Σήμερα στα συστήματα ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας μεγάλο ποσοστό της ισχύος παράγεται από αιολικά πάρκα αλλά και από θερμικούς σταθμούς. Η διείσδυση κατανεμημένης παραγωγής στα συστήματα χρειάζεται ιδιαίτερη μελέτη. Σε αυτή την εργασία ερευνήθηκε η λειτουργία ολόκληρων συστημάτων διανομής που περιείχαν διάφορα αιολικά πάρκα και θερμικούς σταθμούς. Αρχικά εξετάστηκε το θέμα του εντοπισμού των απωλειών ισχύος σε συστήματα διανομής με κατανεμημένη παραγωγή. Παρουσιάστηκαν μια νέα σχετικά προσέγγιση στον εντοπισμό των απωλειών με βάση τις τροφοδοσίες ρευμάτων καθώς και μία μήτρα εμπεδήσεων. Τα παραπάνω μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν για τη στατιστική ανάλυση των απωλειών βάσει της γραμμικής παλινδρόμησης ή την εκτίμηση της συνδιακύμανσης μεταξύ φορτίου και παραγωγής. Στη συνέχεια περιγράφεται το πρόβλημα της βραχυπρόθεσμης ευστάθειας τάσης σε δίκτυα με υψηλή διείσδυση κατανεμημένης παραγωγής. Εστιάζουμε στην αναπαράσταση του δικτύου κατά τη διάρκεια και μετά από την εμφάνιση σφάλματος ως ισοδύναμο κύκλωμα Thevenin τάσης και εμπέδησης. Επίσης διερευνάται η επίδραση γειτονικών σύγχρονων γεννητριών, ανεμογεννητριών τύπου Δανίας, SVC, και STATCOM στις παραμέτρους Thevenin. Τελικά εξετάζεται το πρόβλημα του ελέγχου τάσης και άεργου ισχύος. Ιδιαίτερη προσοχή δίνεται στους περιορισμούς τροφοδοσίας πραγματικής και άεργου ισχύος οι οποίες επιβάλλονται από τα όρια του πλάτους της τάσης. / Nowadays in power systems a large amount of power produced from wind farms and Heat Power Plants (HPP). High penetration of distributed generation in power systems is a subject to study. Τhe focus of this project is on the operation of an entire distribution system with several wind farms and HPP. Firstly, the subject of allocation of power system losses in a distribution system with distributed generation is treated. A new approach to loss allocation based on current injections and an impedance matrix is presented. The formulation can be used for statistical analysis of the losses based on linear regression or estimates of covariances between production and load. Secondly, the problem of short term voltage stability in networks with high penetration of DG is assessed. The focus is on the representation of the network during and after a fault as a Thevenin equivalent voltage and impedance. The influence of adjacent synchronous generators, Danish concept wind turbines, SVCs and STATCOMs on the Thevenin parameters have been investigated. Finally, the problem of voltage and reactive power control is investigated. Special focus is on the constraints for active and reactive power injection which are imposed by the voltage magnitude limits.

Το ενεργειακό πρόβλημα, καθώς και οι συνέπειες του φαινομένου του θερμοκηπίου που βρίσκεται σε έξαρση στις μέρες μας είναι από τα σπουδαιότερα προβλήματα του πλανήτη και κάνουν αναγκαία και επιβεβλημένη τη μείωση της χρήσης ορυκτών καυσίμων και την προσπάθεια για παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας με όσο το δυνατόν πιο οικονομικό, αλλά και φιλικό προς το περιβάλλον τρόπο. Συνεπώς, οι Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας και κυρίως η αιολική και η ηλιακή ενέργεια αποκτούν σπουδαίο ρόλο στο στόχο αυτό. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία μελετάμε το μετατροπέα που συνδέεται στην πλευρά του δικτύου και παρουσιάζουμε αναλυτικά τις βασικές τοπολογίες που εφαρμόζονται σε αιολικά και σε φωτοβολταϊκά συστήματα. Η διάταξη που εξετάζουμε αποτελείται από έναν μετατροπέα ac/dc, ένα σύστημα αποθήκευσης ενέργειας μέσω πυκνωτή (dc-link) και ένα R-L φίλτρο στην πλευρά του δικτύου. Σκοπός, λοιπόν, αυτής της εργασίας είναι να μελετήσουμε τη διάταξη αυτή στο d-q στρεφόμενο σύστημα κάθετων αξόνων μέσω του μετασχηματισμού Park και να εφαρμόσουμε την κατάλληλη μεθοδολογία ελέγχου, εξετάζοντας δυο διαφορετικές περιπτώσεις: στην πρώτη περίπτωση διατηρούμε σταθερή σε μηδενική τιμή την αναφορά αέργου ισχύος ενώ στη δεύτερη διατηρούμε σταθερή την ενεργό ισχύ. Τέλος, προσομοιώνουμε το σύστημα αυτό στο περιβάλλον Simulink του Matlab και για τις δύο παραπάνω περιπτώσεις και στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζουμε τις αποκρίσεις των προσομοιώσεων και εξάγουμε συμπεράσματα, προκειμένου να αναδειχθεί η σωστή λειτουργία της διάταξης αυτής. / The energy problem and the consequences of the greenhouse effect that is on the rise nowadays are two of the most important global problems and make necessary and imperative the reduce of the use of fossil fuels and the effort to produce electricity in a more economical and environmentally friendly way. Therefore, the Renewable Energy Sources and especially wind and solar power have a great role in this objective. In this thesis we consider the converter connected to the grid side and present in detail the basic topologies applied in wind and photovoltaic systems. The system under consideration consists of an ac/dc converter, an energy storage system via capacitor (dc-link) and an R-L filter on the grid side. Aim of this thesis is to study this system in the d-q rotating vertical axes system through the Park transformation and apply the appropriate control methodology, considering two different cases: in the first case we keep the reactive power reference steady and equal to zero while in the second case we keep the active power steady. Finally, we simulate this system with the Matlab Simulink for both cases and then we present simulations of the responses and draw conclusions in order to demonstrate the correct operation of this system.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματοποιήθηκε κατά το διάστημα 11/2011-9/2012 στα πλαίσια των ερευνητικών δραστηριοτήτων του εργαστηρίου Παραγωγής, Μεταφοράς, Διανομής και Χρησιμοποίησης Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας του τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, υπό την επίβλεψη του καθηγητή Γαβριήλ Β. Γιαννακόπουλου. Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η σύγκριση της δυναμικής συμπεριφοράς ενός συμβατικού σύγχρονου αντισταθμιστή και ενός εγκάρσιου στατικού αντισταθμιστή αέργου ισχύος (SVC) σε ένα εγκατεστημένο ηλεκτρικό δίκτυο, προσομοιώνοντας διαφορετικές περιπτώσεις που επηρεάζουν την διαδικασία αντιστάθμισης αέργου ισχύος και υποστήριξης τάσης σε ζυγούς του δικτύου. Στην εργασία αυτή παρουσιάζονται το μαθηματικό μοντέλο του σύγχρονου αντισταθμιστή, οι επαγωγικές παράμετροι που το χαρακτηρίζουν, τα διαφορετικά μοντέλα συστημάτων διέγερσης που χρησιμοποιούνται και ο Μετασχηματισμός Park. Όσον αφορά τον εγκάρσιο στατικό αντισταθμιστή (SVC) παρουσιάζονται οι βασικές αρχές ελέγχου των TCR και TSC που διαθέτει, η χαρακτηριστική τάσης-ρεύματος και γίνεται μια αναλυτική περιγραφή των συνιστωσών του συστήματος ελέγχου του, όπως ο ρυθμιστής τάσης, το σύστημα συγχρονισμού και η γεννήτρια παραγωγής παλμών. Τέλος, για την μοντελοποίηση και την προσομοίωση των αντισταθμιστών και του ηλεκτρικού δικτύου χρησιμοποιείται το πρόγραμμα PSCAD/EMTDC λόγω της αξιοπιστίας και της ευχρηστίας του σε μεγάλος εύρος ενεργειακών μελετών. / The current thesis was held during the period 11/2011-9/2012 within the research activities of the Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Utilization of Electric Energy Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, under the supervision of Professor Gabriel B. Giannakopoulos. The purpose of this study is to compare the dynamic performance of a conventional synchronous condenser and a static reactive power compensator (SVC) on an installed electrical grid, simulating different cases affecting the process of reactive power compensation and voltage support at the network’s load buses. This thesis includes representation of the mathematical model of the conventional synchronous condenser and the inductive parameters that characterize it, the different excitation system models used and the Park Transformation. Regarding the static VAR compensator (SVC), this thesis also refers to the fundamentals of TCR and TSC control, the explanation of the current-voltage characteristic and the analytic description of the control system’s components, such as the voltage regulator, the synchronization system and the gate-pulse generator. Lastly, for the modeling and simulation of both compensators and the installed electrical grid, the simulation program used is PSCAD / EMTDC because of its usability and reliability on a wide range of energy projects.

Η ενεργειακή κρίση που προκάλεσε η χρήση των υδρογονανθράκων ως κύρια πηγή παραγωγής ενέργειας, η προσπάθεια κάθε κράτους για απεξάρτηση του από τις πετρελαιοπαραγωγικές χώρες αλλά και η ανάγκη για μορφές ενέργειας χωρίς αρνητική επίδραση στο περιβάλλον οδήγησαν στην ανάπτυξη των ανανεώσιμων μορφών ενέργειας. Για την εμπορική τους, όμως, εκμετάλλευση ήταν απαραίτητη η επίλυση των τεχνικών προβλημάτων που εμφανίστηκαν, ιδιαίτερα όσο αναφορά τη σύνδεση κατανεμημένων παραγωγών με το υπάρχον ηλεκτρικό δίκτυο. Tο φαινόμενο της νησιδοποίησης (islanding), δηλαδή η μη διακοπή της παροχής ηλεκτρικού ρεύματος στο διασυνδεδεμένο δίκτυο από το κατανεμημένο παραγωγό όταν αυτός έχει αποσυνδεθεί από το κεντρικό δίκτυο, με κίνδυνο για τους εργαζόμενους και τις εκάστοτε συνδεδεμένες σε αυτόν συσκευές, πρέπει να αντιμετωπίζεται άμεσα. Σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής είναι η θεωρητική σύγκριση των προτεινόμενων τεχνικών ελέγχου νησιδοποίησης, η επιλογή και η προσομοίωση στο ATP-EMTP της καταλληλότερης από αυτές. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο αναλύεται η σημερινή κατάσταση όσο αναφορά την παραγωγή ενέργειας από την κάθε ανανεώσιμη πηγή ενέργειας και τονίζεται η εξέχουσα θέση και η επικράτηση της ηλιακής ενέργειας και των φωτοβολταϊκών συστημάτων. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο αναπτύσσεται το φαινόμενο της νησιδοποίησης και μια σειρά από προτεινόμενες τεχνικές ανίχνευσης και διακοπής της νησιδοποίησης. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο αναλύονται οι τεχνικές με χρήση άεργου ισχύος και γίνεται θεωρητική ανάλυση της επιλεγμένης RPV μεθόδου. Στο τέταρτο και πέμπτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφονται οι δυνατότητες του ATP-EMTP, η προσομοίωση της μεθόδου και τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν. Τέλος η εργασία ολοκληρώνεται από τα συμπεράσματα μετά την προσομοίωση σχετικά με την επιλογή της συγκεκριμένης μεθόδου και το φαινόμενο της νησιδοποίησης. / The energy crisis caused by the use of oil as a primary source of energy, the effort of each state to detox from oil-producing countries and the need for energy without negative impact on the environment has led to the development of renewable sources of energy. For their commercial exploitation though, it was necessary to solve the technical problems that occurred, particularly about connecting distributed generation with the existing power grid. The phenomenon of islanding (islanding), the electrical supply from distributed generation is not interrupted when it is disconnected from the main-grid, with a risk for employees and equipment connected on this, should be dealt with. The purpose of this work is the theoretical comparison of the proposed islanding control techniques, selection and simulation in ATP-EMTP of the one that is the most appropriate of them. In the first chapter the present status report of energy production from each renewable energy source and highlights the prominence and prevalence of solar energy and photovoltaics are analyzed. During the second chapter the phenomenon of islanding is described and a number of proposed techniques for detecting and preventing islanding. In the third chapter the techniques using reactive power are analyzed and the theoretical analysis of the selected RPV method is presented. In the fourth and fifth chapter the possibilities of ATP-EMTP are described, the simulation method and its results are presented. Finally the work is concluded by the results after the simulation on the selection of this particular method and the phenomenon of islanding.

Denna rapport innehåller en utredning av effektflöden på Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB:s mottagningsstationer och optimering av driftläggning för dess effektkondensatorbatterier och transformatorer. Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB har sedan 30 år haft effektkondensatorbatterier inkopplade nästan hela året och dessa behöver av åldersskäl snart bytas ut. Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB har därför behov av nya rutiner för driftläggning av effektkondensatorbatterier efter det att Svenska Kraftnät och Vattenfall AB har infört nya regler för de reaktiva effektflödena i elnätet. I utredningen om effektkondensatorbatterier har det gjorts en investeringskalkyl med tre alternativ för inköp. Alternativ 1 med central faskompensering på mottagningsstation, alternativ 2 med faskompensering på mottagningsstation kompletterat med faskompensering på abonnentstationer och alternativ 3 med lokal faskompensering på abonnentstationer.  Det framkom i utredningen att alternativ 2: Central faskompensering kompletterat med faskompensering på abonnentstationer är mest lämplig att genomföra.   Det har tidigare konstaterats att det under delar av året har varit låg belastning på några av mottagningsstationernas transformatorer. Det har aldrig utretts om det är lönsamt att stänga av den ena transformatorn under hela eller delar av året. I utredningen om driftläggning av transformatorerna på mottagningsstationerna har det beaktats tre alternativ. Ett alternativ innebär att en transformator körs i tomgång utan last och ett alternativ med en helt avstängd transformator. Det tredje alternativet är att inte göra någon förändring. I utredningen framkom det att det mest lämpliga är att inte göra någon förändring eftersom riskerna med avstängning är större än den ekonomiska vinsten på c:a 101000 SEK. / This report contains a study of power flows in Uddevalla Energi AB receiving stations and optimization of the operation control of its power capacitor batteries and transformers. For the past thirty years, Uddevalla Energi AB has employed power capacitor batteries almost all year around and these need soon to be replaced due to ageing. Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB has a need for new procedures for the operation control of the power capacitor batteries following new regulations introduced by Svenska Kraftnät and Vattenfall AB for reactive power flows on the grid. In the study of power capacitor batteries, there has been an investment calculation with three alternative purchase options. Option one is central phase compensation at the receiving station, option two is phase compensation at the receiving station supplemented with phase compensation at subscriber stations and option three is a local phase compensation at subscriber stations. The investment calculation shows that the second option: Central phase compensation supplemented with phase compensation at subscriber stations is the most favourable to implement. It has previously been found that, during certain times of the year, there has been a low load on some of the transformers of the receiving stations. It has never been investigated if it is profitable to turn off one of the transformer for the entire, or part of the year. In the investigation of the operation control of the transformers at the receiving stations, three alternatives have been considered. One alternative is that one transformer is in idle operation without load, the second alternative is that one transformer is completely turned off. The third alternative is to make no change. The study showed that the preferred alternative is to make no change, because the risks of turning off transformers are greater than the economic gain, that is approximately 101000 SEK.

Vindkraftverk ansluts idag i snabb takt till elnät runt om i världen. Elnäten är ofta inte tillräckligt dimensionerade på platser där vindkraftutbyggnad är lämplig vilket leder till ett behov av nätförstärkning. Förstärkning sker konventionellt genom att övergå till en högre spänning, något som kan vara förenat med stora kostnader och ledtider. Bland annat därför har en filosofi med beteckningen smarta elnät uppstått, som handlar om hur elnätsystemet ska se ut när det är mer anpassat till de nya energikällornas karaktär och samtidigt medför ett mer effektivt totalutnyttjande. För vindkraftverk kan det då handla om att i högre grad än idag reglera produktionen och understödja nätet, t.ex. via intelligenta kontrollsystem, kraftelektronik och energilager. I den här rapporten undersöks hur mycket vindkraft som kan anslutas till ett svagt elnät då principer för smarta elnät tillämpas och för att se om kostnaden blir lägre än anslutning via konventionella nätförstärkningsmetoder. Det svaga elnätet som studien bygger på ligger i Tidaholm. Vindkraftseffekten som ska anslutas är på 62 MW. Begränsningar i befintliga regionnätets ledningar gör att 60,3 MW kan anslutas med principer för smarta elnät, fast det finns flera skäl till att anta att den fulla mängden vindkraft går att ansluta. Detta till en kostnad som väsentligt understiger kostnaden att förstärka nätet på konventionellt sätt, kostnadsbesparingen uppgår till ca 58 % eller ca 95 Mkr.

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para enumerar soluções, que indiquem a barra e a compensação de potência reativa necessária para o sistema elétrico sob análise, que atendam aos requisitos avaliados pela função objetivo e as restrições. Nessa alocação de compensação ótima de potência reativa, obtemos as melhores barras e configurações de potências e tecnologias de dispositivos de compensação, minimizando as perdas totais de potência ativa da rede. Em redes fracas com conversores de frequência (por exemplo, para conexão de fontes renováveis, ou interligações utilizando conversores HVDC), esta metodologia proposta busca a melhor relação de curto-circuito trifásico (SCR) no ponto de conexão do conversor de frequência, melhorando a conexão da barra de interesse. O método busca soluções para alocar um único dispositivo de compensação, e soluções alocando simultaneamente dois dispositivos. A metodologia proposta baseia-se na enumeração exaustiva das soluções, e o estudo de caso nos sistemas de 14 e 30 barras do IEEE mostrou a aplicabilidade e funcionalidade da metodologia proposta. / This work proposes a methodology to enumerate solutions, which indicate the bar and the reactive power compensation required for the electrical system under analysis, that meet the requirements evaluated by the objective function and the constraints. In this allocation of optimal compensation of reactive power, we obtain the optimal bars and technologies of compensation devices, minimizing the total losses of active power of the network. In weak networks with frequency converters (e.g. for connection of renewable sources, or interconnections using HVDC converters), the proposed methodology seeks the best threephase short-circuit (SCR) relation at the connection point, improving the connection of the new generation. The method looks for solutions to allocate a single compensation device, and solutions to allocate two devices simultaneously. The proposed methodology is based on the exhaustive enumeration of the solutions. A case study carried out in the IEEE 14 and 30 bus systems shows the applicability and performance of the proposed methodology.

A Geração Distribuída no Brasil tem crescido ao longo dos anos, especialmente na fonte fotovoltaica e na categoria que a ANEEL denomina microgeração distribuída, que são centrais geradoras de energia elétrica com potência instalada menor ou igual a 75 kW e conectada na rede de distribuição por meio de instalações de unidades consumidoras. Apesar dos problemas tradicionais que podem ocorrer com a inserção em larga escala, como maiores perdas e desvios de tensão, as placas fotovoltaicas, conectadas à rede de distribuição por meio de um inversor, trazem a possibilidade de controlar a tensão no ponto de conexão, manipulando-se o fator de potência de saída do inversor, controlando a potência reativa. Neste contexto, considerando o uso dos inversores inteligentes com possibilidade de envio de sinal remotamente ao operador e a possibilidade de criação de Centros de Despacho de Geração Distribuída (CDGD), este trabalho tem por objetivo propor uma metodologia de regulação de tensão centralizada utilizando unidades de microgeração fotovoltaicas, em redes de distribuição com larga inserção. A metodologia proposta utiliza o conceito de despacho de potência reativa e fluxo de potência reativa ótimo, por meio de uma abordagem centralizada da rede, utilizando-se o software OpenDSS e MatLab, equipado com Algoritmo Genético (AG) para solucionar o problema de otimização. Para avaliar o desempenho do modelo, foram feitos estudos de caso no sistema IEEE 123 barras e em uma rede real em Alegrete. Os resultados obtidos validam a abordagem proposta, demonstra a aplicabilidade e limitações em casos reais. / The distributed generation in Brazil has increased in the past years, specially in photovoltaic power generation, at the category that Brazilian Electric Regulator ANEEL classifies as "distributed micro-generation", i.e., generation units in which the active power capacity is equal or bellow 75kW and conected on distribution network by the consumers. Despite the traditional problems that might occur due to high penetration of the units, e.g., higher losses and voltage sags and swells, they are conected to the network through an inverter that can be controlled in order to provide or consume reactive power, providing voltage regulation. In that context, considering the use of intelligent inverters that can be remotely operated by a centralized utility operator, this work aims to propose a centralized voltage regulation methodology using distributed micro-generation in distribution networks. The proposed methodology uses the concept of reactive power dispatch and optimal power flow, from a centralized view of the network, using the software MatLab and OpenDSS with Genetic Algorithm to solve the optimization problem. To evaluate the model, simulations were performed with the IEEE 123 bus system and with a real distribution network from the Alegrete city, in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The results show the proposed is valid, despite some limitations on real cases.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta três métodos para a identificação dos usuários da rede de transmissão que são beneficiados por novas ou já existentes fontes de potência reativa e, em conseqüência, a repartição do custo de capital entre eles. A metodologia para se obter os fatores de alocação de custos, aplicados aos agentes beneficiados, utiliza a análise de um conjunto de contingências de transmissão com suas respectivas probabilidades de ocorrência. Cada um dos métodos propostos utiliza um diferente critério para se medir os benefícios decorrentes da presença de equipamentos de suporte de potência reativa. Os critérios mencionados são os desvios de tensão, os cortes de carga e as injeções de potência reativa, bastante utilizados em estudos de planejamento da operação e da expansão, assim como em análise de confiabilidade de sistemas de potência. A aplicação dos métodos é ilustrada através de estudos de casos com dois sistemas, um sistema simplificado de 5 barras e o IEEE-Reliability Test System (24 barras), no qual um horizonte de três anos é considerado para se fazer a remuneração do equipamento de compensação reativa. / [en] This report presents three methods to identify the transmission consumers in power systems that take advantage of new or existent reactive power sources and, consequently, to allocate its acquisition costs among these consumers. The methodology to obtain the allocation factors, applied to each of the agents, takes into account the analysis of a transmission outages set with their respective probabilities. Each one of the proposed methods uses a different criterion to measure the benefit due to the reactive support provided by such equipments. The mentioned criteria are: voltage deviation, load shedding and reactive power injection. All these methodologies are very used in operational and expansion planning studies, as well as power systems reliability analysis. The application of the methods is shown in case studies with two systems, being the first a 5 bus simplified system and the other, the IEEE-Reliability Test System (24 buses), in which a three years horizon is considered for the reactive power compensation equipment remuneration. / [es] Este trabajo presenta tres métodos para la identificación de los usuários de la red de transmisión que se benefician con las fuentes (nuevas o existenten) de potencia reactiva y, en consecuencia, la repartición del costo de capital entre eles. Hasta aqui, lla metodología para obtener los factores de alocación de costos, aplicados a los agentes beneficiados, utiliza el análisis de un conjunto de contingencias de transmisión con sus respectivas probabilidades de ocurrencia. Cada uno de los métodos propuestos utiliza un critério diferente para medir los beneficios decorrentes de la presencia de equipamentos de soporte de potencia reactiva. Los critérios mencionados son los desvíos de tensión, los cortes de carga y las inyecciones de potencia reactiva, bastante utilizados en estudios de planificación de operación y expansión, así como en análisis de confiabilidad de sistemas de potencia. La aplicación de los métodos se ilustrada a través de estudios de casos con dos sistemas, un sistema simplificado de 5 barras y el IEE Reliability Test Systiene (24 barras), en el cual se considera un horizonte de tres años para realizar la remuneración del equipo de compensación reactiva.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:08:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 faziojunior_a_me_ilha.pdf: 1130687 bytes, checksum: 0ed224bd3a10e2686b6366e69a8f8400 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O referente trabalho de mestrado tem por finalidade avaliar as principais metodologias para o cálculo da energia elétrica, focado na Energia reativa, o qual, até o presente momento, não há um consenso geral entre os pesquisadores, referente ao melhor método para a determinação deste tipo de energia elétrica, considerando que as tensões e correntes são não-senoidais e desequilibradas. Neste contexto, varias abordagens de cálculo de potências elétricas presentes na literatura serão apresentadas, com seus respectivos métodos de cálculo e quais fatores cada uma leva em consideração, como também serão abordadas as características e o contexto em que foram desenvolvidas. As teorias serão posteriormente confrontadas entre si através de simulações por meio de alguns perfis de tensão e corrente devidamente selecionados a fim de avaliar os valores calculados pelas mesmas. Posteriormente, as teorias serão comparadas com medidores comerciais eletrônicos de energia, além de um preciso analisador de energia, o qual considera em seu cálculo, harmônicos e desequilíbrios nas tensões e correntes. Esta proposta experimental visa avaliar o erro dos cálculos referente ao padrão IEEE std. 1459, levando em consideração cada cenário de tensão e corrente (harmônicos e/ou desequilíbrios) imposto, tendo assim uma boa forma de comparação. O esforço deste trabalho visa evidenciar um comparativo entre as teorias, levando em consideração os valores medidos por medidores eletrônicos presentes na atualidade, os quais se acreditam não levar em consideração tensões não senoidais e desequilibradas. Portanto, tais métodos de calculo, considerando o cenário de ensaio proposto pelo trabalho, poderão futuramente estar presentes nos medidores eletrônicos para o correto cálculo da Energia elétrica reativa, frente ao cenário e condições atuais e futuras do Sistema de Energia elétrica / The related work aims to assess the main methodologies for the calculation of electric energy, focused on reactive power, which, until now, there is a general consensus among researchers regarding the best method for the determination of this type power, considering that the voltages and currents are non-sinusoidal and unbalanced. In this context, various approaches for calculating electric power present in the literature will be presented with their respective method of calculation and which factors each takes into account, as well as will discuss the characteristics and the context in which they were developed. The theories will be confronted then with each other through simulations using some current and voltage profiles selected in order to properly evaluate the values calculated for the same. Later, the theories will be compared with commercial electronic energy meters, and a precise energy analyzer, which includes in its calculation, harmonics and imbalances in the voltages and currents. This proposal aims to assess the experimental error of the estimates for the IEEE Std. 1459, taking into account each scenario voltage and current (harmonics and / or imbalances) tax, and thus a good way of comparison. This work effort aims to show a comparative between the theories, taking into account the values measured by electronic meters present today, which are believed not to take into account non-sinusoidal and unbalanced voltages. Therefore, such methods of calculation, considering the scenario proposed by the test work, may be present in future electronic meters for the correct calculation of Reactive Electrical Power, against the backdrop and current conditions and future of Electric Power System