The performance of flocculants used in the solid-liquid separation of red mud is often compromised by the methods used to mix the fast acting polymers into the slurry. A simple model of the relationship between flocculant performance and intensity of mixing is proposed and a device for mixing flocculant and slurry has been developed on the basis of the model.The intensity of mixing at the point of distributing the flocculant into the slurry is arguably the most important variable influencing the final flocculant performance. This relationship is established using data from flocculation tests in an agitated tank. The flocculant performance is monitored using an optical sensor and the settling rate of the solid-liquid interface is used as a comparison for the optical sensor. The difficulties, errors and merits of the optical sensor to study the flocculation of red mud and automatic control of flocculation processes are also assessed.The mixing device is connected to a pipe for flocculation tests with red mud. For the tests carried out, a high level of flocculation was recorded.The mixing device combines the flocculant and slurry as thin annular jets directed into one another. The opening for the slurry jet can be altered to provide a variation of the mixing that is achieved. The capability of the device to mix rapidly has been assessed using the diazo coupling reactions between l-naphthol and diazotised sulphanilic acid in alkaline, aqueous solution at room temperature. Variables studied included flow rate and slurry jet opening. Better mixing was indicated at higher flow rates and at reduced jet opening. The use of the diazo coupling reactions for studying micromixing is also assessed.

Orientador: Fabiano Tomazini da Conceição / Banca: Maria Lucia Pereira Antunes / Banca: Carlos Alfredo Suárez / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar as propriedades da lama vermelha brasileira natural, tratada termicamente a 400ºC e tratada quimicamente por ácido clorídrico (HCI) e nitrato de cálcio (Ca(NO3)2), e avaliar a sua capacidade de adsorção de níquel (Nr2+) e zinco (Zn2+) em soluções aquosas. A influência da variação do pH no processo de adsorção foi analisada, encontrando-se o pH 7, dentre os valores estudados, como o ideal para a adsorção. Também foram realizados testes de adsorção com variação da concentração inicial de Nr2+ e Zn2+, em pH 5-5,5; a partir dos quais foram elaboradas isotermas de adsorção ajustadas pelos modelos de Freundlich e Langmuir. Como resultado, percebeu-se que a lama vermelha é um adsorvente efetivo de Nr2+ e Zn2+, sendo a lama ativada termicamente a que apresentou maior capacidade de adsorção para ambos os metais, tendo sido encontrados os valores de 1,86 mmol/g para o Nr2+ e 1,43 mmol/g para o Zn2+. Além disso, o tempo de equlíbrio de sete horas foi encontrado e a cinética da reação foi estudada por meio dos modelos de pseudo-primeira ordem, pseudo-segunda ordem, Elovich e difusão intrapartículas, em pH 5-5,5. Concluiu-se que a reação de adsorção seguiu o modelo sde pseudo-segunda ordem. Também foram realizados estudos de termodinâmica, em pH 5-5,5, indicando que a reação de adsorção é endotérmica e que os metais possuem afinidade com a lma vermelha. Sendo assim, pode-se concluir que a lama vermelha tem potencial para ser utilizada como um adsorvente de baixo custo de aquisição para o tratamento de efluentes contaminados por metais / Abstract: This study aimed to characterize the properties of natural Brazilian red mud, heat treated red mud at 400ºC and chemically treated red mud by hydrochloric acid (HCI) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and evaluate its adsorption capacity for nickel (Nr2+) and zinc (Zn2+) in aqueous. Influence of pH variation in adsorption process was analyzed, finding pH 7, among studied values, as the ideal for adsorption. Also adsorption tests varying Nr2+ and Zn2+ initial concentrations were performed, at pH 5-5,5, and adsorption isotherms adjusted by Freundlich and Langmuir models were prepared. As a result, red mud was considered an effective Nr2+ and Zn2+ adsorbent. The thermally activated red mud showed the highest adsorption capacity for both metals, presenting maximum adsorption values of 1.86 mmol/g for Nr2+ and 1.43 mmol/g for Zn2+. Furthermore, the equilibration time of seven hours was found and pseudo -first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models were used to study the kinetics, at pH 5-5,5. The results showed reaction of adsorption followed the pseudo-second order model. Also thermodynamic studies, at pH 5-5,5, were conducted, which indicated adsorption reaction is endothermic and the metals have affinity to red mud. Thus, it was concluded that red mud has potential to be used as an adsorbent of low acquisition cost for treatment of effluents contaminated by metals / Mestre

Orientador: Maria Lúcia Pereira Antunes / Banca: Marcio Alexandre Marques / Banca: José Lázaro Ferraz / Resumo: A geração de resíduos de mineração, sempre foi considerada um potencial risco ao meio ambiente, sendo de suma importância encontrar soluções alternativas de aproveitamento e valorização dos mesmos, com o objetivo de minimizar a disponibilidade no meio ambiente e atribuir novas funções para este tipo de material. O Brasil é um grande produtor de bauxita, sendo classificado entre os primeiros produtores desse mineral no mundo, porém o seu processamento gera um resíduo bastante alcalino denominado lama vermelha. Neste trabalho, foram determinadas propriedades físicas e químicas da lama vermelha total e de sua fração areia, obtida por peneiramento. Para isso foram feitas análises por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia de Dispersão de Energia (EDS), Fluorescência de Raios-X (FRX) e massa específica pela técnica de picnometria. Através desses resultados pode-se concluir que é possível através de uma técnica simples, segregar diferentes composições químicas elementares desse resíduo, como Si, Fe, Na e Ca. Atrelados à separação granulométrica, os resultados de massa específica mostram que a fração areia é mais densa e destaca-se também que cerca de 96% da massa da lama vermelha aqui estudada encontra-se nessa fração granulométrica. Também foi possível verificar a viabilidade de se utilizar esse resíduo e sua fração areia para produzir revestimentos em ligas de alumínio 1200, através de oxidação eletrolítica assistida por plasma (PEO). Dependendo das condições d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The generation of mining waste has always been conducted as a potential risk to the environment, and the amount of residual resources is the option of utilization and valorization, with the aim of minimizing the environment and new functions for this type of material. Brazil is a major producer of bauxite, being classified among the first producers of this mineral in the world, but its processing generates a rather alkaline residue called red mud. In this work, the physical and chemical properties of the total red mud and its sand fraction obtained by sieving were determined. For this, analyzes were performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Fluorescence (FRX) and specific mass by the technique of pycnometry. Through these results it can be concluded that it is possible through a simple technique to segregate different elementary chemical compositions of this residue, such as Si, Fe, Na and Ca. The results show that the sand fraction is denser and that 96% of the mass of the red mud studied here is in this granulometric fraction. In this work, it was also possible to verify the viability of using this residue and its sand fraction to produce coatings in aluminum alloys 1200, through plasma assisted electrolytic oxidation (PEO). Depending on the deposition conditions, such as concentration (5g/ L and 10 g/L) and deposition time (300, 600 and 900 seconds), the coatings provide different physical and chemical characteristics and ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Red mud is a waste product of alumina production and has an adverse effect on environment. About 90 million tonnes of red mud are produced annually throughout the world and little is recycled for useful applications. The world nickel reserves consist of approximately 30% sulphide ores and 70% oxide ores. Despite the relative abundance of oxide ores, 55% of nickel and nickel alloys produced today are derived from sulphide ores. However, with the production of nickel and its alloys from low-grade oxide ores becoming increasingly important, a major concern is high sulphur level in the resultant alloy. For this reason, desulphurization of the ferronickel becomes an important consideration. In the present study, experiments were conducted to determine if red mud could be used as a major ingredient of custom designed fluxes for the desulphurization of ferronickel alloy. Factors investigated included desulphurization rates, contact angle measurements and flux-refractory interactions.

Red mud is a waste product of alumina production and has an adverse effect on environment. About 90 million tonnes of red mud are produced annually throughout the world and little is recycled for useful applications. The world nickel reserves consist of approximately 30% sulphide ores and 70% oxide ores. Despite the relative abundance of oxide ores, 55% of nickel and nickel alloys produced today are derived from sulphide ores. However, with the production of nickel and its alloys from low-grade oxide ores becoming increasingly important, a major concern is high sulphur level in the resultant alloy. For this reason, desulphurization of the ferronickel becomes an important consideration. In the present study, experiments were conducted to determine if red mud could be used as a major ingredient of custom designed fluxes for the desulphurization of ferronickel alloy. Factors investigated included desulphurization rates, contact angle measurements and flux-refractory interactions.

Long term storage of bauxite residue materials requires a capping stratum which will limit erosion while stabilizing slopes, limit deep infiltration of water into storage piles, and be aesthetically acceptable to the surrounding community. A diverse native vegetative community capable of surviving seasonal drought, low plant available water and nutrient constraints has the best potential of satisfying most, if not all of these requirements. Current and past rehabilitation of residue disposal areas (RDAs) using species native to southwest Western Australia has exhibited varying success. Current practices at Alcoa World Alumina Australia’s (Alcoa) Western Australia refineries have bauxite residue fines (< 150 ìm) stored within impoundments, in which the outer embankments are constructed with bauxite residue sands (> 150 ìm). The residue sands are also used as the growth media in the capping stratum for vegetation establishment on the disposal sites. Despite the inherently hostile properties of residue sand (pH > 10, EC(1:5) > 4 dS m-1, and ESP > 50), reductions in alkalinity (pH), salinity (EC) and sodicity (ESP) are corrected, through freshwater leaching, to a greater extent than is possible with residue fines. Although leaching can reduce the hostile character of residue sand, additions of phosphogypsum are typically added to expedite the removal of Na and alkalinity, and inorganic fertilizers are incorporated to improve the nutrient status of the growth media. However, due to the inconsistencies in vegetation establishment, which are attributed to poor water retention, inherent nutrient deficiencies and rapid loss of nutrients within residue sands (because of high hydraulic conductivity), further amendments are required. The aim of this study was to determine if amending the residue sand capping layer with residue fines would enhance its overall growth potential for vegetation establishment. Additions of fines to residue sands were predicted to increase water retention, add nutrients and increase the ability of the growth media to retain nutrients. Comparisons were made between the treated residue fines (seawater washed, carbonated, or unaltered) at a series of fines additions (1 - 20 % w/w) and a control(residue sand) amended with 2% (w/w) phosphogypsum and inorganic fertilizer. Comparisons were to determine the differences in 1) water retention, 2) nutrient concentrations and nutrient retention, and 3) plant growth responses and plant biomass nutrient concentrations between the growth media treatments. Four experiments were set up to measure differences in these variables which included: a glasshouse study involving the growth of Acacia saligna; a germination and emergence study (A.saligna); a two year field study in Western Australia; and a glasshouse column leaching study. Water retention increased with increasing percentage of residue fines addition. Plant available water (PAW) increased up to 110 %, with a 20 % increase in fines, representing an increase of 0.026 m3 PAW m-3 residue growth media, when compared to the residue sand only. This increase in PAW was attributed to changes in pore space distributions, due to the increasing fines contents altering the sandy texture to loamy sand texture class. However, initially much of this increase in PAW may not be realized, due to estimated temporary increases in osmotic potential associated with the high salt contents of residue sand and fines. Fines materials have much greater salt contents, and thus need to be leached to a greater extent than sands to remove the associated osmotic potential effects. Essential plant nutrients (P, K, S, Ca, Mg, and B) were increased with additions of residue fines in the glasshouse studies, although many nutrients (Mg, Zn, Mn and B) were still marginal for sustainable plant growth and development. Seawater treated residue fines additions produced the greatest increases in growth media nutrients with substantial increases in soluble (> 7 mg L-1) and exchangeable (> 0.10 cmolc kg-1) Mg, being up to 400 % greater than all other treatments. Along with these necessary nutrients, concentrations of Na were also increased in all fines additions treatments. Added Na may offset the benefits of fines additions, at least in the short term, due to inhibitions of cation uptake from Na competition. However, in the column leaching study soluble and exchangeable Na was lost rapidly from the profile, due to Ca and K displacement of Na from exchange sites during leaching. Soluble Na was removed from the profile to < 5 % of initial concentrations, after only three pore volumes of leaching, and exchangeable Na was removed from charge sites to less than 25 % of the initial concentration. Fines additions did increase concentrations of Mg and K on exchange sites, thus reflecting increased nutrient retention capacity relative to that in residue sand only. Plant growth responses and plant biomass nutrient concentrations were altered with the additions of residue fines to residue sands. The germination and emergence study demonstrated that the emergence of native seedlings was affected by additions of fines, due to the increased salinity and sodicity of the materials. Acacia saligna seedling emergence was inhibited by EC(1:5) > 2 dS m-1, which was highly correlated with a Na/Ca ratio of > 40, for all treatments, except the seawater fines additions. Seeds sown in seawater treatments emerged from growth media with EC(1:5) as high as 3.33 dS m-1 and appeared to be better correlated with Ca/Mg ratios than any other variable. Native vegetation growth responses showed mixed results in fines treated residues in the field. In the greenhouse study, plant growth tended to decrease with fines additions. Poor plant growth with increasing fines additions occurred despite the increased water retention and increased nutrients. This was attributed to the addition of Na associated with the residue fines, as increases in Na, EC and ESP in fines treatments all appear to have limited growth of Acacia saligna in the glasshouse over three months. Seawater fines additions had elevated Mg and B concentrations in plant biomass, and performed better than the carbonated or unaltered fines treatments, but still had reduced growth compared to the residue sand, which contained lower Na concentrations. Additional plant growth limitations may have occurred, due to possible plant nutrient deficiencies including: Mg, Zn, Mn and B and Na toxicity. Incorporation of residue fines into residue sands did increase water retention, nutrient concentrations and the nutrient retention capacity, but did not enhance the overall growth potential for vegetation, at least in the short term. Reductions in germination and emergence of seedlings and reduced plant growth were attributed to increases in Na concentrations introduced from the fines. Seawater washed residue fines had lower ESP and greater concentrations of nutrients, thus reducing the negative impacts from the additional Na introduced, and showed the greatest promise as a fines amendment. As leaching occurs over the first few initial months of rehabilitation, it is expected that the majority of the Na will be removed, from a system with an addition of 5 to 10 % fines, and the positive benefits of the fines additions will than be realized. Findings also illustrate that delaying the planting of vegetation on RDAs, until adequate leaching has occurred to reduce the Na concentrations, will substantially increase vegetation emergence and establishment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-13T13:27:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-09-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-01-13T13:33:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000855240.pdf: 3017456 bytes, checksum: f98d71e59e31894f8bb00ea66b528f69 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar as propriedades da lama vermelha brasileira natural, tratada termicamente a 400ºC e tratada quimicamente por ácido clorídrico (HCI) e nitrato de cálcio (Ca(NO3)2), e avaliar a sua capacidade de adsorção de níquel (Nr2+) e zinco (Zn2+) em soluções aquosas. A influência da variação do pH no processo de adsorção foi analisada, encontrando-se o pH 7, dentre os valores estudados, como o ideal para a adsorção. Também foram realizados testes de adsorção com variação da concentração inicial de Nr2+ e Zn2+, em pH 5-5,5; a partir dos quais foram elaboradas isotermas de adsorção ajustadas pelos modelos de Freundlich e Langmuir. Como resultado, percebeu-se que a lama vermelha é um adsorvente efetivo de Nr2+ e Zn2+, sendo a lama ativada termicamente a que apresentou maior capacidade de adsorção para ambos os metais, tendo sido encontrados os valores de 1,86 mmol/g para o Nr2+ e 1,43 mmol/g para o Zn2+. Além disso, o tempo de equlíbrio de sete horas foi encontrado e a cinética da reação foi estudada por meio dos modelos de pseudo-primeira ordem, pseudo-segunda ordem, Elovich e difusão intrapartículas, em pH 5-5,5. Concluiu-se que a reação de adsorção seguiu o modelo sde pseudo-segunda ordem. Também foram realizados estudos de termodinâmica, em pH 5-5,5, indicando que a reação de adsorção é endotérmica e que os metais possuem afinidade com a lma vermelha. Sendo assim, pode-se concluir que a lama vermelha tem potencial para ser utilizada como um adsorvente de baixo custo de aquisição para o tratamento de efluentes contaminados por metais / This study aimed to characterize the properties of natural Brazilian red mud, heat treated red mud at 400ºC and chemically treated red mud by hydrochloric acid (HCI) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and evaluate its adsorption capacity for nickel (Nr2+) and zinc (Zn2+) in aqueous. Influence of pH variation in adsorption process was analyzed, finding pH 7, among studied values, as the ideal for adsorption. Also adsorption tests varying Nr2+ and Zn2+ initial concentrations were performed, at pH 5-5,5, and adsorption isotherms adjusted by Freundlich and Langmuir models were prepared. As a result, red mud was considered an effective Nr2+ and Zn2+ adsorbent. The thermally activated red mud showed the highest adsorption capacity for both metals, presenting maximum adsorption values of 1.86 mmol/g for Nr2+ and 1.43 mmol/g for Zn2+. Furthermore, the equilibration time of seven hours was found and pseudo -first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models were used to study the kinetics, at pH 5-5,5. The results showed reaction of adsorption followed the pseudo-second order model. Also thermodynamic studies, at pH 5-5,5, were conducted, which indicated adsorption reaction is endothermic and the metals have affinity to red mud. Thus, it was concluded that red mud has potential to be used as an adsorbent of low acquisition cost for treatment of effluents contaminated by metals / FAPESP: 13/00994-6

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-13T13:27:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-07-28. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-01-13T13:33:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000854134.pdf: 8399022 bytes, checksum: bc2f92bd7367204e3fca051d693b92ae (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A lama vermelha é um resíduo alcalino do processo Bayer, sendo descartada pela indústria e oferencendo riscos ambientais. Ela é rica em óxidos de Al, Ca, Si, Fe e Ti e por suas características tem sido estudada em diferentes áreas. Recentemente, alguns estudos apontaram seu uso como revestimento de metais. A oxidação eletrolítica assistida por plasma (PEO) vem se destacando por ser empregado industrialmente, uma vez que essa técnica permite o revestimento de paças de qualquer geometria, podendo revestir peças externa e internamente, além de não utilizar compostos nocivos ao meio ambiente. Assim, por suas propriedades, neste estudo a lama vermelha foi utilizada para a fabricação de revestimentos em liga de alumínio 5052 através de PEO, visando a proteção contra desgaste mecânico e também à valorização deste resíduo. O planejamento de experimentos seguiu o fatorial 2, onde foram variados os parâmetros de frequencia (200 e 300 Hz), tempo de deposição (10 e 20 minutos) e concentração da solução eletrolítica composta por lama vermelha (1 e 5 g/L). A voltagem foi mantida constante e com valor de 600 V para todas as deposições, o ciclo de trabalho foi de 60% também para todas as deposições. Reusos da solução também foram estudados. A lama vermelha foi analisada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Espectroscopia de Dispersão de Energia (MEV/EDS), Difratometria de Raios-X (DRX) e Espectroscopia no Infravermelho (FTIR). Os revestimentos foram analisados por MEV/EDS, DRX, FTIR, rugosidade, molhabilidade, energia de superfície, corrente parasita e ensaio de desgaste por pino-sobre-disco. A lama vermelha apresentou ser composta por C, O, Na, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, S e P, nas fases de rutilo, hematita, magnetita, goetita, gibbsita, quartzo, óxido de silício, alumina, caolinita, sodalita e calcita. Os revestimentos apresentaram O, Mg, Na, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, S e P. As fases de alumínio metálico, alumina... / Red mud is an alkaline residue of Bayer process, discarded by industry, which can contaminate groundwater and surface water, beyond the risk of containment burst. It contains Al, Ca, Si, Fe and Ti oxides and for its characteristics has been studied in different areas. Recently, some studies have reported its use as a metal couting. Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) is an emerging tecnique highly employed in industry for external ans internal recovery, once this technique allows the recovery of any geometry and being no environmental harmful. Thus, for its characteristics, red mud was studied as 5052 aluminum alloy coating through the plasma electrolytic deposition technique, to protect against wear, and also to add value to this residue. The design of experiments followed the factorial 2, where the following parameters were varied: frequency (200 and 300 Hz), deposition time (10 and 20 minutes) and concentration of the electrolyte solution, composed of red mud (1 and 5 g/L). The voltage voltage was kept constant at 600 V for all depositions, the duty cycle was 60% for all depositions as well. Red mud was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy Energy Dispersive (SEM/EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). This coating were analyzed by SEM/EDS, XRD, FTIR, roughness, wettability, surface energy, eddy current and wear testing with pin-on-disk. Red mud consists of C, O, Na, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, S and P, in rutile, hematite, magnetite, goethite, gibbsite, quartz, silicon oxide, alumina, kaolinite, sodalite and calcite phases. The coatings are composed of O, Mg, Na, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, S and P. The phases of metallic aluminum, allumina, iron, titanium, spinel and iron titanium were identified. Although, in two series, alpha alumina may have occurred. The FTIR analysis showed presence of Al-O, Si-O, Si-Al-O, O-H and Fe-O bondings. The coatings increased the roughness of the substrate, ranging from 0.33...

Orientador: Maria Lúcia Pereira Antunes / Banca: José Antônio da Silva Souza / Banca: Nilson Cristino da Cruz / Resumo: A lama vermelha é um resíduo alcalino do processo Bayer, sendo descartada pela indústria e oferencendo riscos ambientais. Ela é rica em óxidos de Al, Ca, Si, Fe e Ti e por suas características tem sido estudada em diferentes áreas. Recentemente, alguns estudos apontaram seu uso como revestimento de metais. A oxidação eletrolítica assistida por plasma (PEO) vem se destacando por ser empregado industrialmente, uma vez que essa técnica permite o revestimento de paças de qualquer geometria, podendo revestir peças externa e internamente, além de não utilizar compostos nocivos ao meio ambiente. Assim, por suas propriedades, neste estudo a lama vermelha foi utilizada para a fabricação de revestimentos em liga de alumínio 5052 através de PEO, visando a proteção contra desgaste mecânico e também à valorização deste resíduo. O planejamento de experimentos seguiu o fatorial 2, onde foram variados os parâmetros de frequencia (200 e 300 Hz), tempo de deposição (10 e 20 minutos) e concentração da solução eletrolítica composta por lama vermelha (1 e 5 g/L). A voltagem foi mantida constante e com valor de 600 V para todas as deposições, o ciclo de trabalho foi de 60% também para todas as deposições. Reusos da solução também foram estudados. A lama vermelha foi analisada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Espectroscopia de Dispersão de Energia (MEV/EDS), Difratometria de Raios-X (DRX) e Espectroscopia no Infravermelho (FTIR). Os revestimentos foram analisados por MEV/EDS, DRX, FTIR, rugosidade, molhabilidade, energia de superfície, corrente parasita e ensaio de desgaste por pino-sobre-disco. A lama vermelha apresentou ser composta por C, O, Na, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, S e P, nas fases de rutilo, hematita, magnetita, goetita, gibbsita, quartzo, óxido de silício, alumina, caolinita, sodalita e calcita. Os revestimentos apresentaram O, Mg, Na, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, S e P. As fases de alumínio metálico, alumina... / Abstract: Red mud is an alkaline residue of Bayer process, discarded by industry, which can contaminate groundwater and surface water, beyond the risk of containment burst. It contains Al, Ca, Si, Fe and Ti oxides and for its characteristics has been studied in different areas. Recently, some studies have reported its use as a metal couting. Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) is an emerging tecnique highly employed in industry for external ans internal recovery, once this technique allows the recovery of any geometry and being no environmental harmful. Thus, for its characteristics, red mud was studied as 5052 aluminum alloy coating through the plasma electrolytic deposition technique, to protect against wear, and also to add value to this residue. The design of experiments followed the factorial 2, where the following parameters were varied: frequency (200 and 300 Hz), deposition time (10 and 20 minutes) and concentration of the electrolyte solution, composed of red mud (1 and 5 g/L). The voltage voltage was kept constant at 600 V for all depositions, the duty cycle was 60% for all depositions as well. Red mud was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy Energy Dispersive (SEM/EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). This coating were analyzed by SEM/EDS, XRD, FTIR, roughness, wettability, surface energy, eddy current and wear testing with pin-on-disk. Red mud consists of C, O, Na, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, S and P, in rutile, hematite, magnetite, goethite, gibbsite, quartz, silicon oxide, alumina, kaolinite, sodalite and calcite phases. The coatings are composed of O, Mg, Na, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, S and P. The phases of metallic aluminum, allumina, iron, titanium, spinel and iron titanium were identified. Although, in two series, alpha alumina may have occurred. The FTIR analysis showed presence of Al-O, Si-O, Si-Al-O, O-H and Fe-O bondings. The coatings increased the roughness of the substrate, ranging from 0.33... / Mestre

A questão ambiental é um tema muito importante em nossos dias, é por isso que muitas empresas têm interesse em valorizar seus resíduos, seja para minimizar custos ou para vender um produto que pode ser usado como matéria-prima em outras indústrias. O estabelecimento de uma legislação mais rigorosa sobre o destino final dos resíduos sólidos tem sido acompanhado, de uma progressiva rejeição das disposições tradicionalmente aceitas. Por isso é necessário estudar novas alternativas para a disposição de resíduos industriais e pesquisar algumas aplicações para transformá-los em materiais com um valor agregado. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a incorporação de dois resíduos em massas cerâmicas: lodo gerado no processo de tratamento de esgoto doméstico e lama vermelha (resíduo do processo Bayer de produção de alumina). Além desses resíduos foram empregadas umas argilas que são usadas na fabricação de materiais de cerâmica vermelha. Tanto os resíduos como as argilas tiveram sua composição mineralógica caracterizada por difração de raios X (DRX) e composição química por fluorescência de raios X (FRX). Esses resíduos foram misturados com argila e foram produzidas massas cerâmicas para avaliar seu desempenho nas propriedades fundamentais (resistência mecânica à flexão, densidade aparente, porosidade e absorção de água). Os corpos de prova foram conformados por prensagem uniaxial (25 MPa, 60×20×~4 mm³), e foram estudadas várias composições e duas temperaturas de queima (950°C e 1050°C), temperaturas usuais de queima em produtos de Cerâmica Vermelha. Alguns dos resultados obtidos cumprem com os parâmetros exigidos para a fabricação de diferentes tipos de produtos cerâmicos como tijolos, telhas e revestimentos cerâmicos. / Nowadays the environmental protection is an important matter. For that reason many companies are concerned about giving value to their residues, either to minimize operation costs or to sell raw material to other industries. With more restrictive legislation about wastes management, the traditional disposals are being rejected. Therefore, it is necessary to study new alternatives of final disposal and research new applications to transform industrial wastes into added-value products. This work aims to study the incorporation of two industrial wastes in ceramic materials; sewage sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant and red mud (a by-product of the Bayer process to produce alumina). In addition to those residues, it was used two local clays that are usually incorporated in ceramic bricks. Both residues as well as the clay were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The residues and the clay were mixed, and prismatic probes were conformed to evaluate their technological properties (bending resistance, bulk density, porosity and water absorption). The ceramic probes were pressed uniaxially (25 MPa, 60×20×~4 mm³) and two temperatures (950°C and 1050°C), normally used in traditional ceramic industry, were studied. Some of the results fulfill the required parameters for the fabrication of different kinds of ceramic products as bricks, roof tiles and floor tiles.