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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
241

Potencialidade do uso de formulações de óleo de soja epoxidado e éster metílico de ácido graxo como fluidos de resfriamento no tratamento térmico de têmpera de aços / Potential use of epoxidized soybean oil and fatty acid methyl ester formulations as quenchants to steel heat treatment

Rosa Lucia Simencio Otero 30 May 2014 (has links)
A demanda pelo uso de formulações biodegradáveis e provenientes de fontes renováveis tem motivado o desenvolvimento de biofluidos de resfriamento para aplicação em têmpera de aços. Os óleos vegetais são potenciais candidatos a serem empregados como base destas formulações, porém, a baixa estabilidade termo-oxidativa inibe sua maior utilização pela indústria. As modificações químicas na cadeia carbônica dos óleos vegetais podem promover melhoria nesta característica, sendo epoxidação uma das mais comuns. O presente trabalho estudou, primeiramente, a estabilidade termo-oxidativa de formulações contendo óleo de soja epoxidado (ESBO) e éster metílico de ácido graxo (FAME), em diferentes concentrações, por Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial com Pressão (PDSC). Posteriormente, o desempenho destes biofluidos, no tratamento térmico de têmpera, foi avaliado pela análise microestrutural e medições de dureza (curvas em U) nos aços SAE 1045 e SAE 4140, comparando-o com o desempenho promovido pelos fluidos derivados de petróleo. As tensões térmicas residuais foram simuladas com o ABAQUS, usando os coeficientes de transferência de calor obtidos pela solução do problema inverso. As distorções causadas pelos biofluidos foram estudadas em corpos Navy-C-rings modificados de aço SAE 4140. Além disto, a viscosidade dos biofluidos também foi estudada em função da temperatura por estar diretamente relacionada à propriedade de molhamento, que influencia a transferência de calor durante o processo de resfriamento. A adição de FAME no ESBO foi eficiente na redução da viscosidade das formulações propostas, em função da temperatura, adequando-as para utilização como fluidos de resfriamento. As formulações EF30 e EF38 apresentaram temperatura inicial de oxidação (OOT) superior ao óleo de soja, indicando assim, maior estabilidade termo-oxidativa. Todas bioformulações foram eficientes na têmpera de ambos os aços, nos diâmetros ensaiados, promovendo dureza mínima de aproximadamente 52 HRC no centro dos corpos SAE 4140, dureza esta, comparável àquela promovida pelos fluidos minerais. Comportamento similar foi observado para o aço de menor temperabilidade. As tensões térmicas residuais simuladas não variam em magnitude em função da composição das formulações, enquanto que as distorções tenderam a aumentar em função do aumento do FAME nas formulações. / The search for biodegradable and renewable basestocks has motivated the development of bioquenchants for steel heat treatment. Vegetable oils are potential candidates, however, their poor thermo-oxidative stability inhibits a wide industrial application. Modifications of the chemical structure of vegetable oils may be used to improve this characteristic and epoxidation is one of the most common approaches reported to date. The first step of the study reported here was to analyze and compare the thermo-oxidative stability of soybean oil, epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) and different blend ratios of ESBO with a soybean oil-derived fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) by Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC). Subsequently, the quenching performance of the formulations was evaluated by cooling curve analysis and microstructural analysis and hardness measurements by U-curves analysis of SAE 1045 and SAE 4140 steels and then, compared with results obtained using commercially available petroleum oil quenchants. Thermal residual stress profiles were simulated with ABAQUS, using the heat transfer coefficients obtained by an inverse method. Bioquenchant distortions were determined using SAE 4140 steel and a so-called modified Navy C-ring test. Moreover, the viscosity-temperature property of bioquenchants was also studied, since it is directly related to the heat transfer and wetting behavior occurring during the cooling process. Although the viscosity of ESBO was too high for use as a quenchant, increasing FAME addition to ESBO provided sufficient reduction of resulting kinematic viscosities to permit their potential use as quenchants. EF30 and EF38 (30% and 38% FAME, respectively) exhibited onset oxidation temperatures (OOT) higher than soybean oil, thus indicating better thermo-oxidative stability. All bioquenchants were effective for both steels, at the specimen diameters tested, producing a minimum hardness of approximately 52 HRC at the center of the SAE 4140 test specimen. This hardness is comparable to that obtained with the petroleum-based fluids. Comparable results were obtained for the lower hardenability SAE 1045 steel. The simulated residual stress profiles did not vary in terms of magnitude as a function of formulation composition while the distortions tended to increase as FAME is added in the formulations.
242

Estudo das distorções em aços AISI 5160 e AISI 6150 com variação da temperatura e da agitação do meio de resfriamento / Distortion studies in AISI 5160 and AISI 6150 steel under variation of bath quenching temperature and agitation

Cleber Michel Chiqueti 21 October 2009 (has links)
A distorção em tratamento térmico é a maior causa dos problemas na indústria. Existem vários parâmetros que compõem esse fenômeno. Com o avanço da tecnologia, a medição de algumas variáveis intrínsecas ao fenômeno da distorção se tornou possível, auxiliando no melhor conhecimento do processo o que resulta na diminuição do retrabalho e sucata na indústria. A concretização de melhoria em processos produtivos já é uma realidade; que se tornou possível com a diminuição dos limites de padronização e com processos de produção bem definidos e simplificados. Estudos localizados em determinados produtos específicos, bem como os seus meios de resfriamentos estão em constante evolução, tornando possível a troca de informação e tecnologia, auxiliando na diminuição dos desperdícios e contribuindo para a mitigação dos impactos ambientais. Esse trabalho visa estudar as distorções produzidas em aços AISI 5160 e AISI 6150, com corpos de prova sensíveis a distorção, variando alguns fatores como, mudança em três níveis de temperatura e em três níveis de agitação em óleo mineral convencional; os quais fazem parte do processo produtivo na indústria. Variando as temperaturas do meio de resfriamento e a agitação do banho, é possível determinar com o auxílio estatístico, metalográfico, das curvas de resfriamento e das curvas das taxas de resfriamento quais são as variáveis que tem influência na distorção. Esses resultados mostraram que a agitação e a temperatura do meio líquido de resfriamento são parâmetros imprescindíveis de controle para uma uniformidade da têmpera para a obtenção das características desejáveis. / The heat treatment distortion is the biggest cause of problems at companies. There are many parameters which cause this phenomenon. Studies in specific products, as well as in the quenchants are always progressing what became possible the dissemination of information and also the technology, helping to decreasing of waste and to improve environment. With the technology improvement, distortion phenomenon has become well known, resulting in better control of variables decreasing scrap metal and rework. However, this subject still needs to be investigated. In his context, this work studies the distortion phenomenon in two different steels (AISI 5160 and AISI 6150) under variable conditions of the cooling. Mineral oil quenchant in three bath temperatures and three agitation levels were used in this work. Changing those parameters it was possible to determinate which conditions would promote worst results in terms of distortion. Statistics studies, cooling curves analysis and metallographic observation offered support for the obtained conclusion.
243

Caracterizações microestrutural e mecânica dos aços ARBL graus 95 e 110 / Microstructural and mechanical characterizations of degrees steels 95, and 110 HSLA

Edilon de Oliveira França 15 June 2015 (has links)
Este estudo teve como objetivo a determinação dos menores valores de tempo e temperatura para obtenção dos graus 95 e 110, através de projeto de experimento completo fatorial rotacional. Posteriormente foi investigado o comportamento mecânico e estrutural do aço API 5CT. Para os aços bruto, normalizado e seus respectivos graus 95 e 110 nos sentidos transversal e longitudinal. Para isto, foram realizados ensaios de tração, dureza, impacto e metalografia. Os mesmos foram submetidos ao tratamento térmico de têmpera com a temperatura de austenitização de 870°C e resfriados em água. Na sequência, realizou- se o tratamento de revenimento orientado pelo planejamento de experimento. O aço bruto apresentou estrutura perlitica bandeada na matriz ferritica. No aço normalizado foi observada a perlita mais homogeneamente distribuída em toda matriz ferritica. O grau 95 obtido a partir do aço bruto e normalizado apresentou a estrutura martensítica revenida em ripas e Ferrita. O grau 110 partindo dos aços, bruto e normalizado apresentou microestrutura martensítica revenida refinada ou em ilhas e Ferrita. Os módulos de resiliência e tenacidade dos aços bruto e seus graus apresentaram valores em torno de 14% maiores quando comparados ao aço normalizado. De forma similar, os limites de escoamento e tração aumentaram em 10%. A capacidade de encruamento aumentou cerca de 16% e houve um aumento de 5% no coeficiente de resistência. Em ambos os casos, os valores obtidos estão adequados à norma API 5CT. As análises das fractografias das amostras testadas em tração, para as condições bruto e normalizado, revelaram a predominância de fratura dúctil e trincas secundarias provenientes do tratamento térmico. A fratura do ensaio de impacto obtida a 60°C, dos aços bruto e normalizado, apresentaram fraturas dúcteis na região central e fraturas frágeis nas extremidades. Na temperatura de - 196 °C as fraturas foram predominantemente frágeis. Para o aço bruto e seus respectivos graus, a transição dúctil frágil ocorreu a -34°C com 79J de energia absorvida. Para o aço normalizado e os graus correspondentes, a temperatura de transição foi de -48 °C e a energia absorvida de 85J. / The purpose of this study was to determine the lowest time, and temperature values needed to obtain the degrees 95, and 110 of the HSLA steels through a rotational, full factorial experiment design. Subsequently, the mechanical and structural behavior of the API 5CT steel was also investigated. Values for the raw steel samples were normalized transversally and longitudinally. For this purpose, traction, hardness, impact, and metallographic tests were conducted. The aforementioned alloys were subjected to heat treatment by quenching with an austenitizing temperature of 870°C, and then cooled in water. The next step was the treatment of tempering heat as determined by the experimental design. The raw steel showed signs of a pearlite banded structure in the ferritic matrix. The 95 degree sample obtained from the raw and normalized steel displayed martensitic structures tempered in lath and ferrite. The 110 degree sample created from raw and normalized steel exhibited refined tempered standard martensitic structures, in addition to ferrite. The raw steel resilience, and tenacity moduli, along with its temperature values were about 14% greater when compared to the normalized steel results. Similarly, ullage and traction thresholds increased by 10%. The strain hardening capacity increased by about 16% and there was an increase of 5% in the resistance coefficient. In both cases, the values obtained were within API 5CT standards. Sample analyses from fractographies, and traction tests (for raw and normalized steels) revealed the prevalent occurrence of ductile fractures, and secondary cracks caused by the heat treatment. The impact test, at 60°C, for both the raw and normalized samples, caused ductile fractures in the center, and brittle fissures around the edges. At the temperature of -196 °C, fractures were predominantly fragile. For the raw steel samples tested and their respective degrees, the ductile brittle transition occurred at - 34°C with absorbed energy of 79J. For the standard steel and its corresponding degree, the transition temperature was -48°C, and absorbed energy of 85J.
244

Préparation, étude de l’orientation et caractérisation physico-chimique de films polymères comportant des fluorophores

Fourati, M. Amine 12 1900 (has links)
No description available.
245

Teplotní závislost triplet-tripletního přenosu energie ve fotosyntetických světlosběrných komplexech / Temperature dependence of the triplet-triplet energy transfer in photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes

Vinklárek, Ivo January 2017 (has links)
Toxic singlet oxygen can be populated by the quenching of triplet states of chlorophyll (Chl). In photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), the gen- eration of singlet oxygen is prevented by a photoprotective mechanism based on an energy transfer from Chl triplets to carotenoids, which occurs via a Dexter mechanism (DET). The temperature dependence of the DET was studied in three selected LHCs by means of transient absorption spectroscopy. The emphasis was on a chlorophyll a-chlorophyll c2-peridinin-protein complex (acpPC) of Dinoflagel- late Amphidinium carterae. The results obtained from acpPC were compared with those for LHC-II from pea and chlorosomes of Chloroflexus aurantiacus. All three antennas exhibit high efficiency and fast rate of chlorophyll triplet quenching by carotenoids at room temperature, which prevents the accumulation of Chl triplets. The fast rate of quenching persists at low temperatures (≥77 K) in the case of LHC-II. However, the efficiency of the Chl triplets quenching is lower as proved by a detection of long-lived Chl triplets with a millisecond lifetime. These triplets were assigned to peripheral Chls that are not neighbouring with carotenoids active at 77 K. A similar population of long-lived Chl triplets was detected in the acpPC complex. In acpPC, the rate of the...
246

Estudo do comportamento de biofluidos de óleos de palma e soja com antioxidantes na têmpera de aços, antes e após o envelhecimento acelerado / The behavior of biofluids based on palm and soybean oils with antioxidants in steel hardening, before and after accelerated aging

Éder Cícero Adão Simêncio 29 September 2014 (has links)
O avanço no desenvolvimento de produtos de fontes renováveis na última década é uma consequência da crescente preocupação com o uso de produtos à base de petróleo, o que inclui o esgotamento progressivo das reservas mundiais e, sobretudo, o impacto ambiental. Óleos vegetais são potenciais candidatos à substituição de óleo mineral na formulação de fluidos industriais, uma vez que são de fontes renováveis, biodegradáveis e não tóxicos. No entanto, a baixa estabilidade termo-oxidativa e hidrolítica restringe uma maior utilização pela indústria. Assim, a adição dos antioxidantes fenólicos Irganox® L109 e Galato de Propila podem promover a melhora da estabilidade oxidativa destes óleos. Neste trabalho estudou -se a composição graxa de diferentes amostras de óleos vegetais por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Hidrogênio (1H NMR) e avaliou-se a estabilidade termo-oxidativa das bioformulações por Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial Pressurizada (PDSC). Posteriormente, bioformulações a base dos óleos de palma e soja foram submetidas ao envelhecimento acelerado e então avaliadas como fluidos de têmpera dos aços AISI/SAE 1045 e AISI/SAE 4140, nas condições iniciais e após a oxidação induzida comparando-as com fluidos derivados do petróleo. A viscosidade das bioformulações foi estudada em função de diferentes temperaturas por estarem diretamente relacionadas com a capacidade de transferência de calor entre o fluido de resfriamento e o metal temperado. A adição de Irganox® L109 e Galato de Propila foi efetiva na melhora da estabilidade termo-oxidativa dos óleos de palma e soja, possibilitando a utilização destes biofluidos com meios de resfriamento de têmpera. As bioformulações foram eficientes na têmpera dos aços promovendo durezas comparáveis aquelas promovidas pelos fluidos derivados de petróleo. / Over the last decade the advance on product development from renewable sources is a consequence of concerns about the use of petroleum-based products, which includes the progressive exhaustion of world reserves and especially the environmental impact. Vegetable oils are potential candidates for replacement of mineral oil in the formulation of industrial fluids, since they came from renewable, biodegradable and nontoxic. However, lower thermo-oxidative and hydrolytic stabilities have limited their use in the industry. Phenolic antioxidant (Irganox® L109 and Propyl gallate additions may promote improvement in oxidative stability of these oils. Fatty acids composition of different samples of vegetable oils was studied by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR). Palma oil, soybeam oil and their formulations were evaluated in terms of thermo-oxidative stability by Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC). These fluids were also subjected to accelerated aging test and then evaluated as quenchant for AISI/SAE 1045 and AISI/SAE 1045 steel hardening. These results were compared with data obtained from the petroleum oil quenchants. Bioformulation\'s viscosity was studied in different temperatures once they are directly related to the heat transfer ability between the fluid and quenched steel component. The addition of Irganox® L109 and Propyl gallate was effective in improving the thermo-oxidative stability of palm and soybean oils, suggesting the use of these biofluids as quenchants. Bioformulation were efficient promoting hardeness comparable with those promoted by fluids derived from petroleum.
247

Vliv trajektorie elektronového svazku na vlastnosti povrchu oceli 42CrMo4 / Influence of the electron beam trajectory on the surface properties of steel 42CrMo4

Mikuš, Tomáš January 2018 (has links)
The thesis deals with surface quenching of steel 42CrMo4 by electron beam. Influence of technologic parameters and beam deflection on properties and structure of prepared layers is studied. Electron beam surface quenching was applicated with and without melting of the surface. Structures of layers made by electron beam quenching were compared with structures made by laser and electromagnetic induction. Structures and phases were analysed by optical microscopy, SEM and roentgen diffraction. Hardness was measured on hardened layers.
248

Stanovení tlakových poměrů ve zhášecí komoře nízkonapěťového přístroje / Evaluation of pressure conditions in the quenching chamber of low-voltage device

Nevrzal, Filip January 2019 (has links)
In this master’s thesis there is firstly conducted research about pressure measurement. Next there is mathematical description of thermodynamic conditions in used testing chamber by using magnetohydrodynamic and Maxwell equations. Next chapter deals with testing chamber itself, more precisely with function, model and changes done to it. In practical part there are data measured by used sensors, which are also closer described in this chapter. In next chapter there is comparison of reaction times of used sensors and their frequency specters, obtaining using fast Fourier transformation. Second to last chapter introduces very measurement on the real device and in the last chapter these data are analyzed and more closely described.
249

Nové metody pro rychlou detekci biologického materiálu na čipu / New technique on a chip for rapid detection of biological materials

Pejović Simeunović, Jelena January 2020 (has links)
Tato práce navrhuje techniku separace a detekce na čipu pro kvantové tečky (QD, „quantum dots“) konjugované s různými proteiny, za účelem sledování vlivu vazebného činidla na potlačení intenzity uorescence QD způsobené konjugací s proteinem a za účelem provedení multianalytické imunoanalýzy k identifikaci malých množství daného proteinu. Za optimálních podmínek byly biokonjugované QD úspěšně odděleny od těch nezkonjugovaných během 10 minut. Částice a cílové roztoky byly smíchány a detekce na čipu byla provedena za pomoci zařízení vyvinutého v naší laboratoři. Byl použit pouze jeden zdroj excitačního světla v kombinaci s několika filtry pro různé emisní vlnové délky. Fluorescence emitovaná dvěma typy konjugovaných QD mohla být poté zaznamenána současně, protože QD emitovaly světlo na různých vlnových délkách, ačkoliv byly excitovány při stejné vlnové délce. Smícháním dvou typů QD biokonjugovaných se dvěma druhy proteinů a protilátek jsme dokázali detekovat imunokomplexní píky s různými plochami. Plocha pod píkem závisela na koncentraci QD a antigenů, na postupu reakcí protilátka–antigen a ukázalo se, že je lineárně korelována s koncentrací antigenu. Ukázali jsme, že kapilární elektroforéza QD na čipu může být použita jako citlivá technika pro detekci biologických molekul. Hlavními výhodami této metody jsou jednoduchost, malé požadavky na objem vzorku i činidla a také vysoká účinnost separace.
250

Dynamika tripletních stavů pigmentů ve fotosyntetických světlosběrných komplexech / Dynamika tripletních stavů pigmentů ve fotosyntetických světlosběrných komplexech

Kvíčalová, Zuzana January 2011 (has links)
Chlorophyll molecules in their triplet excited state can react with the ground state oxygen, producing oxygen in a singlet excited state, which is very reactive and thus very harmful to the light-harvesting complex. Photosynthetic organisms employ carotenoids to prevent the damage by quenching both excited (singlet) states of oxygen and excited triplet states of chlorophyll. In this work, we use ns transient absorption spectroscopy and global analysis to study the dynamics of carotenoid and chlorophyll triplet states in two light-harvesting complexes of Amphidinium carterae, the Peridinin-Chlorophyll a-Protein complex (PCP) and the main light-harvesting complex (LHCP). It appears that at room temperature all triplets are transferred from chlorophylls to carotenoids within ~ 5 ns, providing a very efficient protection against formation of singlet oxygen. One carotenoid triplet with a lifetime of ~ 10.2 µs participating in the chlorophyll triplet quenching was observed in the PCP sample, while results from LHCP suggest that two carotenoid triplets with a similar lifetime of ~ 2.5 µs contribute to quenching of chlorophyll triplet states. The two carotenoid triplets are attributed to peridinin placed in a polar environment and peridinin placed in a non-polar environment in the LHCP complex.

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