was performed on square-shaped carbon steel sheets with thickness of 15 mm, and the uniform quenching with different flow rates was performed on carbon steel cylindrical bars with 100 mm in diameter. Along with the physical experiments, Comsol Multiphysics 5.6 software was used to solve a 1D heat transfer problem to estimate the cooling rate profile along the radius of the bar. The experiments were verified by observations and characterization of the microstructure using light optical microscopy (LOM), and by examining the mechanical properties through tensile tests and hardness measurements. The results of the quenching experiments and verifications showed a high potential and flexibility of the IJQT in differential cooling case as well as in the uniform quenching case. / <p>Funding agencies: For financial support Sweden’s Innovation Agency Vinnova, SSAB,Väderstad Components, Swedish Knowledge Foundation and Universityof Gävle are acknowledged.</p>

Quenching technique is widely used in industrial applications as it enhances the mechanical properties of metals such as hardness and tensile strength. This technique consists of a heating process followed by fast cooling which results in different microstructures that enhance the metal behavior. Current competitive market in metal field requires the implementation of advanced and optimizing techniques by means of efficient and sustainable quenching techniques. Furthermore, cooling by multiple array of water jets offers wide range of cooling rate control and consequently the achievement of the desired properties. Quenching cooling rate for a rotary cylinder by multiple impinging jets is investigated in this experimental study. A rotating steel cylinder is heated up to 700°C by an induction heater and cooled down in short time by an array of water impinging jets in order to study quenching process of the test specimen by the impinging jet technique. This fast cooling has been found to be a crucial parameter that enhances the characteristics of steel thoroughly. The magnitude of its influence has been previously studied in water pools cooling techniques. Consequently, a further understanding of quenching technique is aimed in this study by the variation of different parameters: the multiple jet’s pattern (inline and staggered), jet-to-jet spacing (S/d=4 and 6), rotational speed (10-70rpm) and water subcooling temperature (55-85K) that have been studied in 10 experiments. Running of the experiments have been done with the help of different programs such as LabVIEW and NiMAX. Measurements of the temperature along the cylinder has been carried out by using some embedded thermocouples that have been connected to the DAQ.  Results from the study revealed faster cooling with rotation speed 30rpm since the contact between hot surface and impinged water jet is improved for lower speeds. However, rotation speed10rpm results experienced negative effects. In addition, jet-to-jet spacing S/d = 4 caused higher cooling rate than S/d = 6 since the impinged water from neighbor jets lead to higher interaction between water fronts and consequently a more uniform cooling. Furthermore, significant differences have been found in temperature drop between points located closer to the center of the cylinder and the ones beneath the cooling surface. Regarding the multiple array configuration of nozzles, staggered configuration revealed more uniform cooling over the surface due to the fact that placement of the jets led to a better distribution of the impinged water in the measurement line. The effect of higher subcooling temperature in agreement with previous studies results in which higher cooling rate and more drastic temperature drop. The aim of this study is to make a better understanding of the multiple water impinging jets quenching technique in order to make further research in the area of enhancing the mechanical properties of steel by understanding effect of the quenching parameters and their characteristics in order to optimize the quenching technique for different applications.

Scania has experienced difficulties with large variations of the slope of the back plane after press quenching of case hardened crown wheels of especially type R780 Steg supplied from ingot cast material. This leads to that a large number of crown wheels has to be remeasured and sorted according to back slope which is time consuming for operators. Also, after sorting of the crown wheels, hard machining has to be adjusted according to the different slopes of the back plane of the crown wheels. In some cases, it also leads to scrapping of the crown wheels.This master’s thesis was divided in two parts. The aim of the first part was to confirm that the crown wheel type and casting technique that exhibits the largest variations in slope of the back plane is the R780 Steg originating from ingot cast material. The crown wheel types that were compared were the R780 Steg, R780 Slät and R885 Slät. Crown wheels manufactured from ingot cast material and from continuous cast material were compared. Hence, 6 combinations were examined. The slope of the back plane was measured with the measuring probe FARO after press quenching. The slope of the crown wheels was found to depend on both casting technique and the geometry of the crown wheel. The results confirmed that the crown wheel type and supplier combination that by far yields the largest variations in slope of the back plane is the R780 Steg supplied by Steel Plant A who uses the ingot casting technique. For this combination the variation exceeds 0,1 mm. All other combinations of crown wheels and suppliers yield acceptable variations.The second part of this master’s thesis was composed of determining if segregations in the cast ingot are the cause of the variations in slope of the back plane of the crown wheel type R780 Steg. This was done by measuring if there is a correlation between the slope of the back plane of the crown wheel after press quenching, the chemical composition and the original position of the crown wheel in the ingot. As in the first part of the study, the distortion was measured by the measuring probe FARO. The samples were sent to Degerfors Laboratorium for chemical analysis. Analyses of C, S and N were made by using combustion analyses. For As, P, B and Al optic spectrometry (spark) was used. All other elements were analysed by x-ray fluorescence. Segregations were found to be present and in combination with the geometry of R780 Steg to be the cause of the large variations in slope of the crown wheels.The results of this thesis show that, for the crown wheel type R780 Steg, Scania should not use suppliers that employ the ingot casting technique. Instead, only suppliers using the continuous casting technique should be used. However, for the other crown wheel types ingot or continuously cast material can be used.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第24715号 / エネ博第458号 / 新制||エネ||86(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー変換科学専攻 / (主査)教授 川那辺 洋, 教授 林 潤, 教授 藤本 仁 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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