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The eight experiments reported in this thesis are designed to investigate the idea that in verbal short-term memory (STM) material decays over time and this decay is prevented by rehearsal. It follows that the capacity of STM when measured in words should be inversely proportional to the time taken to rehearse the words. Consequently, subjects should be able to recall more short duration words than long duration words. In contrast to this hypothesis is the idea that the capacity of STM is a fixed number of chunks, where chunks are a structural characteristic of the material. The first four experiments are designed so that these alternative hypotheses produce conflicting predictions and, in all cases, the hypotheses derived from decay theory are supported. It is shown that serial recall performance is very well predicted by the time taken to say the words and that the relationship between word duration and recall is of the type predicted by decay theory. The second set of experiments are based on the assumption that both STM and long-term memory (LTM) contribute to performance in serial recall tasks. The purpose of the experiments is to determine whether it is the STM or LTM component that is sensitive to word duration. It is predicted, in line with a decay theory of forgetting in STM, that the STM component is sensitive to word duration. The experiments are designed to produce sizable contributions from both stores in order to test this hypothesis. The results support the hypothesis in showing that variables known to affect STM, such as acoustic similarity, interact with word duration, while variables known to affect LTM, such as repeated presentations of the same list, show no such interaction. The results are interpreted in terms of decay theory and the different versions of this theory that have been proposed are considered. It is concluded that while no version of the theory is completely adequate, there is no evidence that invalidates the central assumptions, viz. that in STM items are forgotten by decay and that one of the functions of rehearsal is to prevent this decay.

The purpose of this study was to test two hypotheses concerning reminiscence in old age. Reminiscence has been found to be an adaptive mechanism relating to freedom from clinical depression and to a reduced discrepancy between present and past self-concepts in the face of an experimental social threat (Mc Mahon and Rhudick, 1964; Lewis, 1971). Disengagement theory (Cumming and Henry, 1961) proposes that reminiscence is adaptive because it is a defense mechanism which protects the individual from decreasing physical capacities and lack of reinforcement from society.

This thesis investigates theoretical propositions of Beck (1996), Epstein (1987), and Young (1999) that suggest maladaptive schemas operating as deep unconscious cognitions are intrinsically linked to the psychological health and wellbeing of the individual. To date, research on psychological health has mainly used self-report measures that focus on conscious processes. The primary aim of this thesis was to explore particular maladaptive schemas that purportedly operate unconsciously and to examine their relationship with self-reported psychological dysfunction. Bruhn�s (1990a) Cognitive Perceptual Theory of early childhood memories was employed as a vehicle to access schemas deemed outside of conscious awareness. These unconscious schemas were investigated in conjunction with current self-reported maladaptive schemas in Study 1 and psychological symptoms in Study 2. The participants in Study 1 comprised 249 undergraduate first year psychology students. There were 198 women and 50 men with a mean age of 22 years who were asked to write down four early childhood memories. The first two memories were spontaneous in order to reveal the most pressing underlying schemas. The next two early memories requested were relating to mother and to father, to gain schema information about relationship dynamics. The participants then filled out the short-form of Young�s (1998) Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S). Independent raters coded the memories for Young�s (1994) Early Maladaptive Schemas, and Last and Bruhn�s (1992) Object Relations categories of �Perceptions of Others�, �Perceptions of the Self�, �Perception of Environment�, and �Degree of Interpersonal Contact�, and �Individual Distinctiveness�. Polyserial correlations indicated that there were significant relationships between maladaptive schemas represented in early memories and self-reported maladaptive schemas. However, the lack of maladaptive schemas in memories being linked to the same maladaptive schemas that were being self-reported, suggested that the schemas represented in memories were tapping into a different source of information than conscious self-reports. A Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) was performed with the sample divided into three groups (low, medium and high YSQ-S scorers). The results showed that maladaptive schemas identified in early memories that corresponded to Young�s (1990) �Disconnection and Rejection� domain and, Last and Bruhn�s (1992) Object Relations theme of �Perceiving the Environment as Unsafe�, were significant predictors of people in the group with high levels of self-reported maladaptive schemas. These variables also differentiated people in the high group from those in the low group at a greater rate than chance (33 percent). Fifty�six percent of people were correctly allocated to the high group on the basis of representations of these particular schemas in their memories. When only the low and high groups were analysed, using individual schemas rather than domains, �Mistrust/Abuse�, �Social Isolation�, �Emotional Deprivation� and �Subjugation� schemas in the first analysis and �Perceptions of the Environment as Unsafe� in the second analysis were found to be significant predictors. These predictors correctly classified 70 percent of cross-validated cases in the high groups in both analyses. For Study 2, the participants comprised 278 undergraduate first year psychology students. There were 65 men and 206 women with a mean age of 22 years who provided accounts of four early childhood memories as in Study 1. They also completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis, 1993). As with Study 1, the accounts of the completed early childhood memories were coded by independent raters who examined the memories for Young�s (1994) Maladaptive Schemas and Last and Bruhn�s (1992) Object Relations categories. Additionally, following each memory, the participants rated their memories using Hermans and Hermans-Jansen�s (1995) list of Affect Terms. The sample was divided into three groups on the basis of the General Severity Index [GSI] scores (low, medium and high scorers) that were derived from the BSI (Derogatis, 1993). A Discriminant Function Analysis showed that maladaptive schemas identified in the memories that corresponded to Young�s (1990) �Disconnection and Rejection� domain were significant predictors of people in the group with high levels of self-reported psychological symptoms (Derogatis, 1993). Fifty percent of people (which is greater than the chance rate of 33 percent) were correctly predicted as belonging to the high group on the basis of representations of schemas from this domain. In another DFA analysis that used individual schemas instead of domains, �Abandonment� and �Insufficient Self-Control�, together with �Perceiving the Environment to be safe� and �Negative Affect�, were found to be significant predictors that correctly allocated 58 percent of people into the high GSI group. Further analysis using only the low and high groups resulted in 83 percent of people in the high group being correctly identified on the basis of representations of �Abandonment�, �Insufficient Self-Control� and �Perceiving the Environment to be safe�. These results endorse the relevance of the relationships among an underlying sense of abandonment and insufficient self-control with high levels of psychological symptoms of distress. Taken together, the findings from both studies support the theoretical proposition that schemas residing outside of conscious awareness can have a pervasive link with psychological health and wellbeing. A particularly important discovery was that a relatively small number of schemas centered around perceptions of �Disconnection and Rejection� from others, that were operating unconsciously, were significantly linked to people in both studies who reported a wide range of psychological difficulties. It was concluded that investigating object relations, affect, and Young�s (1990) maladaptive schemas in early memories, is an efficient and possibly essential method of gaining information that may otherwise not be obtained from self-report measures exclusively. Consequently, in therapy, maladaptive schemas associated with disconnection and rejection represented in clients� early childhood memories can be viewed as very important unconscious schemas to examine. This is especially necessary given that these schemas may not be consciously accessed or easily articulated by clients, and yet seem to be intrinsically linked to a range of conscious psychological difficulties.

Thesis--Gothenburg. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. 185-193).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2003. / Advisor: Dr. Colleen M. Kelley, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Mar. 2, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, June, 2009. / Release of full electronic text on OhioLINK has been delayed until June 1, 2011 Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-181)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, June, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. Release of full electronic text on OhioLINK has been delayed until June 1, 2011 Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-181)

Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 17, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. Nelson Cowan. Includes bibliographical references.

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