International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 21, 2002 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / This paper presents the basic concept, construction principle and implementation work for the Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) system. As a part of ADS system, the ADS message processing system based on PC computer was given more attention. Furthermore, the paper introduces the ADS trial status and points out that the ADS implementation will bring tremendous economical and social efficiency.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / Dryden real-time flight simulators encompass the simulation of pulse code modulation (PCM) telemetry signals. This paper presents a new method whereby the calibration polynomial (from first to sixth order), representing the conversion from counts to engineering units (EU), is numerically inverted in real time. The result is less than onecount error for valid EU inputs. The Newton-Raphson method is used to numerically invert the polynomial. A reverse linear interpolation between the EU limits is used to obtain an initial value for the desired telemetry count. The method presented here is not new. What is new is how classical numerical techniques are optimized to take advantage of modern computer power to perform the desired calculations in real time. This technique makes the method simple to understand and implement. There are no interpolation tables to store in memory as in traditional methods. The NASA F-15 simulation converts and transmits over 1000 parameters at 80 times/sec. This paper presents algorithm development, FORTRAN code, and performance results.

A presente pesquisa realizou o estudo da confiabilidade aplicado à otimização da operação em tempo real de sistemas de abastecimento de água (SAA). Almeja-se que a otimização da operação em tempo real empregue técnicas que a tornem robusta, ou seja, que considerem as incertezas inerentes a um SAA real. Para tanto, é necessário associar ao modelo de otimização um previsor de demanda e um simulador hidráulico. O previsor produzirá estimativas de demandas futuras para o horizonte desejado, o qual alimentará o simulador, a fim de que sejam determinadas as estratégias operacionais otimizadas para atendimento das demandas previstas. Implementou-se o método de otimização AMALGAM (\"A Multialgorithm Genetically Adaptive Method\"), juntamente com as demais rotinas computacionais necessárias para integrar o simulador hidráulico (EPANET 2) e o previsor de demanda baseado na Rede Neural Dinâmica (DAN2). O modelo desenvolvido foi aplicado nos setores de abastecimento Eliana, Iguatemi e Martinez, os quais são operados pelo Departamento Autônomo de Água e Esgotos (DAAE) da cidade de Araraquara, SP. Os modelos das redes de água foram calibrados por meio de dados de vazão e carga de pressão coletados em campanhas de campo. As estratégias operacionais resultantes foram comparadas as operações praticadas pelo DAAE, resultando em reduções no custo do consumo de energia de 14%, 13% e 30% para os setores Eliana, Iguatemi e Martinez, respectivamente. / This research project proposes the study of reliability applied to real time optimization of operation of water supply network (WSN). It is desired to obtain robust real time optimization of operation through the use of adequate techniques which accounts the inherent uncertainty of a real WSN. To accomplish the task it is necessary to associate to the optimization model a demand forecaster and a hydraulic simulator. The forecaster will produce the future demand for the planning horizon to serve as input for the simulator, so it is possible to obtain the optimized operation to meet the predicted demand. It was implemented the AMALGAM (\"A Multialgorithm Genetically Adaptive Method\") to serve as optimization model as well as the necessary computational routine to link the EPANET hydraulic simulator as well as the demand forecaster based on DAN2. The developed model was applied to the sectors Eliana, Iguatemi and Martinez, which are part of the water system operated by the Autonomous Department of Water and Sewer (DAAE) of Araraquara, SP. The water network model was calibrated using data collected on field campaign to gather pressure and flow data. The optimized operation was compared to the operation from DAAE, resulting in reduction of energy consumption cost of 14%, 13% and 30% respectively for the sectors Eliana, Iguatemi and Martinez.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar novos desenvolvimentos e a evolução do conceito de manobras de paralelismo entre alimentadores aéreos primários de distribuição, bem como os efeitos eletromagnéticos provocados por manobras em tempo real, visando a segurança operacional dos equipamentos e operadores de campo. São apresentadas propostas para fechamento de subestações transformadoras de transmissão em anel, através de alimentadores aéreos primários, além de algoritmo simplificado para a operação e despacho do sistema. Uma nova metodologia de operação em tempo real foi desenvolvida através de algoritmo de viabilidade usando dados do SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). Esta metodologia de operação oferece algumas vantagens como o restabelecimento de cargas interrompidas, o isolamento de trechos defeituosos na rede de distribuição aérea, bem como o atendimento de serviços programados no sistema elétrico de potência. Para essa metodologia é feita uma análise das grandezas elétricas e capacidades dos equipamentos envolvidos, bem como dos ajustes e parâmetros dos dispositivos de proteção, de forma a obter sucesso na operação da rede em tempo real. O estudo foi baseado em manobras reais em alimentadores aéreos de distribuição da AES Eletropaulo. A validação do modelo que direcionou para o sucesso das manobras em tempo real foi baseada principalmente em simulações de transitórios eletromagnéticos, fluxo de carga e curto-circuito através dos programas ATP e CYMDIST. / This work aims to present new developments and the evolution of the parallelism switch operation concept among distribution primary overhead feeders, as well as the electromagnetic effects caused by switch operations in real time, in order to keep field operators and equipments in safety. Hereby are presented some proposals for closed-loop arrangement between two power transmission substations through overhead feeders and a simplified algorithm for the system\'s operation and dispatch as well. A new real time operation methodology was developed through viability algorithm using the SCADA\'s (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) database. This operation methodology offers some advantages such as restoration of interrupted loads, isolation of the faulty section in the overhead distribution network as well as scheduled services. For this methodology was made an analysis of the electric magnitudes and of the involved equipment capabilities, as well as the protection devices\' adjustments and parameters, so as to obtain successful in real time operation. The study was based on actual switch operations over the distribution overhead feeders of AES Eletropaulo. The validation of the model that drove to the real time switch operations success was mainly based on electromagnetic transients simulations, load flow and short-circuit in ATP (Alternative Transient Program) and CYMDIST softwares.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar novos desenvolvimentos e a evolução do conceito de manobras de paralelismo entre alimentadores aéreos primários de distribuição, bem como os efeitos eletromagnéticos provocados por manobras em tempo real, visando a segurança operacional dos equipamentos e operadores de campo. São apresentadas propostas para fechamento de subestações transformadoras de transmissão em anel, através de alimentadores aéreos primários, além de algoritmo simplificado para a operação e despacho do sistema. Uma nova metodologia de operação em tempo real foi desenvolvida através de algoritmo de viabilidade usando dados do SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). Esta metodologia de operação oferece algumas vantagens como o restabelecimento de cargas interrompidas, o isolamento de trechos defeituosos na rede de distribuição aérea, bem como o atendimento de serviços programados no sistema elétrico de potência. Para essa metodologia é feita uma análise das grandezas elétricas e capacidades dos equipamentos envolvidos, bem como dos ajustes e parâmetros dos dispositivos de proteção, de forma a obter sucesso na operação da rede em tempo real. O estudo foi baseado em manobras reais em alimentadores aéreos de distribuição da AES Eletropaulo. A validação do modelo que direcionou para o sucesso das manobras em tempo real foi baseada principalmente em simulações de transitórios eletromagnéticos, fluxo de carga e curto-circuito através dos programas ATP e CYMDIST. / This work aims to present new developments and the evolution of the parallelism switch operation concept among distribution primary overhead feeders, as well as the electromagnetic effects caused by switch operations in real time, in order to keep field operators and equipments in safety. Hereby are presented some proposals for closed-loop arrangement between two power transmission substations through overhead feeders and a simplified algorithm for the system\'s operation and dispatch as well. A new real time operation methodology was developed through viability algorithm using the SCADA\'s (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) database. This operation methodology offers some advantages such as restoration of interrupted loads, isolation of the faulty section in the overhead distribution network as well as scheduled services. For this methodology was made an analysis of the electric magnitudes and of the involved equipment capabilities, as well as the protection devices\' adjustments and parameters, so as to obtain successful in real time operation. The study was based on actual switch operations over the distribution overhead feeders of AES Eletropaulo. The validation of the model that drove to the real time switch operations success was mainly based on electromagnetic transients simulations, load flow and short-circuit in ATP (Alternative Transient Program) and CYMDIST softwares.

Commuter rail systems, operating on unused or under-used railroad rights-of-way, are being introduced into many urban transportation systems. Since locations of available rail rights-of-way were typically chosen long ago to serve the needs of rail freight customers, these locations are not optimal for commuter rail users. The majority of commuter rail users do not live or work within walking distance of potential commuter rail stations, so provision of quick, convenient access to and from stations is a critical part of overall commuter decisions to use commuter rail. Minimizing access time to rail stations and final destinations is crucial if commuter rail is to be a viable option for commuters. Well-designed feeder routes or circulator systems are regarded as potential solutions to provide train station to ultimate destination access. Transit planning for main line or feeder routes relies upon static demand estimates describing a typical day. Daily and peak-hour demands change in response to the state of the transport system, as influenced by weather, incidents, holiday schedules and many other factors. Recent marketing successes of “smart phones” might provide an innovative means of obtaining real time data that could be used to identify optimal paths and stop locations for commuter rail circulator systems. Such advanced technology could allow commuter rail users to provide real-time final destination information that would enable real time optimization of feeder routes. This dissertation focuses on real time optimization of the Commuter Rail Circulator Route Network Design Problem (CRCNDP). The route configuration of the circulator system – where to stop and the route among the stops – is determined on a real-time basis by employing adaptive Tabu Search to timely solve an MIP problem with an objective to minimize total cost incurred to both transit users and transit operators. Numerical experiments are executed to find the threshold for the minimum fraction of travelers that would need to report their destinations via smart phone to guarantee the practical value of optimization based on real-time collected demand against a base case defined as the average performance of all possible routes. The adaptive Tabu Search Algorithm is also applied to three real-size networks abstracted from the Martin Luther King (MLK) station of the new MetroRail system in Austin, Texas. / text

abstract: A model is presented for real-time, river-reservoir operation systems. It epitomizes forward-thinking and efficient approaches to reservoir operations during flooding events. The optimization/simulation includes five major components. The components are a mix of hydrologic and hydraulic modeling, short-term rainfall forecasting, and optimization and reservoir operation models. The optimization/simulation model is designed for ultimate accessibility and efficiency. The optimization model uses the meta-heuristic approach, which has the capability to simultaneously search for multiple optimal solutions. The dynamics of the river are simulated by applying an unsteady flow-routing method. The rainfall-runoff simulation uses the National Weather Service NexRad gridded rainfall data, since it provides critical information regarding real storm events. The short-term rainfall-forecasting model utilizes a stochastic method. The reservoir-operation is simulated by a mass-balance approach. The optimization/simulation model offers more possible optimal solutions by using the Genetic Algorithm approach as opposed to traditional gradient methods that can only compute one optimal solution at a time. The optimization/simulation was developed for the 2010 flood event that occurred in the Cumberland River basin in Nashville, Tennessee. It revealed that the reservoir upstream of Nashville was more contained and that an optimal gate release schedule could have significantly decreased the floodwater levels in downtown Nashville. The model is for demonstrative purposes only but is perfectly suitable for real-world application. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil Engineering 2015

A presente pesquisa realizou o estudo da confiabilidade aplicado à otimização da operação em tempo real de sistemas de abastecimento de água (SAA). Almeja-se que a otimização da operação em tempo real empregue técnicas que a tornem robusta, ou seja, que considerem as incertezas inerentes a um SAA real. Para tanto, é necessário associar ao modelo de otimização um previsor de demanda e um simulador hidráulico. O previsor produzirá estimativas de demandas futuras para o horizonte desejado, o qual alimentará o simulador, a fim de que sejam determinadas as estratégias operacionais otimizadas para atendimento das demandas previstas. Implementou-se o método de otimização AMALGAM (\"A Multialgorithm Genetically Adaptive Method\"), juntamente com as demais rotinas computacionais necessárias para integrar o simulador hidráulico (EPANET 2) e o previsor de demanda baseado na Rede Neural Dinâmica (DAN2). O modelo desenvolvido foi aplicado nos setores de abastecimento Eliana, Iguatemi e Martinez, os quais são operados pelo Departamento Autônomo de Água e Esgotos (DAAE) da cidade de Araraquara, SP. Os modelos das redes de água foram calibrados por meio de dados de vazão e carga de pressão coletados em campanhas de campo. As estratégias operacionais resultantes foram comparadas as operações praticadas pelo DAAE, resultando em reduções no custo do consumo de energia de 14%, 13% e 30% para os setores Eliana, Iguatemi e Martinez, respectivamente. / This research project proposes the study of reliability applied to real time optimization of operation of water supply network (WSN). It is desired to obtain robust real time optimization of operation through the use of adequate techniques which accounts the inherent uncertainty of a real WSN. To accomplish the task it is necessary to associate to the optimization model a demand forecaster and a hydraulic simulator. The forecaster will produce the future demand for the planning horizon to serve as input for the simulator, so it is possible to obtain the optimized operation to meet the predicted demand. It was implemented the AMALGAM (\"A Multialgorithm Genetically Adaptive Method\") to serve as optimization model as well as the necessary computational routine to link the EPANET hydraulic simulator as well as the demand forecaster based on DAN2. The developed model was applied to the sectors Eliana, Iguatemi and Martinez, which are part of the water system operated by the Autonomous Department of Water and Sewer (DAAE) of Araraquara, SP. The water network model was calibrated using data collected on field campaign to gather pressure and flow data. The optimized operation was compared to the operation from DAAE, resulting in reduction of energy consumption cost of 14%, 13% and 30% respectively for the sectors Eliana, Iguatemi and Martinez.

Traditional power plants only utilize about 30 percent of the primary energy that they consume, and the rest of the energy is usually wasted in the process of generating or transmitting electricity. On-site and near-site power generation has been considered by business, labor, and environmental groups to improve the efficiency and the reliability of power generation. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems are a promising alternative to traditional power plants because of the high efficiency and low CO2 emission achieved by recovering waste thermal energy produced during power generation. A CHP operational algorithm designed to optimize operational costs must be relatively simple to implement in practice such as to minimize the computational requirements from the hardware to be installed. This dissertation focuses on the following aspects pertaining the design of a practical CHP operational algorithm designed to minimize the operational costs: (a) real-time CHP operational strategy using a hierarchical optimization algorithm; (b) analytic solutions for cost-optimal power generation unit operation in CHP Systems; (c) modeling of reciprocating internal combustion engines for power generation and heat recovery; (d) an easy to implement, effective, and reliable hourly building load prediction algorithm.

Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CHP) systems have been widely recognized as a key alternative for electric and thermal energy generation because of their outstanding energy efficiency, reduced environmental emissions, and relative independence from centralized power grids. The systems provide simultaneous onsite or near-site electric and thermal energy generation in a single, integrated package. As CHP becomes increasingly popular worldwide and its total capacity increases rapidly, the research on the topics of CHP performance assessment, design, and operational strategy become increasingly important. Following this trend of research activities to improve energy efficiency, environmental emissions, and operational cost, this dissertation focuses on the following aspects: (a) performance evaluation of a CHP system using a transient simulation model; (b) development of a dynamic simulation model of a power generation unit that can be effectively used in transient simulations of CHP systems; (c) investigation of real-time operation of CHP systems based on optimization with respect to operational cost, primary energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions; and (d) development of optimal supervisory feedorward control that can provide realistic real-time operation of CHP systems with electric and thermal energy storages using short-term weather forecasting. The results from a transient simulation of a CHP system show that technical and economical performance can be readily evaluated using the transient model and that the design, component selection, and control of a CHP system can be improved using this model. The results from the case studies using optimal real-time operation strategies demonstrate that CHP systems with an energy dispatch algorithm have the potential to yield savings in operational cost, primary energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions with respect to a conventional HVAC system. Finally, the results from the case study using a supervisory feedorward control system illustrate that optimal realistic real-time operation of CHP systems with electric and thermal energy storages can be managed by this optimal control using weather forecasting information.